Chemistry
Formation of Hydroxyl Radicals in Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Contaminated Organic Matter
Organic compounds in different solutions have caused several pollution problems to the environment and even affected human health. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been effectively used in the decontamination of these types of compounds. Distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to explain the degradation or mineralization of contaminating organic matter. ROS such as free radicals (e.g. .OH) superoxide (e.g. .O2−) and peroxides (e.g. H2O2) are capable of modifying the chemical structure of organic matter and consequently degrade or mineralize it. In this review the formation of hydroxyl radicals in each AOP as in a hybrid process and the methods for quantifying and determining this type of radical are discussed.
A Review of Electrochemical Synthesis and Transformations of Small Organic Molecules: Sulfoximines, Isoxazolines, and Benzimidazoles
In the realm of synthetic organic chemistry the environmentally friendly manipulation of small organic molecules has gained prominence. One particularly promising approach is electrochemical synthesis which offers a green and sustainable alternative to using hazardous and toxic redox reagents. By harnessing electric current from renewable sources like sunlight or wind electrochemical synthesis emerges as a viable replacement for conventional methods. This review article provides a comprehensive exploration of the electrochemical method delving into its background and applications in synthesizing and transforming various small organic molecules including sulfoximines isoxazolines benzimidazoles and more. This review aims to shed light on the potential of electrochemical synthesis as a greener and more sustainable way of conducting organic transformations.
Nano-resolutions for Environmental Salvation: Leaping to Sustainability
Nanoparticles have emerged as a transformative technology in environmental remediation addressing the pressing challenges of pollution across air water and soil. Nanoparticles particularly metal oxides carbon-based materials and polymers demonstrate remarkable capabilities in addressing water air and soil contamination. Their high surface area to volume ratio enhances their efficiency in pollutant removal while minimizing toxicity making them suitable alternatives to conventional methods. As traditional remediation methods often carry their environmental risks there is a pressing need for innovative and sustainable solutions. This review delves into the mechanisms and applications of nanoparticles in various remediation techniques including photocatalysis Nano-adsorption and nanomembranes for water treatment as well as their effectiveness in soil and air purification. The findings underscore the potential of nanomaterials to enhance remediation efficiency while reducing environmental toxicity. By integrating these innovative solutions into existing environmental management frameworks nanoparticles can play a crucial role in achieving sustainable environmental practices and mitigating contamination. This review advocates for continued research development and application of nanotechnology as a promising avenue for fostering a cleaner healthier environment and contributing to global sustainability goals.
Innovative Techniques for Pharmaceutical Waste Management: Enhancing Drug Recovery and Environmental Sustainability
The pharmaceutical sector is a major component of current healthcare manufacturing and distributing drugs biological substances and medical equipment. Despite its advantages the sector creates enormous waste including materials for packaging production by-products expired or unused drugs and other residues creating health and environmental issues. Appropriate pharmaceutical waste handling and medication recovery strategies are vital for limiting these problems. This article aims to investigate and evaluate multiple techniques for recovering pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste highlighting the significance of sustainable waste management in the pharmaceutical sector. The paper emphasizes the need to use modern methods such as liquid-liquid extraction membrane crystallization solid-liquid extraction and adsorption to recover drugs from pharmaceutical waste. Liquid-liquid extraction exhibits excellent adaptability and efficiency for varied Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) whereas membrane crystallization provides low-energy solutions for thermally sensitive compounds. Solid-liquid extraction is useful for recovering APIs from solid dosage forms while adsorption approaches exploit substances like activated carbon for organic component recovery. Each process has particular benefits and disadvantages with the selection of methodology based on waste properties and recovery objectives. It emphasizes the promise of these technologies for high extraction yields purity and environmental sustainability supporting effective pharmaceutical waste management procedures. Additionally difficulties such as cost-effectiveness scalability and regulatory compliance are addressed pointing to opportunities for future research and development to improve the efficacy of drug recovery procedures. In conclusion using advanced techniques to recover pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste offers a viable way to implement sustainable waste recovery procedures and lessen the pharmaceutical industry's negative environmental effects.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Green and Effective Approach
Benzimidazole derivatives hold a crucial place in medicinal chemistry due to their wide-ranging therapeutic applications. However traditional synthesis methods having inefficiencies such as the need for catalysts and prolonged reaction times in addition to being environmentally unfriendly. This has necessitated the development of alternative synthetic methodologies that are more efficient and eco-friendly.
To establish a novel efficient and eco-friendly methodology for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives utilizing microwave irradiation without the use of a catalyst thereby reducing reaction times and improving yields.
