Current Indian Science - Current Issue

The unique physicochemical properties, low cost, low toxicity, and size- and shape-dependent magnetic properties of the ferrite-based nanoparticles make them an indispensable choice of material for various applications, including catalysis.

The objective of this review is to summarize the results of the most widely used ferrite nanoparticles such as NiFe2O4, CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and MnFe2O4 as catalysts in organic reactions such as C–X (X = N, O, and S) coupling, oxidation, and N-heterocycles formation reactions.

This review includes a well-summarized compilation of the most widely used nanostructured ferrites such as NiFe2O4, CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and MnFe2O4 as heterogeneous catalysts in selected organic reactions such as C–X (X = N, O, and S) coupling, oxidation, and N-heterocycles formation reactions. The nanostructured magnetic ferrite catalysts are reliable and extremely effective and facilitate the quick separation of catalysts, making the process sustainable.

The presentation of the review has been proposed anticipating new perspectives and insight in the field of catalysis and to investigate further development of novel ferrite materials on an industrial scale for practical applications.

Ubiquitous expression patterns of nuclear hormone and their receptors (NHRs) have their own roles in performing essential functions in controlling hormone responsive element-promoted gene transcription. In diseased states such as cancer, NHRs play crucial roles and hence targeting these receptors are essential as it gives us a window of opportunity for developing targeted anticancer therapeutics. In comparison to traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs are hypothetically advantageous in terms of efficacy and safety and hence the idea of developing such targeted drugs are inclined to become a mainstream cancer treatment option. This review selectively compiles data regarding NHR-targeting, while majorly focusing on cancer treatment using anticancer small molecules and/or nanotherapeutics targeting estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and vitamin D receptor. In this study, we selectively emphasized on estrogen receptor. Herein, we mainly highlight the strategy of lipid-modification to convert respective receptor ligands into NHR-targeted anticancer molecules as well as nanotherapeutics. We focused on the strategy of chemical conjugation of those ligands with twin-aliphatic carbon chain-based cationic lipids. The strategy successfully led to the development of a new class of anticancer therapeutics. These are either small-molecule anticancer agents or self-aggregating nanotherapeutics. In spite of great anticancer output, the concept of NHR-targeted anti-cancer therapy still needs to overcome further hurdles before those are projected for clinical settings.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that gradually leads to chronic microvascular or macrovascular complications. There are 2 types of DM: Insulin-dependent diabetes, commonly called type I DM, is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder that destroys the body’s pancreatic β cells, causing insulin deficiency, and can be treated through insulin replacement therapy. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or type II DM, is caused by pancreatic cell dysfunction that affects a person’s ability to use insulin and can be treated with oral hypoglycaemics. Recent investigation confirms that combination therapy of metformin (biguanides), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors not only reduces HbA1c glucose dependently but also provides better sustained glycaemic stability with good tolerability in comparison to monotherapy. Multi-particulate drug delivery provides targeted drug administration with high bioavailability and compressed dosage administration. In this review analysis, an effort has been made to explore the pathophysiology of type II DM and the importance of combination therapy using microspheres for the delivery of drugs for the management of type II DM.

Catalysis is an integral part of sustainable and green chemical processes. During the last two decades, the wonder 2D carbon material with honeycomb structure, graphene, and other functionalized graphenes have emerged as extremely versatile and robust nanomaterials in heterogeneous catalysis. The incredible catalytic efficacy of such carbon nanomaterials relies on their unique physicochemical properties, including large surface area, diverse catalytic active sites, multiple chemical functionalities, tunable electron density, synergistic effect, etc., making them noteworthy as metal-free catalysts and catalytic supports.

The article presents an overview of the catalytic applications of various graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), either metal-free or embedded with metal/metal oxide NPs, in synthesizing medicinally privileged heterocyclic compounds. It also summarizes the general methodologies for preparing graphene and various GBNs, their chemical structures, characterization techniques, and discussions on the potential active sites that are responsible for wider catalytic activity. Overall discussions unequivocally establish a promising paradigm for uncovering more innovative graphene-based materials and their subsequent applications in diverse fields, including heterogeneous catalysis.

