Chemistry
Formation of Hydroxyl Radicals in Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Contaminated Organic Matter
Organic compounds in different solutions have caused several pollution problems to the environment and even affected human health. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been effectively used in the decontamination of these types of compounds. Distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to explain the degradation or mineralization of contaminating organic matter. ROS such as free radicals (e.g. .OH) superoxide (e.g. .O2−) and peroxides (e.g. H2O2) are capable of modifying the chemical structure of organic matter and consequently degrade or mineralize it. In this review the formation of hydroxyl radicals in each AOP as in a hybrid process and the methods for quantifying and determining this type of radical are discussed.
A Review of Electrochemical Synthesis and Transformations of Small Organic Molecules: Sulfoximines, Isoxazolines, and Benzimidazoles
In the realm of synthetic organic chemistry the environmentally friendly manipulation of small organic molecules has gained prominence. One particularly promising approach is electrochemical synthesis which offers a green and sustainable alternative to using hazardous and toxic redox reagents. By harnessing electric current from renewable sources like sunlight or wind electrochemical synthesis emerges as a viable replacement for conventional methods. This review article provides a comprehensive exploration of the electrochemical method delving into its background and applications in synthesizing and transforming various small organic molecules including sulfoximines isoxazolines benzimidazoles and more. This review aims to shed light on the potential of electrochemical synthesis as a greener and more sustainable way of conducting organic transformations.
Nano-resolutions for Environmental Salvation: Leaping to Sustainability
Nanoparticles have emerged as a transformative technology in environmental remediation addressing the pressing challenges of pollution across air water and soil. Nanoparticles particularly metal oxides carbon-based materials and polymers demonstrate remarkable capabilities in addressing water air and soil contamination. Their high surface area to volume ratio enhances their efficiency in pollutant removal while minimizing toxicity making them suitable alternatives to conventional methods. As traditional remediation methods often carry their environmental risks there is a pressing need for innovative and sustainable solutions. This review delves into the mechanisms and applications of nanoparticles in various remediation techniques including photocatalysis Nano-adsorption and nanomembranes for water treatment as well as their effectiveness in soil and air purification. The findings underscore the potential of nanomaterials to enhance remediation efficiency while reducing environmental toxicity. By integrating these innovative solutions into existing environmental management frameworks nanoparticles can play a crucial role in achieving sustainable environmental practices and mitigating contamination. This review advocates for continued research development and application of nanotechnology as a promising avenue for fostering a cleaner healthier environment and contributing to global sustainability goals.
Innovative Techniques for Pharmaceutical Waste Management: Enhancing Drug Recovery and Environmental Sustainability
The pharmaceutical sector is a major component of current healthcare manufacturing and distributing drugs biological substances and medical equipment. Despite its advantages the sector creates enormous waste including materials for packaging production by-products expired or unused drugs and other residues creating health and environmental issues. Appropriate pharmaceutical waste handling and medication recovery strategies are vital for limiting these problems. This article aims to investigate and evaluate multiple techniques for recovering pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste highlighting the significance of sustainable waste management in the pharmaceutical sector. The paper emphasizes the need to use modern methods such as liquid-liquid extraction membrane crystallization solid-liquid extraction and adsorption to recover drugs from pharmaceutical waste. Liquid-liquid extraction exhibits excellent adaptability and efficiency for varied Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) whereas membrane crystallization provides low-energy solutions for thermally sensitive compounds. Solid-liquid extraction is useful for recovering APIs from solid dosage forms while adsorption approaches exploit substances like activated carbon for organic component recovery. Each process has particular benefits and disadvantages with the selection of methodology based on waste properties and recovery objectives. It emphasizes the promise of these technologies for high extraction yields purity and environmental sustainability supporting effective pharmaceutical waste management procedures. Additionally difficulties such as cost-effectiveness scalability and regulatory compliance are addressed pointing to opportunities for future research and development to improve the efficacy of drug recovery procedures. In conclusion using advanced techniques to recover pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste offers a viable way to implement sustainable waste recovery procedures and lessen the pharmaceutical industry's negative environmental effects.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Green and Effective Approach
Benzimidazole derivatives hold a crucial place in medicinal chemistry due to their wide-ranging therapeutic applications. However traditional synthesis methods having inefficiencies such as the need for catalysts and prolonged reaction times in addition to being environmentally unfriendly. This has necessitated the development of alternative synthetic methodologies that are more efficient and eco-friendly.
