Organic Chemistry
Therapeutic Potential of Dicentrine in Human Disorders: A Review On Medicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities of Aporphine Alkaloid
Plants have always been an important source of food and drugs in addition to their application in medical and cosmetic sectors. The popularity of herbal remedies has increased in many countries in recent decades. Herbal medicines contain numerous active phytocomponents with different biological activities. Alkaloid class phytochemicals have diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities in nature. Additionally Aporphinoids are an important class of plant secondary metabolites that have been used for the treatment of numerous human disorders for a long time in traditional medicine. Dicentrine is an aporphine class phytochemical isolated from numerous medicinal plants including Actinodaphne sesquipedalis and Lindera megaphylla.
The biological potential of dicentrine an aporphine alkaloid derivative has been described in the present work. Scientific data on dicentrine were collected here from different scientific databases and presented in this paper in order to know the biological importance of dicentrine in medicine for the treatment of human complications. Further detailed pharmacological activities and scientific data on dicentrine were also analyzed in order to determine its therapeutic potential in medicine. Moreover its analytical aspects were also described in this work to understand its separation and isolation methods.
The present work described the biological potential of dicentrine in medicine and its analytical aspects. It signified the biological potential of dicentrine in cancer breast cancer oral squamous cell carcinoma lung adenocarcinoma blood pressure inflammatory disorders hyperlipidaemia arrhythmia stomach muscle and glomerulonephropathy. Further its effectiveness in medicine was found to be mainly because of its antiplatelet alpha 1-adrenoceptor epidermal growth factor antiprotozoal larvicidal antimicrobial topoisomerase II and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential. Moreover other scientific data also signified its metabolism and pharmacokinetic parameters in terms of its analytical aspects in medicine.
The present review gives us an updated summary of the scientific information for pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of dicentrine in medicine. It also signified the potential contribution of dicentrine in medicine for the development of a newer class of drug molecules for human disorders.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Phenolics from Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill. and Evaluation of their Antioxidant Activities
Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill. (A. disticha) is a species of the Anisophylleaceae family that has undergone the least investigation despite being widely used in folk medicine to cure a wide range of illnesses.
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of various factors on the supercritical fluid extraction of A. disticha in order to maximise recovery of total phenolic content antioxidant activity and polyphenol identification.
The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of A. disticha were determined using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method and compared with Soxhlet. Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was performed to examine the effect of independent variables of SFE such as temperature pressure and concentration of ethanol as co-solvent on TPC and antioxidant activities of A. disticha stem extracts.
At combined effects of different temperatures pressure and co-solvent the total SFE yield were ranged between 0.65 and 4.14% which was about half of the Soxhlet extract of 8.75 ± 1.54%. The highest concentration (µg/g) of gallic acid (118.83 ± 1.17) p-coumaric (61.60 ± 0.33) ferulic acid (57.93 ± 1.15) and quercetin (24.16 ± 0.41) were obtained at a temperature of 50°C the pressure of 25 MPa and co-solvent of 20% while lowest concentration was found 70°C 30 MPa and 20% ethanol.
SFE extracts possessed remarkable TPC and concentration of phenolic compounds indicating superior recovery of compounds. SFE showed more than two-fold higher ferric-reducing antioxidant power compared to Soxhlet with values of 585.32 ± 17.01 mg Fe (II)/g extract and 203.63 ± 16.03 mg Fe (II)/g extract respectively. SFE demonstrated a potential alternative to the classical solvent extraction methods.
Effect of Plant Secondary Metabolites against Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Review on Apoptosis Induction and Synergistic Potential
Lung carcinoma is the most ubiquitous and fundamental cause of cancer-related mortality globally. The conventional therapeutic approaches for lung cancer have consistently encountered several challenges and complexities prompting the exploration of novel tactics for the detection and management of cancer. Lung cancer is a highly preventable disease and early-stage detection significantly improves patient’s survival rates. Several distinct medicinal substances from plants aid in treating human illnesses and promoting good health. Plants including Astragalus propinquus Curcuma longa Anethum graveolens Allium cepa etc. are utilized as medicines to treat lung cancer. It can be effectively treated using plant secondary metabolites like flavonoids phenolics terpenoids steroids alkaloids and polyphenols. This review describes the structures of plant metabolites and the process by which they induce apoptosis against lung cancer. This data will assist in the comprehensive awareness and understanding of the factors that combat phytochemicals against lung cancers and the production of new anti-cancer medications.