Bacterial and biofilm infections remain a leading cause of global mortality, prompting a shift beyond conventional antibiotic drug development due to the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This mini-review delves into giving a brief understanding of the realm of metal-containing nanomaterials, emphasizing their potential in antimicrobial phototherapy free from bacterial resistance. The focus extends to transition metal-incorporated materials as a tool to induce photoredox properties akin to photoredox catalysis. Despite highlighting the promise of such materials, the review also addresses concerns regarding biosafety for their in vivo applications. Nonetheless, the utilization of multifaceted photoredox strategies leveraging diverse metal oxidation states, alongside the advantageous light-driven physicochemical attributes of nanosystems, show promise for combatting challenging pathogenic infections using inorganic materials.

Integral membrane proteins are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention due to their crucial roles in cellular functions and their involvement in various diseases. However, targeting these proteins for degradation has posed significant challenges due to their complex structures and diverse functions. The emergence of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) represents a groundbreaking paradigm shift in drug development, offering a novel approach to address the degradation of integral membrane proteins. This review explores the innovative application of PROTAC technology in inducing the degradation of integral membrane proteins. PROTACs are molecules that have two roles: they bring together specific target proteins and E3 ubiquitin ligases, which help with ubiquitination and the degradation of proteins by proteasomes. As PROTACs are made up of separate parts, they can be put together to make custom molecules that can target difficult targets, such as integral membrane proteins. This review covers recent developments and advancements in the design and optimisation of PROTACs tailored for integral membrane protein degradation. Furthermore, it also discusses the problems that come up when trying to target membrane proteins and how PROTACs solve these problems by using ligands that can pass cell membranes and specifically interact with target proteins. It delves into the potential therapeutic implications of degrading integral membrane proteins using PROTACs and elucidates the impact of this novel approach in treating diseases that involve aberrant membrane protein expression or function by highlighting specific examples and case studies.

Chronic wounds generally take a lot of time to recover, which becomes a cause of worry for the patient and also makes it difficult to manage them. Chronic wound affects the minds of millions of people worldwide, which results in a high mortality rate. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising tool in addressing this issue of chronic wounds. Nanomedicine in chronic wound healing holds the potential to revolutionize wound care by offering various personalized treatments and improving patient outcomes. Advanced wound dressings and nanofibresscaffolds promote tissue regeneration, which also accelerates wound closure. Nanomedicine is also able to provoke the various cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in the wound microenvironment, showing the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and angiogenetic effects. The gene therapy and various inflammation modulations using this emerging tool of nanotechnology show promising results in managing the various chronic wounds. Nanomedicine offers innovative approaches to address these challenges. Nanomedicine also plays a crucial role in tissue engineering, which can also be used for chronic wound treatment. Nanotechnology has enabled the various development of advanced wound dressings and has improved various properties. Nanomedicine also uses antimicrobial nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles, to combat the various infections in chronic wounds. The main aim of the review is to provide a concise overview of nanomedicine as a recent tool in healing chronic wounds and also its various opportunities for curing chronic wounds.

The review explores the vital dimensions of pharmacovigilance (PV) and adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting in the healthcare industry, highlighting their importance for public health and patient safety. The review follows the development of PV from its historical beginnings in India, highlighting significant turning points and legislative frameworks that have influenced modern practices. Sibutramine, a well-known medication, is investigated to highlight the significance of watchful PV systems. Meanwhile, ADR reporting is significant in healthcare because it directly impacts public health and patient safety. However, there is still a need to address issues like healthcare providers' ignorance and underreporting. The suggested solution is to establish Regional Reporting Centres (RRCs), with successful models demonstrating the benefits they provide, including improved data collection and regional assistance. Despite the advantages, setting up RRCs has its share of difficulties, such as coordination and resource allocation. Effective RRC implementation improves ADR reporting, as shown by case studies and success stories. In order to improve ADR reporting and PV procedures, the research ends with suggestions for the future that call for more regulatory assistance, more training for healthcare workers, and public awareness campaigns.