A microwave-assisted approach was employed for the synthesis of various benzimidazole derivatives. The reactions were carried out without the use of any catalyst significantly optimizing the synthesis process. Reaction times were reduced to a range of 5 to 10 min. The identity and purity of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed through spectral analysis.
The newly developed microwave-assisted methodology facilitated the efficient synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. The approach achieved notable yields ranging from 94% to 98% with significantly shortened reaction times of 5 to 10 min and its purity confirmed through physicochemical and spectral analysis.
This study presents a significant advancement in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives offering a rapid high-yielding and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. The catalyst-free microwave-assisted methodology not only reduces reaction times but also enhances overall efficiency representing a valuable contribution to the field of organic chemistry.
A New Route for the Synthesis of Trichloromethyl-1H-Benzo[d]imidazole and (1,2,3-Triazol)-1H-Benzo[d]imidazole Derivatives via Copper-catalyzed N-Arylation and Huisgen Reactions
In this study functionalized 2-(trichloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivative with good yields was synthesized using a copper-catalyzed N-arylation reaction of 2-iodoaniline and trichloroacetonitrile. This reaction was performed by employing the catalytic value of copper (I) and 110-phenanthroline as the ligand in tetrahydrofuran solvent at 23°C. In the following the reaction of the final product with phenylacetylene and sodium azide (Huisgen reaction) using the copper catalyst in water solvent at 23°C led to the synthesis of new (123-triazol)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives with the principles of green chemistry and suitable efficiency. The availability of raw materials and suitable catalysts mild reaction conditions and easy purification are among the advantages of this method for the synthesis of various multi-substituted benzo[d]imidazole and 123-triazole derivatives.
Ultrasound-assisted Synthesis of Novel 4-[3-acetyl-2-(N-alkyl(aryl)acetamido)-1,3, 4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazoles: Anticancer Activities, Apoptotic, Cell Cycle, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies
A novel series of 4-[3-acetyl-2-(N-alkyl(aryl)acetamido)-134-thiadiazol-5-yl]-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazoles (2a-i) and 3 was synthesized in good yields. The methodology was depended on a one-pot four-components reaction of hydrazine hydrate alkyl(aryl) isothiocyanate 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde (1) and acetic anhydride in acetic acid under ultrasound irradiation. The spectral tools confirmed the structures of all synthesized compounds. Using the standard SRB method the designed compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity properties against PC3 HepG2 and HCT116 human cancer cell lines. Products 2a and 2c worked best against all cancer cells tested as well as doxorubicin. Apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were performed for the bioactive products 2a and 2c. Both products strongly impacted all tumor cells in the late apoptotic pathway and significantly inhibited all cancer cell types under investigation in both the S and G2 phases. After that a molecular docking study was carried out on products 2a and 2c to investigate how they interact with the CDK-8 receptor. The ADMET prediction suggested that these bioactive products may be effective anticancer treatments.
Exploring the Potential of Novel 4-thiazolidinone Derivatives as Dual Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents: Synthesis, Pharmacological Activity and Docking Analysis
A series of 4-thiazolidinone was synthesized and characterized by means of TLC melting point and spectral data like IR 1H NMR and Mass spectra. The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was determined via in vivo studies. The antioxidant properties of the synthesized compounds were determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The synthesized compounds (A1-A14) showed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The most promising results for both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity were exhibited by compound A8 which may emerge as a potent anti-inflammatory agent with potential free radical scavenging activity. Molecular docking studies were carried out to determine the interaction of compounds into the active site of COX-2 inhibitor (PDB ID: 3LN1) which suggested compound A8 to have the best docking score by showing interactions with ASP483 and LYS478.
An Insight into Ethanopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Genus Andrographis
Andrographis is a member of the family Acantheceae. It contains approximately 44 accepted species. Among them Andrographis paniculata has been extensively studied during the last decade. The genus contains triterpenoids as the main class of compound along with carotenoids flavonoids glycosides xanthones phenolic compounds and fatty acid compounds. A. paniculata has been reported in Ayurveda homeopathy naturopathy and Siddha. Traditionally the genus is utilized in treating diarrhea parasitic problems liver illness various skin problems fever snake bites cough and many more. Pharmacological activities like antioxidant neuroprotective anti-inflammatory antimalarial hepatoprotective antibacterial antiviral anticancer and antidiabetic have been documented in it with scientific evidence. Various components found in this genus show broad biological opportunities for novel medicinal medicines. Andrographolide is the major chemical constituent present in almost all the species. It has been reported for various pharmacological activities mostly for antioxidant and anticancer. The genus is widely spread among India China Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Vietnam Thailand and basically tropical and subtropical Asia. In India it is found in Nallamala Hills Andhra Pradesh and South India. The present review has provided a critically analyzed vision of phytochemistry traditional uses and pharmacological applications of the genus Andrographis. The current information was collected systematically from scientific databases including Google Scholar PubMed ACS Publications SciFinder Science Direct and Web of Science.