To establish a novel efficient and eco-friendly methodology for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives utilizing microwave irradiation without the use of a catalyst thereby reducing reaction times and improving yields.
A microwave-assisted approach was employed for the synthesis of various benzimidazole derivatives. The reactions were carried out without the use of any catalyst significantly optimizing the synthesis process. Reaction times were reduced to a range of 5 to 10 min. The identity and purity of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed through spectral analysis.
The newly developed microwave-assisted methodology facilitated the efficient synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. The approach achieved notable yields ranging from 94% to 98% with significantly shortened reaction times of 5 to 10 min and its purity confirmed through physicochemical and spectral analysis.
This study presents a significant advancement in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives offering a rapid high-yielding and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. The catalyst-free microwave-assisted methodology not only reduces reaction times but also enhances overall efficiency representing a valuable contribution to the field of organic chemistry.
Pectin from Agro-waste to Utility Product
The study aims to discuss innovative extraction approaches as compared to available traditional methods to optimize the yield and quality of pectin by eco-friendly techniques and emphasizes purification and analytical techniques for quality toward sustainable development of pectin-based products. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in plants forming a protective barrier and providing mechanical strength to the plant cell. Therefore pectin a by-product of the food industry can be an efficient waste valorization product for utilization in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickener stabilizer and gelling agent. Pectin complex chemistry provides a wide scope for modification of monomers that can alter the properties of pectin and thereby add to the varied applications of pectin enlisted in the review. The review synthesizes findings from meticulously conducted research investigations and authorized scholarly articles. Information retrieval used reputable academic search engines including PubMed Elsevier and Bentham publications with keywords such as “pectin” “chemical modification of pectin” “drug delivery” “green methods” and “agro-industrial residues” for a comprehensive exploration. The comprehensive review delves into pectin chemistry and extraction methods modification and characterization techniques are discussed along with versatile applications in the food pharmaceutical and other industries. Pectin abundantly present in the outer coat or peels of fruits and vegetables has been the best example of a circular economy and has led to zero waste in agricultural industries. The review has elaborated modifications in pectin for its use as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry therapeutic use targeted drug delivery and food industries.
A Review of Different Extraction Procedures for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Fruits and Vegetables Using Agree Metric Approaches
GAC is one of the crucial emerging platforms in the analytical field focusing on the environmental impact of various extraction procedures. There are various principles on which GAC is based including the use of DESs a miniaturized platform for extraction the integration of extraction steps operator safety reducing energy consumption and minimizing solvent wastage. Pesticide residue analysis is one of the most important factors affecting food safety and the health of society. Pesticides were used extensively to improve the production of crops and other food stuff which is essential to meet the demands of society. This led to an accumulation of pesticide residues in various agricultural products including fruits and vegetables which are important to be detected and quantified. Different techniques were employed for extraction or sample preparation prior to detection by instrumental techniques including GC HPLC and hyphenated techniques. Various software programs are available online to evaluate the greenness of any developed method including GAPI NEMI Agree AMVI etc. This manuscript describes the impact of various extraction procedures like SPE LLE and TFME on sensitivity and extraction efficiency along with the greenness evaluation used in the detection of pesticide residue in fruits and vegetables using Agree software.
Plant-aided Biosynthesized Heterogeneous Palladium Nanoparticles-Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction: A Review
Plant-aided biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles is a necessity nowadays to avoid toxic chemicals used in the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles in traditional methods. Palladium nanoparticles are used as a catalyst in the Suzuki coupling reaction. Traditional synthesis of palladium nanoparticles uses harmful chemicals reducing agents and solvents creating toxic byproducts. The Suzuki coupling reaction is a key step in the formation of C-C bonds in organic synthesis. The Suzuki coupling reaction has numerous applications in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals agrochemicals etc. So there is scope for developing an environmentally friendly and low-cost palladium nanoparticle catalyst for the Suzuki coupling reaction that reduces environmental pollution. The traditional Suzuki coupling reaction requires expensive and toxic ligands solvents and bases and also produces toxic byproducts. In this review article we focus on plant-assisted biosynthesis methods for the production of palladium nanoparticles and their applications for the Suzuki coupling reaction.
