Breast cancer a pervasive global malignancy is anticipated to undergo a significant increase by 2040. Despite the conventional armamentarium of treatments including chemotherapy radiation therapy and surgery the intricate landscape of breast cancer characterized by its multifaceted surface receptors and signalling pathways presents formidable challenges to treatment efficacy. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) extracted from Camellia sinensis has emerged as a subject of interest due to its robust antioxidative properties stemming from its chemical structure. EGCG exerts its effects on pivotal stages of tumour growth and proliferation by modulating key signalling pathways such as MAPK PI3K NFkB and ERK1/2 influencing apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Clinical trials have provided insights into EGCG's potential impact on breast cancer such as mammographic density and pharmacokinetics indicating its potential as a potent therapeutic agent. Moreover when administered with conventional chemotherapy EGCG demonstrates synergistic effects enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless further research is warranted to validate the safety and efficacy of EGCG in breast cancer prevention and treatment.

The lack of melanin-producing cells in the epidermis causes white patches to develop in vitiligo a chronic skin disorder. Although vitiligo seldom causes physical injury it can have serious psychological and social consequences such as diminished self-confidence and feelings of inadequacy. While there is no known cure for vitiligo there are several treatments that can help control the illness and lessen its impact on people's lives. In this review we take a look at the literature on phytoconstituents and plant extracts as prospective therapeutic agents for vitiligo. Traditional medicine has a long history of using plant extracts for the treatment of many ailments including skin diseases. The pharmacological effects of natural bioactive substances are diverse including antioxidant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. For this reason they hold great promise as a vitiligo cure.

The investigation of computational techniques to forecast the bioactivity of natural substances has been spurred by the growing interest in utilizing their medicinal potential. A branch of artificial intelligence called deep learning (DL) has been particularly useful for predicting outcomes in a variety of fields such as bioactivity prediction and drug discovery by evaluating large amounts of complex data. An overview of current developments in the application of deep learning techniques to the prediction of natural chemical bioactivity has been presented in this article. The advantages provided by deep learning approaches such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and graph neural networks (GNNs) have been highlighted and the difficulties connected with conventional methods of bioactivity prediction have been examined. Moreover a variety of molecular representations—such as molecular fingerprints graph representations and molecular descriptors—that are fed into deep learning models have been studied. Additionally included in this study is the integration of many data sources including omics data chemical structures and biological tests to enhance the precision and resilience of bioactivity prediction models. Furthermore this review covers the uses of deep learning in target prediction virtual screening and poly-pharmacology study of natural substances. The paper concludes by discussing the field's present issues and potential paths forward such as the requirement for standardized benchmark datasets the interpretability of deep learning models and the incorporation of experimental validation techniques. All things considered this study sheds light on the most recent developments in deep learning techniques for estimating the bioactivity of natural substances and their possible effects on drug development and discovery.

Research has been carried out regarding the benefits and influence of saffron and its derivatives on skin health. Crocin from Crocus sativus L. Gardenia jasminoides and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and safranal from Crocus sativus L. might alleviate skin aging effects. This literature review discusses the mechanism of crocin and safranal as anti-inflammatory agents in reversing oxidative stress and improving aging effects on the skin. Based on the literature review crocin and safranal have strong antioxidant capacity. The mechanism that allows crocin to reduce oxidative stress is by directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species in human dermal fibroblasts and modifying keratinocyte O-linked glycobiology in human keratinocytes. Crocin also increases skin thickness and protects against blue light stress; its derivative crocetin could act like melatonin. Meanwhile safranal also has a potential mechanism for alleviating skin aging in the form of nanoparticles (liposome and solid nanoparticles) or pure safranal through inhibiting dermal enzymes that are involved in the process of skin aging such as elastase collagenase and hyaluronidase.

Urolithiasis is a condition where kidney stones exit through the renal pelvis causing chronic pain. Kidney stones are usually formed due to the deposition of calcium and oxalate crystals. It is known to be a prevalent health condition that affects a large portion of the global human population. Inopportunely no medications that show effective prevention of urolithiasis are currently available. Extensive research has highlighted the significant role of commensal microbes in regulating host oxalate homeostasis and oxalate-associated pathological conditions. However limited knowledge of the pathophysiology of urolithiasis poses difficulties in designing target-based therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests the role of gut microbiota and probiotics in helping reduce the disease burden. Understanding the intricate relationship between gut-associated microbiota and its host symbiosis reveals the therapeutic potential of specific bacteria to prevent and/or treat such metabolic diseases. Oxalobacter formigenes a bacterium is considered crucial for degrading dietary oxalates through the oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme. The absence of this enzyme leads to hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate urolithiasis underscoring the impact of microbiota on kidney stone formation. Studies on the urinary microbiome including those focusing on Oxalobacter formigenes Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Eubacterium lentum Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli elucidate the metabolism of dietary oxalates providing a novel approach to kidney stone management. This review aims to consolidate the present information on the urinary microbiome aetiology pathogenesis and disease prevention.

Tea is a popular beverage that comprises various antioxidants. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water. The three ideal types of tea include black white and green teas. Catechin Epicatechin gallate and Epicatechin are the striped flavonoids coeval in the tea. These flavonoids are freed as a rich source for blood circulation in the heart. Tea possesses anti-inflammatory anti-neoplastic anti-arthritic anti-thrombotic antimicrobial anti-platelet aggregation anti-cholesterol anti-hyperglycemic and immuno-protective properties. Modern empowering research studies contemplate that minimal consumption of tea can also be of advantage to the cardiovascular system (CVS) as it modulates oxidative stress. Consumption of tea is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis coronary artery disease aortic aneurysms peripheral artery disease stroke ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Consumption of excess tea may also be detrimental to health and we highlight different types of tea. The main aim of the present narrative review is to highlight the natural compounds present in tea and discuss their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system. Based on evidence gathered from published literature it is thereby concluded that tea is a popular drink with potential cardiovascular health benefits.

A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism that is found in nature. The term natural product has also been prolonged for commercial purposes to refers to dietary supplements cosmetics and food produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients. Luteolin a bioflavonoid found abundantly in various fruits vegetables and medicinal plants has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted aspects of luteolin encompassing clinical studies experimental research kinetic analyses nanotechnology-based formulations and synergistic interactions with conventional drugs. The introduction section describes the various sources and biological functions of luteolin and emphasizes its importance in the realm of medicine. The clinical studies section provides insights into the therapeutic potential of luteolin in various human diseases highlighting its efficacy safety profile and potential mechanisms of action. Experimental studies exploring luteolin's mechanisms of action cellular interactions and therapeutic effects in various disease models. It elucidates underlying the biological mechanism of luteolin shedding light on its antioxidant anti-inflammatory anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects. Furthermore a detailed pharmacokinetic study examines the absorption distribution metabolism and excretion (ADME) of luteolin offering valuable information for optimizing its dosing regimens and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The integration of nanotechnology in luteolin formulations is discussed focusing on innovative nanoformulations that improve its solubility stability and targeted delivery thus enhancing its bioavailability and efficacy. Additionally this review delves into the synergistic interactions between luteolin and conventional drugs emphasizing the potential for combination therapies to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce adverse effects. The synergistic mechanisms preclinical and clinical evidence and future prospects of these combinations are explored in detail. Future applications of luteolin appear to be very promising in a variety of fields including personalized medicine disease-specific medicines and preventative healthcare.