Analytical Chemistry
Fast Determination of Fat-soluble Vitamins in Pharmaceutical Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Vitamins are needed for the healthy functioning of the body. When these vitamins are not in sufficient amounts in the body they are usually taken externally with pharmaceutical preparations. Taking vitamins into the body in the right amounts is possible by analyzing the amounts in pharmaceutical preparations with validated methods.
In this study a fast simple easily applicable and selective normal-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of fat-soluble A D3 E and K1 vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations from syrup and tablets. Separation of the vitamins was carried out on a Zorbax CN column (250 x 4.6 mm 5 µm) using a mixture of hexane-isopropyl alcohol (98:2 v/v) at 30°C column temperature and 1 ml/min flow rate. The detection wavelength is 280 nm. The developed method has been validated according to ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1) rules.
Calibration graphs are linear over the range of 10-1000 µg ml-1 1-50 µg ml-1 10-2000 µg ml-1 0.5-20 µg ml-1 and the limit of detection values were found to be 1.496 0.280 1.388 and 0.040 µg ml-1 for A D3 E and K1 vitamins respectively. Relative standard deviation values which express within-day and between-day repeatability were found below 2.54%. Average recovery values were also found at about 100.28 101.46 100.65 and 100.29% for A D3 E and K1 vitamins respectively.
The developed and validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of fat-soluble vitamins A D3 E and K1 in pharmaceutical preparations in syrup and tablet form.
Evaluation of the Anticarcinogenic and Cytotoxicity Effects of Small Gold Nanorods Against Gliomablast Cell Lines in an In vitro Model
The study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and anticancer potential of gold nanorods (GNRs) synthesized using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide capped seed (CTAB) on L929 fibroblast cells and glioma cells.
Gold nanorods were synthesized through the CTAB method and their characterization was conducted using UV-Vis spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MTT cell viability assay was employed to assess the cytotoxic and anticancer effects of the synthesized gold nanorods on L929 fibroblast cells and glioma cells.
Analysis results revealed that the synthesized gold nanorods had an average size of 6.4 nm and rod-like morphology with an absorbance peak of 836 nm. The quantity of synthesized GNRs was calculated to be 3.63 µM. Cytotoxicity analysis showed an IC50 value of 1.29 µM for L929 fibroblast cells and 1.26 µM for C6 glioma cells indicating significant cytotoxic effects. Treatment with GNRs induced apoptosis in glioma cells and inhibited their proliferation suggesting potential anticancer activity.
The findings suggest that GNRs hold promise as effective agents for cancer therapy. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying their anticancer effects and to explore their potential clinical applications in cancer treatment.
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for the Estimation of Lead in Chocolates
This study aimed to demonstrate the practical and sensitive lead detection using biogenic silver nanoparticles in dark chocolate samples and silver nitrate was reduced using Syzygium cumini aqueous seed extract as a reducing agent to produce nanoparticles. The obtained NPs were characterized via spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy.
Silver nitrate was reduced using Syzygium cumini aqueous seed extract as a reducing agent to produce nanoparticles. The obtained NPs were characterized via spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The formation of NPs was confirmed by a shift in lambda max to 430 nm and the observation of 2 nm-sized particles in SEM. Data on change in lambda max as a function of time must be shown in a figure. Silver nanoparticles mixed with lead induce a red shift from the original 430 nm to 434 nm absorption maximum confirming the efficiency of silver nanoparticles in finding a lead.
We evaluated that the limit of detection (LOD) was to be 0.8715 µg/mL and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 150 µg/ mL.
The prepared biogenic silver nanoparticles have been used to detect lead in spiked diluted chocolates.
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) from Aqueous Solutions by Chitosan-halloysite Nanotubes Composite Hydrogel Beads
In recent years low-cost biomaterials have been used for sustainable applications to reduce the impact of wastewater treatment. The preparation of bio-based materials with a strong affinity for chromate plays a crucial role in the adsorption process.