Oxidation of alcohols in an oxidant-free condition, commonly known as the acceptorless dehydrogenation (AD) reaction, has recently emerged as one of the widely used processes in synthetic organic chemistry. Alcohol acts as an excellent chemical precursor that produces a variety of dehydrogenated value-added products such as carbonyls, acids, acetals, and several coupling products, followed by the concomitant evolution of molecular hydrogen gas. AD reaction of alcohol, therefore, can be considered as a vital reaction for the hydrogen economy using alcohols as a liquid hydrogen carrier. Over the past decade, the growing importance of AD reactions has set the way for the continuous development of various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. With the advantage of reusability and recyclability, heterogeneous catalysts have now become more promising and significant in the catalytic domain. This review aims to make an overview of the transition metal-based heterogeneous catalytic system of acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation reaction reported till December, 2023.

The technological advances in mass spectrometry and associated computational tools have enabled the development of proteome atlases and comprehensive catalogs of proteome snapshots that have gradually transformed biomedical research. These proteome catalogs in specific biological contexts, which focused initially on model organisms, have now expanded their scope to encompass diverse organisms, tissues, and experimental conditions. These atlases, such as the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Peptide Atlas, and Global Proteome Machine Database (GPMDB), etc. provide invaluable insights into protein expression, subcellular localization, interactions, modifications, and functions. They aid in understanding biological processes, identifying disease biomarkers, and discovering novel therapeutic targets. Despite their potential, proteome atlases face challenges like data completeness, integration with other omics data, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges is vital for further progress. Proteome atlases serve as indispensable resources, driving biomedical discovery and innovation.

The identification of heavy metals by sensing technologies is a crucial area of study since these metals are present in the environment and are hazardous. The in-depth analyses of the probes' structures and sensing capabilities improve our understanding of how to design and develop probes for the same metal in the future. The third most common metal ion and trace element, copper (Cu²⁺), is essential to all living things and is involved in several activities. However, different diseases are caused by excess or deficiency of Cu²⁺ ions, depending on what the cell requires. For all of these reasons, optical sensors have concentrated on quick, highly sensitive, and selective real-time detection of Cu²⁺ ions. Fluorescence in the refractive index-adsorption from the interactions between light and matter can be measured using optical sensors. Furthermore, due to their strong advantages which include real-time detection, simplicity and naked eye recognition, low cost, high specificity against analytes, quick reaction, and the requirement for less complex equipment during analysis they have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. In this review, we covered many fluoro and chemosensors for the detection of copper, along with their sensing parameters in various mediums and thorough structural analyses. This review also covers the extraction of copper from the aqueous medium. The use of membrane processes, adsorption, and electrocoagulation is examined, and the difficulties associated with their application have been presented.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a significant gynecological disorder that commonly affects women of reproductive age. Disturbances in the production and metabolism of androgens and estrogens mark the condition. Due to the rising occurrence of PCOS and its related physical and psychological issues, along with the role of sex hormone fluctuations in its development, the use of marketed drugs is effective in treating PCOS but is accompanied by negative consequences. Consequently, a significant number of individuals with PCOS are opting for natural remedies due to the positive therapeutic effects associated with natural medications and the constraints of allopathic treatments. This review aims to assess the impact of different herbs on alterations in sex hormone levels in the bloodstream and ovarian tissue. By conducting a comprehensive literature search utilizing databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Crossref, we have gathered and analyzed pertinent information regarding the efficacy of herbal remedies in combating PCOS. Based on the available evidence, herbs consisting of phytoestrogens can potentially reduce insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovarian weight while facilitating ovulation. This review explores the importance of herbal remedies in addressing PCOS, elucidates their mechanisms of action, and examines the therapeutic uses of specific herbal medications to treat PCOS. Human studies on medicinal herbs for managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) need extended durations for a comprehensive evaluation of both safety and efficacy, emphasizing the necessity for more long-term research. It is anticipated that this comprehensive review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers studying the effect of herbs on PCOS, providing them with valuable insights and information.

Transition metals have a useful and significant role in catalysis. They are considered essential chemical tools in various organic transformations. Transition Metal catalysts are extensively used in the research laboratory and industrial/manufacturing processes. Indeed, it is hard to find a complex synthetic reaction or an industrial process that does not, at some stage, require a metal catalyst. They have a paramount impact on organic transformations and have been considered the core part of catalysis in chemistry. This article reports the catalysis behavior shown by transition metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, and Co).