Eco Friendly Pharmaceutical Packaging
Concerns over environmental contamination have been raised by the use of non-biodegradable and non-renewable materials such as glass plastics and metals in packaging applications. With the goal of lessening the environmental impact of petroleum-based packaging materials an extensive amount of research has been conducted to find alternative packaging materials. Due to their biodegradability studies have shown that using bio-polymer-based materials can reduce the amount of packaging waste produced which could partially address the issue of trash disposal. This review article is mainly focused on eco-friendly biodegradable material that can replace non-biodegradable pharmaceutical packaging material. These materials come from natural resources like proteins carbohydrates etc. that have negligible to no negative effects on the environment and organisms that depend on it. This article depicts how we can replace the existing non-biodegradable plastics with eco-friendly material as the use of pharmaceutical packaging material also plays a crucial role in the therapeutic performance of pharmaceutical products.
Electro-sustainable Synthesis: Rapid and Efficient Production of Benzothiazole Derivatives through Electrochemical Means for Sustainable Chemistry
We generally focused on an environmentally green synthesis and we used to replace toxic methods hazardous reaction conditions from the greener methods such as electro-organic synthesis use of visible light as an energy source natural and biodegradable green catalysts etc.
Synthesis of biologically-active benzothiazole derivatives via eco-compatible method is the objective of our research article.
Electrochemical method where electro-organic synthesis was carried out in an undivided cell at room temperature in the presence of lithium perchlorate as a supporting electrolyte and electricity was also utilized here instead of a chemical substance with a simple graphite-iron electrode combination.
The generation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles was achieved through the amalgamation of bis(2- aminophenyl)disulfides with aromatic aldehydes under the influence of the electrodes. Products were obtained here with the satisfactory to excellent yields with the range of 64% - 91%.
In conclusion for the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives a different aqueous phase facile simple and dexterous method that is free from any type of hazardous catalyst was reported. This protocol represents a novel synthetic concept and an eco-compatible pathway along with green chemistry expertise like usage of the nontoxic solvent with effortless work-up procedure.
1-Thiosugars: From Synthesis to Applications
1-Thiosugars and their glycosides play crucial roles in carbohydrate chemistry primarily due to their stability and potential for mimicking O-glycosides. The synthetic methodologies for thioglycosides pose ongoing challenges. In recent years researchers have shown a growing interest in exploring the applications of thiosugars in various fields including the development of natural product derivatives oligo- and polysaccharide mimics metallodrugs and dendrimers. Numerous approaches and protocols have been devised for the synthesis of thiosugars. This review aims to comprehensively cover the efforts towards preparing thiosugars and their application as synthetic precursors.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Partially Protected N-Glycosylamines
Due to the compatibility of binding and undergoing chemical modification of sugar derivatives with a variety of scaffolds the design of innovative tools for bio-sensing and bio-marking energy harvesting drug design and delivery is growing steadily. Furthermore the chemistry of partially protected sugars has not been explored well in terms of its applications in smart materials. However these sugar derivatives possess a unique characteristic balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature which makes them act as gelator molecules. Several synthetic strategies pertaining to synthesis and applications are known in the literature. The present review mainly focuses on the partially protected monosaccharide-based N-glycosylamines and their applications with few examples from O- and C-glycosides.
Recent Advancements in Glycosylation Reactions: An Access to Privileged C- and S-glycosides
Glycosylation reactions are central to carbohydrate chemistry due to their broad applications in drug development and biological probes. Despite presenting significant challenges and often requiring substantial amounts of promoters these reactions yield value-added products of immense biological importance. The incorporation of transition metal catalysis in glycosylation reactions offers advantages such as mild reaction conditions and enhanced selectivity. Currently synthetic chemists are particularly interested in C- and S-glycosides because their glycosidic linkages exhibit greater metabolic stability compared to the more vulnerable O-glycosides. This review aims to explore recent advances in the synthesis of various structurally diverse and biologically relevant C- and S-glycosides covering literature from 2019 to 2024.
Carbohydrate Derived α,β-Unsaturated Enals (Perlin’s Aldehyde) as Chiral Synthon for the Synthesis of Privileged Scaffolds
Perlin’s aldehyde is an αβ-unsaturated carbonyl compound with two well-defined chiral centres and a free hydroxy group. Since its discovery and synthesis by A. S. Perlin in 1975 it has been used as a flexible chiral synthon for synthesising natural products their scaffolds and biologically significant compounds. Perlin’s aldehydes serve as useful starting materials in diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and chiral building blocks in organic synthesis. Currently synthesising frameworks based on carbohydrates is at the forefront of organic synthesis. Inspired by the reactivity of Perlin’s aldehyde various research groups worldwide used this molecule as a chiral synthon and published a number of research papers and a review article covering literature until 2012. This review covers recent advances in the synthesis of natural products their scaffolds and other hetrocylic molecules starting from perlin aldehyde covering the literature from 2013 to till date.