In this study chitosan-halloysite nanotubes composite hydrogel beads (Ch-HNTs) were prepared for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from aqueous solutions. Ch-HNTs hydrogel beads were generated by incorporating HNTs into chitosan using a glutaraldehyde solution to achieve efficient crosslinking. The structure of the Ch-HNTs was characterized by SEM and FTIR analysis. These novel adsorbents were then tested for the adsorption of Cr6+ in serial batch experiments. For this purpose the effect of pH contact time temperature concentration of adsorbate and adsorbent concentration on the extent of adsorption were investigated.
The adsorption rate for Cr6+ was maximum at an initial pH of 2 in 60 minutes of contact time. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of 72.22 mg Cr6+/g for Ch-HNTs was obtained according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
It is proposed that Ch-HNTs can be potential adsorbents for Cr6+ removal from dilute solutions. Nonetheless further studies on adsorbing and removing various heavy metals using these novel beads in column systems can be planned.
A Green Technology for the Extraction of Essential Oil Using Microwave and Ultrasound-assisted Techniques
Essential oils are utilized in various food applications and are a rich source of naturally occurring volatile components. The extraction of essential oils has used conventional techniques for several years but these methods require a long duration of time more solvent and high energy. However recent advancements have led to novel and eco-friendly techniques that significantly enhance the essential oil yield while minimizing the use of resources.
This study describes the recent research on the extraction of essential oils and their components focusing on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE).
This review explores the instrumentation mechanism and applications behind MAE and UAE. It also describes the emerging technologies for the extraction of essential oils along with their optimized conditions.
These techniques represent a more sustainable and efficient approach for the extraction of essential oil from various plant sources aligning with the principles of green chemistry.
Bioinformatics Characteristics and Genomic Patterns of the Envelope Glycoproteins of the Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Rodents and many wild and domestic animals including cattle donkeys goats hares ostriches and sheep spread the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) acting as hosts for infected ticks primarily of the Hyalomma genus which serve as vectors and reservoirs of the virus. CCHF is a severe potentially lethal and widespread disease making it a serious public health issue. Environmental changes impacting rodent populations affect their global distribution and therefore play a role in the spread of CCHFV.
This study aims togain a deeper understanding of the envelope glycoproteins expressed by the CCHFV.
Multiple computational algorithms determined the Intrinsic Disorder Predisposition (PIDP) Polarity Index and genomic profiles of each sequence of the glycoproteins.
When examining the Polarity Index Method Profile 3.0v profile and the PIDP profile the envelope glycoproteins of the CCHFV showed different patterns. With these patterns it was possible to identify structural and morphological similarities.
With the PIM 3.0v profile our computer programs were able to identify isolated CCHFV envelope glycoproteins. We believe that this research provides a deeper understanding of this virus.
A Low-cost and Rapid Method for Determination of Five Flavonoids in Herbal Medicines with Rutin by HPLC-UV at Equal Absorption Wavelength
Flavonoid is a type of active constituent in herbs and always used as the quality control markers of herbal medicines. Owing to the extensive diversity of flavonoids numerous reference compounds are necessitated for the analysis of flavonoids and some are usually very expensive which engenders challenges in the analysis of flavonoids in herbal medicines. Consequently the development of a simple rapid and reference compounds saving method is important for the determination of flavonoids in herbal medicines.
In order to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of 5 flavonoids (mangiferin hesperidin baicalin buddleoside and rutin) in five herbal medicines (Anemarrhenae rhizome Sophorae flos Citri reticulatae pericarpium Scutellariae radix and Chrysanthemi indici flos) with rutin.
Five herbal medicine samples were prepared according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia which includes ultrasound and reflux methods. The separation of the sample was performed on a PoroShell 120 EC-C18 (4.6 mm×100 mm 2.7 μm) by gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelengths were set as follows: Anemarrhenae rhizome (363 nm) Sophorae flos (256 nm) Citri reticulatae pericarpium (236 nm) Scutellariae radix (263 nm) Chrysanthemi indici flos (354 nm).