Fungi are widely acknowledged as one of the most diverse and ecologically significant organisms with substantial economic importance on Earth. Edible and medicinal mushrooms have been recognized by human societies since ancient times, serving not only as valuable sources of nourishment but also as medicinal agents. The primary objective of this study is to explore the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms and assess their capacity to serve as reservoirs of bioactive metabolites with pharmaceutical potential. The extensive analysis conducted aimed to elucidate the significant potential of these medicinal mushrooms, comparable to that of plants, in producing valuable bioactive compounds, thereby positioning them as abundant reservoirs for pharmaceutical compounds.

Fungi produce many different bioactive compounds of different molecular weights, including lectins, lipids, peptidoglycans, phenols, polyketides, polysaccharides, proteins, polysaccharide-protein/peptide complexes, ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides, steroids, terpenoids, and others. These compounds have more than 130 different therapeutic properties, such as analgesic, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-plaque, antiviral, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, cholesterol-lowering, blood-sugar-lowering, blood-pressure-lowering, immune system, response system modulation, immune suppression, cell growth stimulation or regeneration, and more. Several bioactive polysaccharides or polysaccharide-protein complexes identified in these medicinal mushrooms seem to augment both innate and cell-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, these compounds display anti-tumor properties in both animal models and humans.

In organic synthesis, carbon-carbon bond formation is the fundamental transformation to create the carbon backbone of organic molecules and this key reaction is very popular in the improvement of organic chemistry, which exists at the bottom of the heart of the chemical sciences. The Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement has received great attention in the formation of 1,3-diketones through the regioselective construction of carbon-carbon bonds. This rearrangement is an important type of chemical transformation in which the intramolecular migration of the ester acyl group takes place to provide 1,3-diketones in the presence of the base. Generally, 1,3-diketones or ortho-hydroxydibenzoylmethane derivatives undergo cyclization to provide the corresponding flavones in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. The Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement is frequently employed in the preparation of flavones and chromones. Besides, anthrapyran and anthracyclin antibiotics, benzopyrans, coumarins, xanthones, etc., are also synthesized with the help of these reactions. This review deals with the brilliant application of the Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement in the synthesis of promising organic compounds.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is vital to numerous energy conversion technologies, such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Moreover, to enhance the overall efficacy and durability of these devices, it is crucial to develop catalysts that are both effective and economical. Among the many explored catalyst materials, cobalt chalcogenides have attracted considerable interest due to their unique properties and exceptional ORR performance. This review focuses on the synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance of high-performance cobalt chalcogenides as catalysts for the ORR. In addition, the influence of various synthetic parameters on the catalytic activity and stability of cobalt chalcogenides is investigated. Also addressed are the effects of defects, doping, and surface modification on the ORR performance of cobalt chalcogenides. In addition, the use of cobalt chalcogenides in practical fuel cell devices is discussed, along with their outstanding performance as ORR catalysts in both acidic and alkaline environments. The durability and long-term stability of cobalt chalcogenides under severe operating conditions are evaluated, indicating their potential commercial applications. Finally, the field of cobalt chalcogenides for ORR challenges and prospects are outlined. This review proposes strategies for further enhancing their catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability, such as interface engineering and synergistic combinations with other catalyst materials. For researchers working on the development of next-generation ORR catalysts and the practical implementation of cobalt chalcogenides for sustainable energy applications, the insights garnered from this review are invaluable.

Exploring a diverse range of bioinspired molecules is crucial for addressing real-world healthcare challenges and finding effective solutions. While numerous materials have been proposed and developed, their compatibility and stability within biological systems remain not fully understood and they are still undergoing extensive examination for their potential successful therapeutic translation. In this context, we aimed to provide an overview of bioinspired molecules that incorporate peptide as well as nucleobase-derived frameworks and explore their potential applications in the field of advanced therapeutics. Unlike many synthetic materials, these scaffolds exhibit remarkable biocompatibility, making them a promising avenue for addressing these concerns.

The increasing demand for alternative biocompatible materials stems from the necessity for therapeutic solutions to address diverse biological challenges. Therefore, compiling existing technologies may offer a comprehensive resource for researchers in this field.