Salacia reticulata: An Integrative Review of its Antioxidant, Lipid-Lowering, and Glucose-Regulating Properties in Diabetes and Obesity
Across the globe approximately half of the population diagnosed with diabetes use complementary medicines for the treatment of diabetes. Salacia reticulata (family Hypocrataceae) is an indigenous woody climber flowering plant commonly employed within the Ayurvedic healthcare framework for addressing diabetes and obesity. It is also known as Kothala himbutu and grows in the dry zone forests of India and Sri Lanka. It is documented to exhibit antioxidant lipid-lowering hypertrophy-reducing and fibrosis-inhibiting properties and hepatoprotective activity. We critically analyze the available in-vitro animal and clinical research supporting the utilization of Salacia reticulata in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. Compounds that have been recognized for their ability to counteract diabetes include salacinol kotalanol ponkoranol and salaprinol. Various in-vitro research depicted salacia's capacity to impede intestinal alpha-glucosidase function. Furthermore it enhances the breakdown of stored fat (lipolysis) and reduces insulin resistance by increasing the production of messenger RNA for hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) as well as adiponectin respectively in the mouse mesenteric fat. Salacia reticulata treatment up-regulates the lipolysis factors while downregulating the 3T3-L1 adipocytes lipogenesis factors. Both animal studies and clinical research consistently showed significant improvement in levels of glucose when fasting compared to being exposed to sucrose and maltose. Furthermore 6 weeks to 3 months of treatment showed a substantial reduction in the HbA1c and plasma Insulin. Salacia reticulata efficiently decreases obesity and insulin resistance while enhancing glucose metabolism therefore more substantial evidence derived from meticulously designed research is necessary to confirm its effectiveness and safety. Moreover the research aimed at improving the growth of callus increasing polyphenolic content promoting mangiferin synthesis and assessing the biological properties of the salaciagenus suggests its potential as a valuable source for the industrial production of important industrial secondary compounds. At the same time data indicate cumulative knowledge highlighting its strong antioxidant effect and unveiling its capabilities without impacting natural reserves.
Metabolites of Culinary-medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus Showed Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity in BV2 Cells and Anti-H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress Activity in SH-SY5Y Cells
Hericium erinaceus is a versatile mushroom with potential therapeutic benefits. A variety of bioactive compounds have been found in this mushroom that have anti-ulcer anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory and blood sugar and lipid regulating effects.
The aim is to isolate and characterize compounds from the rice medium of H. erinaceus and evaluate their potential therapeutic effects on oxidative stress-associated diseases.
Fifteen compounds were isolated and characterized using NMR spectra and ESI-MS. The effects of compounds 3 and 7 on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in BV2 cells and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells were investigated. The regulation of nitric oxide production and apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2 and Bax were also examined.
Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO generation in microglial cells and significant resistance to H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated the interaction of compounds 3 and 7 with iNOS and Bax respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that 7 inhibited NO production and regulated the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 suggesting a protective effect against H2O2-induced apoptosis.
Compounds 3 and 7 isolated from H. erinaceus are potential therapeutic candidates for oxidative stress-associated diseases possibly through their regulation of nitric oxide production and apoptosis-related proteins. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.
Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Formulations: Unlocking Potential in Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Sectors
This review aims to evaluate the latest techniques used in formulating epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) analyse the difficulties encountered in the process and offer perspectives on potential future advancements in epigallocatechin gallate formulations for both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
This work provides a thorough literature review and examines current epigallocatechin gallate formulation strategies assesses solubility improvement approaches examines obstacles and summarises results regarding benefits and drawbacks. In nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals it identifies knowledge gaps and suggests future research avenues.