The method validation showed that the established HPLC method was accurate and stable for quantitative analysis of flavonoids in five herbal medicines. The comparative analysis revealed that the determination results of the current HPLC method and Chinese Pharmacopoeia method are consistent exhibiting less than 1% relative error. Remarkably the developed HPLC method needs one cheapest reference compound (rutin) and costs 8 min for sample HPLC analysis.
The developed HPLC method for quantitative analysis of five flavonoids in five herbal medicines is simple rapid and reference compound saving which provides a good alternative method for quality control of flavonoids in herbal medicines.
Removal of Metasilicate from Aqueous Solutions with Hybrid Polymer-enhanced Ultrafiltration-electrodeionization Membrane Processes
In desalination addressing fouling challenges particularly concerning silica is pivotal for generating pure water from seawater and brackish sources. Efficient silica removal is vital for various applications including power generation and electronics. Electrodeionization (EDI) has proven highly effective in achieving a high removal rate for silica.
Optimize silica removal through a combined membrane approach—water-soluble polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration and Electrodeionization (EDI)—for efficient water treatment and improved water quality.
The study utilized a 400 mL stirred Amicon cell for Ultrafiltration (UF) in combination with a water-soluble polymer. Additionally a microflow EDI cell is employed filled with Porolite A600 anion exchange resin and SST60 cation exchange resin to optimize silica removal.
The water-soluble polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration achieved a 25% removal of SiO2 with the remaining silica effectively removed by EDI resulting in a concentration of 11 µg/L.
The combined approach of water-soluble polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration and Electrodeionization (EDI) demonstrated effective silica removal.
Luminescence Detection of Cr3+, Bi3+, and Acetone in Aqueous Solution by Core-Shell Tb-MOF
By using terephthalic acid 2 5-furandicarboxylic acid and terbium nitrate hexahydrate a Tb-MOF with a core-shell structure was successfully designed and prepared.
A one-pot method was employed to design and synthesize core-shell Tb-MOF. The morphology luminescence performance and stability were well characterized.
Tb-MOF demonstrated good water stability acid and alkali resistance and thermal stability. Tb-MOF was found to have high sensitivity to detect Cr3+ Bi3+ and acetone in an aqueous solution and the LOD of Cr3+ Bi3+ and acetone were calculated to be 0.18 μM 4.22 μM and 0.26% respectively. The sensing mechanism of Cr3+ and acetone was explained as energy-competitive absorption and the sensing mechanism of Bi3+ was explained as ion replacement.
The prepared Tb-MOF can be developed as a multifunctional light-emitting sensor with high selectivity.
Recent Advancement in the Development of Detection and Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review
Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems because of the non-degradable nature of heavy metals and their accumulation in the food chain which poses a severe threat to the environment and human health even at low concentrations. Most of these metal ions can coordinate with biological molecules and disturb their function. Exposure to heavy metals can cause different health threats such as endothelial dysfunction allergy infant mortality cancer neurological diseases respiratory diseases oxidative stress cardiovascular disorders and kidney diseases. Therefore the detection and removal of these toxic species are very important. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green solvents and have excellent applications in many fields. They contain nonsymmetrical ions that have low lattice energy low vapor pressure dipolar nature non-flammability low volatility low melting points excellent thermal and chemical stability and high solubility. DESs are also better in terms of the availability of raw materials easy synthetic procedure low cost of their starting materials and their easy storage. DESs have an excellent ability for the detection and removal of heavy metal ions. In this review we discussed various DES-based spectrophotometric and fluorimetric chemosensors for the detection of heavy metal ions in different matrixes. Additionally we have also explored the capabilities of different DESs in removing heavy metals.