In this review, special attention has been given to bioinspired molecules showcasing a diverse array of therapeutic functions, encompassing gasotransmitters delivery-mediated neuromodulation, sensing, and detection of important biological analytes, tissue engineering, anti-aggregating molecules, antibacterial compounds, anti-cancer molecules, etc.

This review has comprehensively summarized the design, practicality, and utilization of intriguing nucleobase or peptide-based bioinspired molecules for their potential advanced therapeutic applications. Significant constraints within current biocompatible materials continue to impede their potential for clinical translation and functional utilization. Hence, this review may inspire the readers to explore further significant findings in the field of novel bioinspired molecules’ synthesis and their potential therapeutic applicability.

The earth-abundant metal chalcogenide is a highly versatile semiconductor with unique electronic and optical properties that seem to outperform the photocatalytic properties of metal oxides and metal nanoparticles. For ages, researchers are reaping the benefits of its photocatalytic properties in numerous reactions. However, the high charge recombination rates, poor compositional stability, and a smaller number of catalytically active sites restrict its application. The development of different kinds of heterojunctions by the combination of metal-chalcogenides with other conducting and semiconducting materials like metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, g-C3N4, single-atom catalysts, and MOF results in superior photocatalytic activity. This review provides insight into the various classes of metal-chalcogenide-based heterostructures and their application in various organic transformations. A brief overview of the synergistic properties arising from the development of such heterostructures helps to understand the surface interactions so that highly stable, efficient, and selective metal-chalcogenide-based heterostructures can be developed for industrially important photocatalytic organic transformations. This review also describes the role of mediators in boosting the stability and catalytic efficiency of the metal chalcogenides. Moreover, a thorough emphasis on the morphological impact of photocatalysts in various reactions will help with the development of metal chalcogenide heterostructures with tunable morphology and bandgap.

Colorimetric sensors are attracting considerable interest across diverse fields owing to their ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and rapidity. Within this realm, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) stands out as a favorable method for designing colorimetric sensing techniques. Sensors based on LSPR control the plasmonic characteristics of metallic Nanoparticles (NPs) to produce a noticeable alteration in color when a target analyte is detected. This article explores recent advancements in this field, including the integration of LSPR sensors with microfluidics and smartphone-based detection systems. The paper also investigates the applications of LSPR-based colorimetric sensors in diverse domains, such as environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, food safety, and chemical detection. Furthermore, it sheds light on the potential limitations and prospects associated with LSPR-based colorimetric sensors, with a particular emphasis on the need for improved sensitivity, selectivity, and stability to facilitate broader practical applications.

Due to the biological importance of amino acids, the development of optical probes for these compounds has become a popular research topic in recent years. The amino acid fluorescence or colorimetric sensors are organized according to the reactions the amino acids go through and the related structural classification. Works on reaction-based chemosensors are categorized as either imine formation, Michael addition, thiazinane or thiazolidine formation, cleavage of a sulfonate ester, cleavage of a disulfide, metal complexes-displace coordination, or other mechanisms depending on the mechanisms between sensors and amino acids.

The majority of proteins are composed of amino acids (AA), which are tiny molecules with a variety of functional side chain groups. As a result, amino acids play a number of different roles in physiological processes. This family member's histidine (His) is necessary for weight gain, tissue growth, and repair. Another member of this family, lysine (Lys), is crucial for the Krebs-Henseleit cycle and polyamine production, and animals' metabolic activities and weight gain depend on appropriate lysine intake. Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential component of biological processes like protein synthesis, animal growth, and plant development because it regulates the transfer of metal elements in biological bases.

Numerous attempts have been made to create new procedures for amino acid analysis as a result of the rising focus on human health, disease diagnosis, and therapy. Currently, spectroscopic, chromatographic, or electrochemical analytical methods are most frequently employed to identify and characterize amino acids. However, each method has certain disadvantages, such as the need for equipment and trained personnel, operational simplicity, analytical cost, test speed, and detection.