Di-tert-butyl Peroxide (DTBP)-Promoted Heterocyclic Ring Construction
Di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) is one of the most widely used organic peroxides in a variety of oxidative transformations. The main factors contributing to the increasing use of DTBP are its affordability minimal environmental impact great effectiveness and capacity to substitute scarce or dangerous heavy metal oxidants. We have reviewed critically and succinctly the noteworthy applications of DTBP in heterocyclic ring constructions from 2014 onwards in this decennial update. The main components of this evaluation are the pros and cons of its use the scope of a synthetic organic transformation and mechanistic logistics.
Recent Advance in the Reductive Heck Cyclization for the Formation of Five to Nine Member Rings
Palladium-catalyzed reactions are widely used for creating carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds with the Heck reaction being particularly valuable for forming rings of various sizes including medium-sized rings. Recent reports have shown the synthetic potential of intramolecular Heck reactions for assembling rings of seven or more members. While the regioselectivity of this cyclization is often unpredictable in the absence of directing groups the reductive Heck cyclization strategy can help minimize this issue. Nickel catalysts are also valuable due to their abundance and environmentally friendly nature playing a pivotal role in producing biologically significant carbocycles and heterocycles. The use of both Pd(0) and Ni(0) catalysts with or without chiral ligands has been successful in forming five to nine-member ring heterocycles and carbocycles in a simple cost-effective manner. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the literature from the past decade on the use of reductive Heck cyclization methodology including mechanistic details as needed.
Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Docking of Novel Pyridine, Thiophene, and Thiadiazole Scaffolds Utilizing 2-Cyano-N-(4-(1-(2-(2-cyanoacetyl) hydrazineylidene)ethyl)phenyl)acetamide
An efficient protocol is reported for synthesizing arylidene adducts pyridine derivatives in excellent yields by treating 2-cyano-N-(4-(1-(2-(2-cyanoacetyl) hydrazineylidene)ethyl)phenyl)acetamide with quinoline-3-carbaldehydes 2-arylidenemalono-nitriles and acetylacetone in EtOH respectively. In addition dithiadiazole and dithiophene adducts were synthesized from one pot reaction using phenyl isothiocyanate and either hydrazonyl chloride or 2-bromo-1-(5-methyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-123-triazole-4-yl)ethan-1-one in DMF containing potassium hydroxide. The structure of novel products was elucidated using spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The compounds showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested G-ve and G+ve bacteria and against the tested fungi. The MIC was mostly in the range of 100-500 µg/mL. Molecular docking was used to analyse interactions between the compounds and antimicrobial target proteins. The molecular docking simulation showed lower binding energy with different types of interaction at the active site of Sterol 14-demethylase of C. albicans Fdc1 proteins of A. niger DNA Gyrase of E. coli and LasR an activator of exotoxin. An expression of P. aeruginosa indicates that these compounds could inhibit the enzyme and cause promising antimicrobial effects.
The Chemistry and Biological Effects of Fused 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines and their Isomeric 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines
Concerning polycyclic heterocyclic compounds fused triazolopyrimidines and their substituted analogs have been studied recently from a chemical and biological point of view. Triazolopyrimidines have eight different positional isomers based on their structural arrangement and nitrogen atom positions. The present review concerns synthesizing 124-triazolo[43-c]pyrimidines and 124-triazolo[15-c]pyrimidines fused with a five-membered ring containing one heteroatom. The 124-triazolo[43-c]pyrimidines can be prepared by closing the triazole ring on the 4-hydrazinopyrimidine ring and the 124-triazolo[15-c]pyrimidines can be prepared by closing the triazole ring on the 4-iminopyrimidine-3-amine ring. The transformation of 124-triazolo[43-c]pyrimidine to the more thermodynamically stable isomer triazolo[15-c]pyrimidine derivatives via Dimroth rearrangement under different reaction conditions is also discussed. Moreover the biological activity of both series is presented.