Recent Advancements in Biochar and its Composite for the Remediation of Hazardous Pollutants
Biochar has garnered considerable attention in recent times due to its potential uses in the environmental field. In this study we comprehensively examine and condense information on biochar production characteristics and adsorption mechanisms with a focus on its economic applications for remediating hazardous contaminants. Our assessment is based on over 200 publications from the past decade. Biochar a carbon-rich material can be derived from various organic waste sources such as food waste and urban sewage sludge. Researchers are particularly interested in biochar due to its high carbon content cation exchange capacity substantial specific surface area and stable structure. We investigate how the physical and chemical properties of biochar may vary based on the feedstock used providing a comprehensive overview of biochar and its composition for pollution remediation. The review also discusses common techniques such as gasification hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis used to produce biochar. We analyze current research on the mechanisms involved in pollutant treatment using biochar and its composites while also addressing future directions in biochar research.
Investigating the Effects of Urea-Zinc Sulfate-L Phenylalanine on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel Exposed to pH-4 Sulfuric Acid
Corrosion of mild steel is a risk to material and stability. The practice of corrosion inhibitors is a cost-effective corrosion modification method for mild steel. Organic inhibitors rich in electrons might have an excellent ability to prevent corrosion. This study aims to assess the inhibitory effect of the mixture of Urea Zinc Sulfate and L-Phenylalanine which has a high electron density.
MS corrosion was experimentally analyzed by dipping in H2SO4 solution at a pH – 4 for 24 hrs. Different gravimetric and conventional techniques such as polarization AC impedance AFM UV and fluorescence were used to examine the corrosion rate.
According to gravimetric measurements this combination produced 93% effective inhibition. The findings of the impedance test proved that the mixture of inhibitors that was adsorbed on the metal surface effectively prevented corrosion.
Likewise according to the Polarization measurements the inhibitor exhibits mixed-type performance with significant cathodic activity. UV Fluorescence and AFM findings showed that MS corrosion was suppressed because the inhibitor molecule adhered to the metal's surface and reduced.
Application of Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry in Lithium-ion Batteries
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is becoming a powerful tool in the Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) field due to its excellent resolution and sensitivity as well as its ability to provide spectrally and depth-resolved information. The perspective comprehensively delves into the application of ToF-SIMS in two major areas of LIBs research. Firstly the article elucidates how ToF-SIMS has been instrumental in deciphering the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) composition and analyzing electrolyte aging. The insights gleaned from such studies have paved the way for enhancing the longevity and safety of LIBs. Secondly we explore the role of ToF-SIMS in scrutinizing the distribution of interface reactions which are critical for understanding charge and discharge mechanisms. The analysis aids in optimizing the interface properties thereby improving battery performance. Such detections are paramount in ensuring the safety and operational stability of batteries. Overall the integration of ToF-SIMS in LIBs research offers a promising avenue for the development of advanced and safer energy storage systems.
Recent Advancements in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in Trace Element Analysis
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for trace element analysis finding widespread applications across diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals food safety and biological sciences. This technique is known for its exceptional sensitivity and capability to measure multiple elements simultaneously. Moreover it provides critical insights into heavy metal and trace element content in diverse matrices making it an indispensable tool in scientific research and regulatory compliance. Also it plays a pivotal role in ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and safeguarding human health and the environment. Its sensitivity versatility and ability to provide accurate elemental analysis make it an invaluable tool for researchers regulators and industries alike. As technological advancements continue addressing challenges and refining methodologies will further elevate the capabilities of ICP-MS in trace element analysis. The review discussed the various research performed using ICP-MS to detect heavy metals in raw materials APIs excipients packaged food seafood blood samples human hair etc. Further it mentioned the impact of higher concentrations of toxic metals on human health. This article provides a concise overview of ICP-MS encompassing its principles applications and challenges and highlighting its pivotal role in various fields.
Detection of Anti-drug Antibodies (ADAs) to an Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADC) PYX-201 in Human Plasma Using a Novel Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Immunoassay
PYX-201 is an Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) composed of a fully human IgG1 antibody a cleavable linker mcValCitPABC and toxic auristatin payloads Aur0101 with a drug antibody ratio (DAR) of approximately 4. PYX-201 is a promising candidate for oncology treatment because it targets the extra domain B splice variant of fibronectin (EDB + FN) which is expressed at low levels in normal adult tissues while at moderate or high levels in various human solid tumors.