Based on the important distinguishing characteristics of various amino acids to date, much research has been done on optical probes using indicator-displacement tests, metal complex coordination, particular interactions between probes and amino acids, and other techniques. We further subdivided the reaction-based probes into the following groups: production of imines, Michael addition, thiazinane or thiazolidine, cleavage of sulfonate ester, cleavage of disulfide, and others. Metal complexes-displace coordination. Due to some amino acids' similarity in structure and reactivity, it is still challenging to develop sensors that can selectively and sensitively identify amino acids from one another, such as the three biological thiols Cys, Hcy, and GSH.

Specific reactions between probes and amino acids and other techniques have been extensively researched based on the significant characteristic features of diverse amino acids to date. We further divided the reaction-based probes into the following categories: metal complexes-displace coordination, imine creation, Michael addition, thiazinane or thiazolidine formation, cleavage of a sulfonate ester, cleavage of a disulfide; and others.

One of the most popular sectors in the tech and healthcare industries right now is artificial intelligence. In the search and development of new drugs, artificial intelligence is essential. Drug design using computer-assisted design (CADD) has supplanted the traditional approach. Artificial intelligence is assisting businesses in the development of new drugs in a faster, more affordable, and more efficient manner, saving money and manpower in the process of creating new drug molecules to treat any disease. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, activity scoring, in silico testing, biomarker development, and mode of action identification are all aided by artificial intelligence. It is revolutionizing these sectors by swiftly identifying potential drug candidates, efficiently conducting clinical trials, and customizing patient care. AI optimizes drug manufacturing processes, augments safety monitoring, and streamlines market analysis. In clinical trials, AI streamlines patient recruitment and ensures more precise trial designs, leading to faster and more efficient research. AI empowers personalized medicine by tailoring treatment plans and drug dosages to individual patient characteristics. AI also optimizes pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, amplifies safety monitoring by analyzing real-time data for adverse events, and supports market analysis and sales strategies. AI in the pharmaceutical industry is a multifaceted tool. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to streamline complex pharmaceutical regulatory matters. Regulatory processes like audits and dossier completion can be automated with AI tools.

The idea of designing novel anti-amyloid therapeutic agents has generated a lot of scientific interest and the potential for treating a variety of human pathophysiologies, such as neurodegenerative and non-neuropathic diseases linked to amyloid protein aggregation. To address this, different small molecules, peptides, surfactants, nanomaterials, etc., have been thoroughly investigated to learn more about their anti-amyloidogenic capabilities, offering a great deal of potential for them to show up as future anti-amyloidogenic agents. In contrast to existing small-molecule analogues, polymers have been envisaged as promising anti-amyloid agents for treating these diseases because of their enthralling physicochemical features and simplicity of functionalisation. This review article emphasises the latest developments in the design of synthetic polymers such as amino acid-conjugated polymers, glycopolymers, zwitterionic polymers and so on reported in the last decade in modulating amyloid aggregation process. Additionally, the structural function and mechanism involved in modifying the aggregation process are highlighted in order to inspire the researchers even more and provide insight into this important field of study.

Targeted gene and drug delivery vector developments have completely changed the therapeutic intervention by providing previously unheard-of levels of accuracy and efficacy in treating various illnesses. Cancer is one such fatal disease plaguing people across the globe. This review article highlights the potential uses of targeted delivery systems in the field of cancer treatment while providing a thorough examination of the state of the art. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are being used to cure cancer, yet they can be frequently ineffective and have serious adverse effects. Novel techniques for therapy have to be designed. Existing chemotherapy is being superseded by particular gene therapy used for genetic diseases. Therefore, to deliver the therapeutic agent to the targeted place, a carrier or vector is needed. The current review is focused on targeted gene/drug delivery vectors concerning i) cationic lipids that target single receptors ii) ligand-peptide conjugated cationic lipids iii) modalities for targeting dual ligands for cancer therapy iv) passive versus active targeting v) properties of nano-formulations for gene and drug delivery. The most recent developments in lipid customization for certain receptors overexpressed in cancer cells are covered to reduce side effects and improve treatment results. By delving into the above areas, this review presents a broad overview of the changing field of cationic lipids in cancer therapy, giving scientists and medical professionals insightful knowledge about the many strategies for ensuring precise and efficient drug delivery in the battle against cancer.