This comprehensive review presents a synthesis of pivotal discoveries about epigallocatechin gallate formulations particularly emphasising notable progress in enhancing solubility and the concomitant obstacles encountered in this pursuit. This review weighs the benefits and drawbacks shedding light on areas that need further investigation in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields.
This review synthesises current research on formulations containing epigallocatechin gallate focusing on their various applications and the obstacles accompanying their implementation. Despite facing various challenges the methodologies that have been investigated demonstrate potential. The comprehensive evaluation of both strengths and limitations highlights the imperative nature of continuous research. The conclusion provides opportunities for research in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals outlining future directions.
Factors for Implementing Medical Cannabis Cultivation in Brazil
The medicinal properties of the Cannabis genus are evident and many studies indicate its usefulness to treat many diseases. However the production of Cannabis-based products has been hampered by its criminalization. Currently its cultivation is not allowed in Brazil except in specific situations. It increases the price of Cannabis-based products as it requires the importation of inputs making it difficult for most of the population to access such medicines. In this context this review presents an overview of Brazilian legislation on medical Cannabis and the current market for Cannabis products in Brazil. The main goal is to encourage the cultivation of medical Cannabis and the distribution of its products by the Brazilian Unified Health System. In addition it presents recommendations to implement cultivation based on a bibliographic survey carried out in scientific databases and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of Cannabis in treating patients suffering from several diseases and conditions although more complete studies are needed to confirm both risk-benefit relationship and dose to be administered. After searching for legislation and bills on government websites it became evident that there was a need for changes in Brazilian legislation to enable cultivation in Brazil. However there are several proposals for legislation in progress and Brazil can significantly benefit from this therapeutic option.
Metabolites with Anti-acetylcholinesterase Activities from Marine Mesophotic Zone Halichondria Sponge-associated Fungus Chaetomium sp. NBUF152
Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are light-dependent ecosystems found from 30 to 150 m in depth that are highly diverse and relatively understudied worldwide.
One new indole alkaloid chaetoid A (1) one known analog indigodole B (2) and one known β-carboline type alkaloid 1-acetyl-β-carboline (3) along with three known cyclic depsipeptides turnagainolide A (4) turnagainolide B (5) arthroamide (6) were isolated from cultures of fungus Chaetomium sp. NBUF152 is associated with a 66 m deep mesophotic zone Halichondria sponge. Their structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data (NMR HRESIMS UV IR optical rotation and ECD). The in vitro bioassay results showed that compounds 1-6 exhibited moderate inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AchE).
The results showed that these compounds displayed moderate anti-AchE activities with IC50 values of 25.97 25.80 21.07 23.49 21.28 and 25.3 μmol/L.
This work could lead to additional investigation into the potential of marine organisms in MCEs as a source for discovering natural products with interesting structures and bioactivities.
Ginsenoside Rh2 Reduced Neurogenesis Dysfunction to Alleviate Depression-like Behaviour in CSDS-induced Mice
Depression is a mental health disorder with high morbidity and disability rates that has harmful effects on public health worldwide. Despite many hypotheses about its mechanism have been put forward its deeper mechanism is still unclear. Nowadays there are many antidepressants developed by pharmaceutical companies such as fluoxetine ketamine and paroxetine used in clinical practice but the therapeutic effects are not satisfactory with serious adverse reactions and drug addiction.
Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng that has been conducted for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. However the possible mechanisms of G-Rh2 involved in these neuroprotective effects on neuroinflammation are currently unclear.
We established a CSDS depression model in normal mice and then the depressive symptoms of mice were evaluated by a series of behavioral testing. Finally molecular biology experiments were conducted to demonstrate that G-Rh2 had anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects.
We showed that G-Rh2 (30 mg/kg) significantly relieved depressive behavior in mice via attenuating oxidative stress injury and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover G-Rh2 reduced impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus of CSDS-induced mice.
We demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of G-Rh2 to alleviate depression through improved neurogenesis in depressive mice for the first time. What's more we aimed to verify the protective effects of G-Rh2 on neuroinflammation and provide novel insights for understanding the roles of G-Rh2 in the treatment of depression.
Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Antidiabetic Activity of a Northeast Indian Plant Zingiber rubens Roxb. through Modulation of PKC Phosphorylation
Zingiber rubens Roxb. a new species of the Zingiberaceae family is found profoundly in the Northeastern region of India. It is a rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome native to Indo-China regimens.
The aim is to research the root part of this plant to discover active constituents and evaluate the molecular mechanism of antidiabetic activity.
The hydroalcoholic root extract of this plant (HAZR) was evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant assays α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Further the antidiabetic activity assay was evaluated exploring the molecular mechanism for modulating oxidative stress in tissue biochemical parameters and HbA1c. To explore the molecular mechanism we also investigated the inhibition assay of protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
The experiments' results helped to conclude that HAZR has potent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity and could have been embedded with potent active molecules. They also revealed the mechanism of action as inhibition of PKC phosphorylation meriting further studies.
The present study revealed that HAZR demonstrated its antidiabetic activity against diabetic animal models through oxidative stress-mediated PKC and TGF-β regulation in diabetic individuals.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Actinidia eriantha by ITS Sequences
Actinidia eriantha Benth is a widely used natural product from Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Actinidiaceae family. However its wild resources have been declining due to over-exploitation. It has become urgent to investigate the genetic diversity for the conservation of A. eriantha to evaluate the current species and discover strategies for preservation.
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity among and within populations of this species. Dnasp PERMUT and Arlequin 3.0 software were used to calculate the genetic diversity index and MEGA 5.0 software was used to construct the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree.
A total of 27 haplotypes were obtained by ITS sequence analysis of 12 populations and the most frequently haplotype observed was H1. AMOVA analysis revealed that the genetic variation rates were 10.91% (FST = 0.22290) and 77.71% (FSC = 0.12306) among and within populations respectively with high genetic diversity at the species level (Hd = 0.692). The genetic distance among populations ranged from 0 to 0.004. The results of Permut analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance (NST > GST). The NJ tree was divided into two Clades (Clade A and Clade B) Clade B has obvious geographical specificity and haplotypes of this clade are all specific to the GX-ZY population. Four types were found according to ITS sequences of A. eriantha haplotypes H1 and H5 were ancient haplotypes.
Our findings indicated that genetic diversity within populations was higher than observed among populations. This study is significant for further research endeavors focused on the efficient collection and preservation of wild resources of A. eriantha.
Catalytic Syntheses of Pyrano[3,2-c]Quinolone and -Quinoline Derivatives and their Potential Therapeutic Agents
Pyrano[32-c]quinolone and pyrano[23-c]quinoline as promising molecules have garnered more attention due to their interesting biological properties. This review dealt with the catalytic synthesis of the former candidates in the last 20 years. Multi-component reactions (MCRs) are synthetic routes that produce a single product from three or more reactants in a one-pot step procedure. We herein reported on the advantages of catalysis in synthesizing the target compounds using the MCR sequence. We also discussed the mechanism and explained the chosen catalyst's utility in the target molecules' selectivity. Finally this recent review focuses on the biological applications of these molecules as anticancer antimicrobial activities anti-diabetic anti-inflammatory anti-Alzheimer and antitubercular agents.
Current Status and Applications of Gamma Radiation-induced Graft Copolymerized Chitosan
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer obtained by removing acetyl groups from chitin through alkaline hydrolysis. It possesses biodegradable properties and exhibits immunological antibacterial and wound-healing activities. This polysaccharide has undergone modification through radiation-induced graft copolymerization to broaden its application scope. The potential applications of CS can be expanded by introducing side chains through grafting. This article aims to review the innovative alternatives of gamma-graft-copolymerized CS and for the first time comprehensively examines the current applications of CS derivatives in dye removal metal adsorption antibacterial interventions biomedical practices drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.