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay was developed and validated for the detection (screening confirmatory and titration) of antibodies to an ADC PYX-201 in human plasma. Anti-PYX-201 antibodies were captured by biotinylated PYX-201 (Bio-PYX-201) and detected by ruthenylated PYX-201 (Ru-PYX-201) on a Meso Sector imager S 600 or 6000 reader.
The screening cut-point factor (SCPF) confirmatory cut-point (CCP) and titration cut-point factor (TCPF) were found to be 1.11 20.7% and 1.23 respectively. Sensitivity was determined to be 2.25 ng/mL in the screening assay and 5.34 ng/mL in the confirmatory assay for anti-PYX-201 antibodies. Sensitivity was determined to be 7.70 ng/mL in the confirmatory assay for anti-PYX-201 monoclonal antibody (mAb) antibodies. The positive controls (PCs) were set at the following levels: low positive control (LPC) at 14.0 ng/mL medium positive control (MPC) at 100 ng/mL and high positive control (HPC) at 5000 ng/mL. The drug tolerance was up to 200 µg/mL at the HPC level up to 100 µg/mL at the MPC level and 0 µg/mL at the LPC level. The intra-assay percent coefficient of variation (%CV) was ≤ 4.5% for PCs in the screening assay and ≤ 11.5% for PCs in the confirmatory assay. The inter-assay %CV was ≤ 13.6% for PCs in the screening assay and ≤ 19.2% for PCs in the confirmatory assay. No hook effect hemolysis effect or lipemia effect was found in this ADA method. Anti-PYX-201 antibodies were found stable in human plasma for at least 24 hours at room temperature or after six freeze/thaw cycles.
Anti-PYX-201 ADA bioanalytical method validation was reported for the first time in any biological matrix. This ADA method has been successfully applied to human sample analysis to support a clinical study.
Identification, Isolation, Structure Characterization, and Chromatographic Separation of a New Highly Analogous Impurity of the Ubrogepant
Ubrogepant is a regulated peptide receptor antagonist associated with the calcitonin gene granted approval in the United States for the specific treatment of migraine headaches.
An impurity found in the alkali hydrolysis of drug dosage forms has a structure very similar to that of ubrogepant. This research aims to characterize this analogous impurity utilizing NMR and LC-MS spectroscopy tools. Moreover it is critical to develop an extremely sensitive and superior resolution analytical procedure for identifying and determining the amount of analogous impurity in pharmaceutical products.
The ubrogepant impurity was identified using an optimized chromatographic method that relies on reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. This technique utilized a charged surface hybrid (CSH) technology column operating in gradient elution mode. A mixture of A-channel (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) and B-channel (acetonitrile and water 80:20% v/v) constituted the eluent. The analogous impurity was isolated through fraction collection purified using flash chromatography and characterized using NMR (1D and 2D) and LC-MS.
The analogous impurity was successfully separated from the ubrogepant peak with a resolution above 2.0. The concentration of the impurity was approximately 10% compared to the ubrogepant peak after alkaline stressing at room temperature for 30 minutes. NMR (1D 13C NMR and 1H 2D HMBC HSQC NOESY and COSY) and LC-MS analysis characterized the ubrogepant impurity revealing it to be an epimer of ubrogepant. The developed approach was highly sensitive allowing for the quantification of the ubrogepant impurity even at a concentration of 0.2 µg/mL.
The approach demonstrated a remarkable degree of precision linearity specificity and accuracy. This new impurity deserves special attention because of its striking similarity to the active ingredient ubrogepant.
Bempedoic Acid's Chemistry, Pharmacological Characteristics and Bioanalytical Techniques: An Updated Review
Elevated blood cholesterol has been established as a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Adults with hyperlipidemia have a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). First-line treatments for hyperlipidemia include statins which help raise HDL-C levels in cases of severe and familial hypercholesterolemia and decrease LDL-C and TG levels. Numerous adverse effects on muscles have been associated with statins such as asymptomatic elevations in blood creatine kinase activity and potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. Non-statin drugs are advised for people whose very high cardiovascular risk or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia make statin therapy insufficient. A novel lipid-lowering medication with a distinct mode of action is bempedoic acid.