State-of-Art on the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting SARS-CoV-2
The Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged the scientific community in the search for developing effective treatments such as medicine and/or a vaccine candidate. The SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants Omega Omicron and Delta remain as a major threat to human health causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given that computational methods are thought to be quick easy and inexpensive they have been widely used in this scenario to design new anti-COVID-19 drug candidates. In addition heterocyclic scaffolds have been explored exhaustively for their biological properties and as fruitful sources of new molecular entities to fulfill the chemical space available.In light of this we intend to highlight the synthetic techniques used to produce novel heterocyclic derivatives that may serve as effective anti-COVID-19 lead candidates by focusing on important viral proteins and using computational tools. Then the objective of this article with a theoretical nature is to contribute to the delimitation of organic chemistry methods to achieve new anti-COVID-19 agents.
Application of Ionic Liquids in Environmental and Food Fields
As a new type of green solvent ionic liquids have made rapid progress in the fields of organic synthesis separation and electrochemistry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. At the same time the new fluorescence characteristics and good separation and adsorption functions of ionic liquids have gradually developed in the field of environment and food showing a good application prospect. Based on the work of our research group and the progress and development of research technology this article reviews the research results of ionic liquids in environmental monitoring and food detection and extraction in recent years. In the environmental field ionic liquids have the ability of detection and remediation and they show the advantages of fast efficient green and recyclable in the detection of environmental pollutants. In the field of food ionic liquids provide a new idea for the detection and extraction technology of food components. While ensuring green safe and pollution-free they show superior selectivity repeatability and stability and simplify the operation steps and costs to a certain extent showing the capture vitality with life characteristics. As a potential smart material the mechanism of ionic liquids as fluorescent probes and separation extractants was discussed. Finally the future development and research directions of ionic liquids are prospected and it is expected to realize the intelligentization of ionic liquid materials and the general integration of development.
Organocatalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins
Dihydrocoumarins play pivotal roles as essential components in biologically active molecules drugs and flavor and fragrance compounds. In particular chiral 34-dihydrocoumarins exist in natural products exhibit less toxicity and possess structural diversity and stability. Consequently the asymmetric synthesis of these scaffolds has garnered considerable attention within the chemistry community. Recent advancements have witnessed their synthesis achieved through both metal and organocatalyzed approaches. In this review we analyze and discuss the advancements made in chiral-organocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis of dihydrocoumarins since 2015. This review is structured according to the type of catalyst employed in the transformation providing a comprehensive examination of the recent developments in this field.
Hydrazides: An Important Tool for the Synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazole
Hydrazides derivatives of hydrazine are widely used in pharmaceuticals polymers dyes herbicides and as chemical preservatives. A notable application is in synthesizing 134-oxadiazole an important aromatic compound with a five-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Among the four oxadiazole isomers 134-oxadiazole is the most significant used in drug discovery pharmaceuticals and dyes. It is synthesized from various substituted hydrazides or hydrazones using reagents like copper cobalt cerium phosphorus oxychloride mercury oxide potassium iodide triflic anhydride and carbon disulfide. This study reviews the synthesis methods of 134-oxadiazole highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of different catalysts and conditions providing useful insights for researchers.
A Novel Family of Selenazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium Derivatives based on Annulation Reactions and Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of the Selenium and Sulfur Analogs of Chalcogenazolo[3,2-a]pyridiniums
The synthesis of a novel family selenazolo[32-a]pyridin-4-ium derivatives in high yields was developed based on the annulation reactions of 2-pyridineselenenyl chloride with unsaturated heteroatom and heterocyclic compounds. The analogous new thiazolo[32-a]pyridin-4-ium derivatives were obtained by the annulation reactions of 2-pyridinesulfenyl chloride. The reactions with vinylic ethers and N-vinylimidazole gave 3-substituted selenazolo[32-a]- and -[13]thiazolopyridin-4-ium derivatives whereas reactions with allyl alcohol allyl chloride allyl bromide 3-butenoic 4-pentenoic and 5-hexenoic acids occurred with the opposite regiochemistry affording 2-substituted [13]chalcogenazolo[32-a]pyridiniums. The antibacterial activity of the obtained products against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was evaluated and compounds with high activity were discovered. A comparison of the antibacterial properties of [13]selenazolo[32-a]pyridin-4-ium derivatives with their sulfur analogs shows a higher activity of the selenium compounds.