The COVID-19 emergency built pressure on US regulatory bodies to unlock the optional and short pathway of approval for urgently required pharmaceuticals to accomplish population demand for medicinal products within the shortest possible time to limit the suffering and deaths associated with insufficiency of medicinal products in need. During the pandemic, many medicinal products got emergency use authorization (EUA) according to the EUA guidelines provided by the US Food Drug Administration (USFDA). The requirement of abbreviated data submission for EUA attracted many pharmaceutical companies to launch their products as investigational drugs. Clinical data collected from the population is also permitted to get final approval. Comirnaty and Remdesivir got full approval using this regulatory tool. EUA does not ensure the existence of the medicinal product for an extended period. Whenever the emergency is over or the products are no longer needed, the USFDA revokes those according to their legislation. However, after Hydroxychloroquine phosphate and chloroquine sulfate were revoked due to failure to show efficacy, it grabbed the attention of many healthcare stakeholders in the country. It demanded more transparency in the approval pathway of present EUA guidelines. Two attributes, i.e., Current Good Manufacturing Practice exemption and expiry date extension, affect the quality of the medicinal products used during the pandemic. The most critical product distribution data, voluntary in EUA, remarkably endorse the black-marketing and shortage of specific COVID-19-related medicinal products in the pandemic situation. Amendments to the existing guidelines minimize the upcoming public health risk.

Over the past few centuries, life-saving tools have been extensively used across the globe. The use of medical devices has increased adverse events associated with them. Materiovigilance is the process of identifying, collecting, reporting, and examining unfavorable events connected to medical devices in order to prevent the recurrence of such occurrences. Several countries keep an eye on medical products once they are commercialized. Other nations with similar programs include France, Australia, and the United Kingdom, in addition to the Medical Device Reporting (MDR) programme in the United States. This article addressed how some types of medical equipment might be dangerous and how a Materiovigilance programme is essential.

This page provides information about how to report adverse reactions to these medical devices, as well as what they are.

In many countries, post-marketing surveillance for medications has been initiated but is not as reliable and advanced as it is today. By monitoring adverse events related to medical devices, generating safety data, educating stakeholders, and recommending appropriate procedures and interventions, the Indian Pharmacopeia Commission established the committee on July 6, 2015.

Monitoring adverse events related to medical device usage can increase patient safety. On the basis of safety data gathered and generated, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) will make recommendations about the safe use of medical devices in the Indian population.

Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human IgG2λ monoclonal antibody used to treat severe, uncontrolled asthma. Tezepelumab acts by hindering the action of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived cytokine that triggers an immunological response by binding to TSLP and thereby preventing its binding with the TSLP receptor complex. TSLP has a critical role in Th2 immunity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma because it stimulates the production of Th2-associated inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-9, and interleukin-13. It is the first biologic with no phenotypic or biomarker restrictions that has been approved for use in severe asthma. Tezepelumab is indicated in severe, uncontrolled asthma patients due to its safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma experienced considerably lower annualised asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) when administered with tezepelumab compared to a placebo. These preliminary results indicated that the TSLP-induced release of T2 inflammatory mediators may be reduced, and the sustained inhibition was maintained over a 52-week treatment period. In this review, we have summarised various phase III clinical trials and the mechanism of action of tezepelumab in severe, uncontrolled asthma.

At present, there is a growing interest among researchers in studying the structure and function of the bee brain in relation to their cognitive behavior. The bee brain, despite its small size of approximately 1 million neurons, is known for its ability to facilitate effective communication and collaboration. Just like humans, the bee brain is also controlled by biogenic amines like dopamine, serotonin and tyramine, octopamine, and histamine. The honey bees communicate with each other by using a complex language called the “waggle dance”. Despite existing knowledge about the bee brain's neuroanatomy, there is still a need to understand which specific regions control cognition and social behavior in bees. This review aims to explore the different major parts of the bee brain and how each part contributes to modulating social behavior.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a compounded, persistent illness symbolized by an increased range of glucose levels in the blood caused by cellular resistance to insulin action, insufficient insulin production by pancreatic -cells, or both. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), the extremely widespread form of DM, is recorded for almost 85-90% of worldwide cases. T2DM is mostly common in middle-aged and older people, and its causes are multifaceted. The use of efficient and profitable solutions for DM screening is critical to ensure pre-identification and minimising patients' risk of acquiring the life-compromising illness. Identification of innovative biomarkers with test methods of DM is therefore critical in order to establish vigorous, non-invasive, pain-free, highly sensitive, and precise procedures for screening. The purpose of this review article is to mention and review all the necessary biomarkers that play a vital role in disease diagnosis and to highlight the present-day findings of the latest clinically validated and traditional biomarkers and procedures for determining them, which provide cost-efficient options for T2DM screening with early detection. It is concluded that various biomarkers, both conventional and innovative, go hand in hand to diagnose the DM of any type.