Elevated blood cholesterol is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Individuals with hyperlipidemia are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Statins are the primary treatment for hyperlipidemia raising HDL-C levels and lowering LDL-C and TG levels. However statins can adversely affect muscles including muscle-related complications like increased blood creatine kinase activity and rhabdomyolysis. Therefore non-statin drugs may be recommended for individuals. Bempedoic acid is a brand-new first-in-class oral small molecule that inhibits cholesterol manufacturing like statins consequently reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) through activating LDL receptors.
This study offers helpful information on how to utilize bempedoic acid to decrease LDL-C as well as recommendations for which individuals could benefit and safety monitoring tips during therapy. A novel family of drugs called bempedoic acid is identified as a prodrug that becomes bempedoyl-CoA in the liver via an enzyme called very longchain consisting of acyl-CoA synthetase 1. Bempedoic acid can control cholesterol metabolism. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels appeared to be dramatically reduced by bempedoic acid according to clinical investigations. The toleration of bempedoic acid was good.
A cardiovascular outcomes trial is now evaluating bempedoic acid to determine its impact on major cardiovascular events in patients with or at high risk for cardiovascular disease and statin intolerance.
This review describes the chemistry mechanism of action pharmacokinetics analytical potential and safety of bempedoic acid. Bempedoic acid is an effective and often well-tolerated drug used to further reduce LDL-C levels in patients taking the maximum dosage of tolerated statins or to control LDL-C levels in persons who can not take statins. The results of the clear Outcomes research which is looking into whether bempedoic acid might reduce the frequency of serious cardiovascular events are expected in 2025.
Box-bhenken Design Combined with 3D Surface Methodology for Optimization of an Eco-friendly HPLC Method to Determine Venetoclax in Human Plasma, and its Bioanalytical Method Validation According to ICH M10 Guideline
Venetoclax is a selective inhibitor of the prosurvival protein BCL-2 approved by the Food Drug Administration in 2016 restoring the apoptic ability of malignant cells. In this study a fast highly accurate and precise HPLC method was developed for the analysis of Venetoclax in human plasma.
The optimization of the method was investigated according to Box-Bhenken Design combined with 3D surface methodology. The chromatographic separation was performed in gradient mode with an Ascentis Express C8 column (2.7 μm 4.6 mm × 10 cm). Agomelatine was used as an internal standard to increase accuracy. The method was completely validated according to ICH guideline M10 bioanalytical method validation. Additionally the greenness of the method was scaled with NEMI Analytical Ecoscale AGREE and GAPI greenness metrics.
The method was linear in the range of 1.67-12.50 µg/mL with a calculated R2 of 0.99; LOD and LOQ were 0.34 µg/mL and 1.02 µg/mL respectively. The recovery was in the range of 102.6% to 99.08% and with an RSD% of less than 1.00%. The analytical eco scale and AGREE score of the current method were 85 and 0.55 respectively.
The approach that was developed herein exhibits green rapidity high levels of accuracy and precision cost-effectiveness and ease of use in the context of clinical and pharmacokinetic investigations.
Catalyst Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Reactive Species Generation and Organic Pollutant Degradation: A Mini Review
This review focuses on the application and mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). It clarifies the significance of PMS in degrading organic pollutants highlighting its high efficiency in treating persistent contaminants such as antibiotics. The review details the roles and mechanisms of various catalysts including single-atom catalysts metal oxides non-metal oxides and their composites as well as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in activating PMS. It emphasizes the influence of catalyst surface active sites on both radical and non-radical activation pathways. Key factors affecting PMS activation efficiency such as PMS concentration pH value coexisting ions and temperature are examined to underline the importance of optimizing these parameters for effective reaction conditions. By synthesizing existing research the review not only illustrates the extensive application potential of PMS in AOPs but also identifies future research challenges and directions. This provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for developing efficient economical and sustainable water treatment technologies.