Pectin from Agro-waste to Utility Product
The study aims to discuss innovative extraction approaches as compared to available traditional methods to optimize the yield and quality of pectin by eco-friendly techniques and emphasizes purification and analytical techniques for quality toward sustainable development of pectin-based products. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in plants forming a protective barrier and providing mechanical strength to the plant cell. Therefore pectin a by-product of the food industry can be an efficient waste valorization product for utilization in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickener stabilizer and gelling agent. Pectin complex chemistry provides a wide scope for modification of monomers that can alter the properties of pectin and thereby add to the varied applications of pectin enlisted in the review. The review synthesizes findings from meticulously conducted research investigations and authorized scholarly articles. Information retrieval used reputable academic search engines including PubMed Elsevier and Bentham publications with keywords such as “pectin” “chemical modification of pectin” “drug delivery” “green methods” and “agro-industrial residues” for a comprehensive exploration. The comprehensive review delves into pectin chemistry and extraction methods modification and characterization techniques are discussed along with versatile applications in the food pharmaceutical and other industries. Pectin abundantly present in the outer coat or peels of fruits and vegetables has been the best example of a circular economy and has led to zero waste in agricultural industries. The review has elaborated modifications in pectin for its use as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry therapeutic use targeted drug delivery and food industries.
Plant-aided Biosynthesized Heterogeneous Palladium Nanoparticles-Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction: A Review
Plant-aided biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles is a necessity nowadays to avoid toxic chemicals used in the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles in traditional methods. Palladium nanoparticles are used as a catalyst in the Suzuki coupling reaction. Traditional synthesis of palladium nanoparticles uses harmful chemicals reducing agents and solvents creating toxic byproducts. The Suzuki coupling reaction is a key step in the formation of C-C bonds in organic synthesis. The Suzuki coupling reaction has numerous applications in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals agrochemicals etc. So there is scope for developing an environmentally friendly and low-cost palladium nanoparticle catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction that reduces environmental pollution. The traditional Suzuki coupling reaction requires expensive and toxic ligands solvents and bases and also produces toxic byproducts. In this review article we focus on plant-assisted biosynthesis methods for the production of palladium nanoparticles and their applications for the Suzuki coupling reaction.
Eco Friendly Pharmaceutical Packaging
Concerns over environmental contamination have been raised by the use of non-biodegradable and non-renewable materials such as glass plastics and metals in packaging applications. With the goal of lessening the environmental impact of petroleum-based packaging materials an extensive amount of research has been conducted to find alternative packaging materials. Due to their biodegradability studies have shown that using bio-polymer-based materials can reduce the amount of packaging waste produced which could partially address the issue of trash disposal. This review article is mainly focused on eco-friendly biodegradable material that can replace non-biodegradable pharmaceutical packaging material. These materials come from natural resources like proteins carbohydrates etc. that have negligible to no negative effects on the environment and organisms that depend on it. This article depicts how we can replace the existing non-biodegradable plastics with eco-friendly material as the use of pharmaceutical packaging material also plays a crucial role in the therapeutic performance of pharmaceutical products.
Electro-sustainable Synthesis: Rapid and Efficient Production of Benzothiazole Derivatives through Electrochemical Means for Sustainable Chemistry
We generally focused on an environmentally green synthesis and we used to replace toxic methods hazardous reaction conditions from the greener methods such as electro-organic synthesis use of visible light as an energy source natural and biodegradable green catalysts etc.
Synthesis of biologically-active benzothiazole derivatives via eco-compatible method is the objective of our research article.
Electrochemical method where electro-organic synthesis was carried out in an undivided cell at room temperature in the presence of lithium perchlorate as a supporting electrolyte and electricity was also utilized here instead of a chemical substance with a simple graphite-iron electrode combination.
The generation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles was achieved through the amalgamation of bis(2- aminophenyl)disulfides with aromatic aldehydes under the influence of the electrodes. Products were obtained here with the satisfactory to excellent yields with the range of 64% - 91%.
In conclusion for the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives a different aqueous phase facile simple and dexterous method that is free from any type of hazardous catalyst was reported. This protocol represents a novel synthetic concept and an eco-compatible pathway along with green chemistry expertise like usage of the nontoxic solvent with effortless work-up procedure.
1-Thiosugars: From Synthesis to Applications
1-Thiosugars and their glycosides play crucial roles in carbohydrate chemistry primarily due to their stability and potential for mimicking O-glycosides. The synthetic methodologies for thioglycosides pose ongoing challenges. In recent years researchers have shown a growing interest in exploring the applications of thiosugars in various fields including the development of natural product derivatives oligo- and polysaccharide mimics metallodrugs and dendrimers. Numerous approaches and protocols have been devised for the synthesis of thiosugars. This review aims to comprehensively cover the efforts towards preparing thiosugars and their application as synthetic precursors.