Synthesis of Pregna-1,4,16-triene-3,20-dione from a Mixture of Soybean Phytosterols using a Combination of Chemical and Microbiological Methods
In this paper we present an efficient procedure for the transformation of a soybean phytosterol mixture into pregna-1416-triene-320-dione which is a key intermediate for the synthesis of valuable corticoids. The possibility of using two alternative methods for 1(2)-dehydrogenation of pregna-416-diene-320-dione-chemical and microbiological was shown. Microbiological 3-keto-4-ene steroid 1(2)-dehydrogenation was carried out using actinobacterial cells of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the IR MS and 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR methods.
[DBUH][HSO4]-catalyzed Solvent-free Synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine Derivatives: Bioevaluation and In silico Molecular Docking Study
Here we report the solvent-free one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 4-substituted-15-benzodiazepine derivatives from O-phenylenediamine aromatic aldehydes and dimedone using [DBUH][HSO4] as a catalyst in excellent yields. This process was carried out in search of a reusable easily accessible affordable and efficient catalyst. 15-Benzodiazepines demonstrate a new family of good inhibitors with potent anti-mycobacterial properties. The most promising compounds in the present series are 4c 4i and 4l which showed excellent activity and inhibited the growth of both MTB H37Ra and M. bovis BCG strains with lower MICs. The most active compounds were further studied for their cytotoxicity against cell lines MCF-7 A549 HCT116 and THP-1 by MTT assays and the compounds were found to be non-toxic. The fact that none of these compounds work against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria suggests that they are only effective against MTB. The in silico docking of the molecules against mycobacterial enoyl reductase InhA enzyme could provide well-clustered solutions and have given valuable insights into the thermodynamic elements governing the binding affinities. The findings of this investigation unmistakably point to the discovery of extremely specific and selective MTB inhibitors which can now be investigated further in search of possible anti-tubercular drugs.
Co(II) and Cu(II) Porphyrins Catalysed the Synthesis of Quinoline and Naphthoxazine via Dehydrogenative Reactions
In this study we developed a facile Co (II) and Cu (II)-porphyrin catalytic system for dehydrogenative coupling reaction of benzyl alcohol with acetophenone derivatives for quinoline synthesis and intramolecular cyclisation of Betti base for naphthoxazine synthesis. Functionalized porphyrins containing ester and quinoline ring (CoTPPBenzo(NPh)) and (CuTPPBenzo(NPh)) were synthesized and confirmed via various analytical techniques. These cobalt (II) and copper (II) porphyrins were tested for the synthesis of quinolines and naphthoxazines via a dehydrogenative coupling reaction. These cobalt and copper porphyrins showed excellent catalytic activity with broad substrate scope. Additionally a series of controlled experiments were performed to support this work.
A Deep Insight into Chemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Angelica.: An Up-to-date Systematic Review
Healthcare providers globally need plant-derived bioactive compounds for the treatment of ailments. The present systematic review article emphasizes the chemistry and pharmacology parts of various Angelica species family Apiaceae. The species of Angelica genus native to the Indian Himalayan are beneficial for several therapeutic and edible purposes. Aromatherapy uses essential oils obtained from various species of the Angelica genus. The population of various Angelica species is declining quickly due to premature destructive harvesting. The traditional medicinal system involves Angelica glauca Edgew and other Angelica species to treat respiratory Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders and many more ailments.
An extensive literature survey on the chemistry and pharmacological aspects of various Angelica species including A. glauca secondary metabolites mechanism behind various pharmacological activities and marketed products of plants of Genus Angelica was conducted using scientific databases. The search terms Angelica species botanical description wild Angelica important phytoconstituents and their pharmacological responses plant parts used and the molecular mechanism behind observed prominent activities were used for data collection. In total 92 publications were included from year 1983 to 2023. Articles focusing on other than Angelica species and other than the English language were excluded from the study. Also the papers with no full-text availability were excluded from the present study. Species of the Angelica genus have been known for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant anti-inflammatory antimicrobial and immunotoxic.