The pharmaceutical industry is witnessing a growing demand for complex generic products, which are generic versions of drugs that possess complex formulations, delivery systems, or active ingredients. However, the approval process for these complex generic products poses unique challenges compared to traditional generics. There is no specific regulatory procedure available for the approval of complex generics, unlike small-molecule generics and biosimilars. This led to controversial arguments in the past about the scientific evidence needed for applications, which led to lengthy approval processes. The regulatory frameworks that are currently being used for complex generics are debatable and unclear. Complexity in the molecular structure, mechanism of action, route of delivery, and complex manufacturing process makes proving bioequivalence and pharmaceutical equivalence difficult. There is a need for harmonization of the regulatory framework by the agencies to help the generic manufacturers by providing scientific advice, defining the submission requirements for complex products, and fastening the approval process.

This review begins by discussing the regulatory landscape surrounding complex generic products in various regions, including the United States and Europe. It examines the specific guidelines and requirements set forth by regulatory authorities to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of these products. Additionally, the review explores the differences in terminology and definitions used to classify complex generics across different jurisdictions. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges faced by both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies in evaluating and approving complex generic products. These challenges include establishing appropriate bioequivalence criteria, determining interchangeability with the reference product, addressing patent and exclusivity issues, and ensuring consistent quality throughout the product lifecycle. The impact of these challenges on market entry and competition is also discussed. The review highlights the need for harmonization and streamlining of regulations for complex generic products worldwide. It emphasizes the importance of clear and consistent guidelines to enable timely approvals, foster innovation, and facilitate patient access to affordable alternatives.

The nutritional and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is constantly being investigated. This is especially relevant in today's world, where an increasing number of people are turning to complementary and alternative therapies to address their health-related concerns. Traditional knowledge, as a valuable resource, plays a crucial role in the development of new herbal medicines. Abroma augusta stands out as one such medicinal plant that has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It has been employed to address a wide spectrum of health issues, including diabetes, menstrual irregularities, respiratory problems, musculoskeletal disorders, urinary ailments, and sexual dysfunctions, among others. While various parts of this plant species are believed to possess pharmacological properties, the active compounds and underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. To facilitate the development of innovative drugs for the benefit of individuals, this study places significant emphasis on delving into the phytochemical and ethnomedicinal attributes of A. augusta. Moreover, it seeks to bolster its findings with scientifically validated pharmacological investigations conducted through both in vivo and in vitro methodologies.

The cellular and biochemical stages of the wound-healing process are interrelated and work to repair the wound. The body heals wounds in stages, and each stage that is postponed raises the risk of microbial infection. The time needed for healing can be sped up, and unwanted events can be reduced to improve wound healing. To aid in the healing of the wounds, the medications are administered locally or systemically. In order to promote wound healing, antibiotics, antiseptics, desloughing agents, extracts, etc. have been employed. Due to their adverse effects, several synthetic medications are subject to restrictions. Investigation, identification, and formulation of plants or plant-derived combinations are required for the management and therapy of wound healing. Because they have fewer adverse effects and have been used to treat wounds for a longer period, medicinal plants are becoming more popular for use in wound healing. According to studies, medicinal herbs help diabetic, infected, and opened wounds heal more quickly. It has been claimed that medicinal herbs can speed up wound healing through a variety of processes. Many medicinal plants, including Allium sativum, Commiphora myrrha, Curcuma longa (L.), Rauwolfia serpentia, and Vateria indica, have demonstrated the ability to treat wounds.