The present paper highlights the secondary metabolites present in the Angelica species and their scientific uses. Ancient Ayurvedic treatise claims several other pharmacological activities but scientific validation of some indications including the exact mechanism of action is underway.
This review compiles 30 years of data on Angelica species related to their phytochemistry pharmacology molecular mechanisms of bioactivity recent advancements and possible future scope of applied and translational research.
The Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Quality Control of Epimedium: A Review
Epimedium has long been used as an ethnic drug in Asia and Europe for its high medicinal value and health benefits which is often used for anti-tumor anti-osteoporosis sexual dysfunction and other related diseases. In this research Epimedium is reviewed in the botany phytochemistry pharmacology toxicology processing and quality control to make it better for clinical services. More than 106 compounds including flavonoids polysaccharides alkaloids lignans and others were isolated from Epimedium. Based on multiple chemically active components Epimedium has a wide range of pharmacological action. Several studies have demonstrated Epimedium has multiple biological activities including neuroprotective effects anti-inflammatory anti-aging and antioxidant effects anti-osteoporosis anti-cancer anti-tumor anti-diabetes anti-influenza effects on sexual dysfunction etc. Recently the toxicity of Epimedium has been brought into focus and its hepatotoxicity has been confirmed through animal experiments. Moreover it is particularly important to control its quality. To date great progress has been made in the study of Epimedium. This study systematically reviews the achievements of research on Epimedium. Moreover the shortcomings of the current research on Epimedium were pointed out and some suggestions were given.
Implementation of Omics Approaches in Unravelling the Potency of Cordyceps militaris in Drug Discovery
Natural products have long garnered the interest of scientific communities as they have proven to be an effective therapeutic resource that paved the path for medicinal research and drug development. Among them Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic caterpillar fungus with a renowned history of being utilized as a medicinal remedy for centuries in Eastern civilizations. The number of pharmacological functions reported by this specific fungus resulted in continuous efforts to unravel new effective bioactive compounds and their corresponding mechanism of action. As time progresses computational techniques become the forefront of genomic and proteomic analysis besides acting as a platform for integrating various up-to-date multidisciplinary data sources. This review briefly introduces Cordyceps militaris alongside the latest known biologically active compounds and their respective therapeutic potential. The need to implement computational applications to cope with the continuous phytochemical evolution of Cordyceps militaris will be illustrated. Moreover many databases mathematical algorithms or sourcing tools that could benefit data visualization dissemination and interpretation aligned to fungal-based research are enumerated in addition to describing some of the broad discoveries relative to Cordyceps militaris in the past. In conclusion using advanced computational technology may be the foundation to leverage natural product discovery about Cordyceps militaris and contribute to future mass production of this fungus for commercial purposes in the world pharmaceutical industry.
Current Development and Application on Inclusion of Herbal Phytochemicals in Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System
Herbal phytochemicals as secondary metabolites are present in herbal medicines. Herbal medicines can be used to treat a wide range of illnesses and diseases. The Novel herbal drug delivery system approach includes transfersomes ethosomes microspheres phytosomes liposomes polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules. The novel herbal drug delivery systems have several benefits over conventional herbal remedies. Herbal medicines are less expensive and have fewer serious side effects than generic medications. The novel herbal drug delivery systems have several benefits over conventional herbal remedies. These include improved solubility and bioavailability protection from side effects improved pharmacological action increased stability better delivery to tissue macrophages consistent delivery and defense against active ingredients' physical and chemical breakdown. There is a need for a novel method of active components of drugs to apply on target organs or sites of the human body to avoid repeated administration of dosage forms and enhance patient adherence. Scientists have tried to focus on advanced mechanisms or processes for delivering herbal components into the human body. Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System helps to boost drug efficacy by lessening side effects and enhancing the blood level of the drug. Novel herbal formulations can reduce recurrent administration of medicines and noncompliance of patients.