Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 23, Issue 27, 2017

Stress is known to cause severe adverse effects in the human gastrointestinal tract including mucosal microbleedings and erosions or even gastric ulceration but the mechanism of these complications has not been fully elucidated. The pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric damage involves the fall in Gastric Blood Flow (GBF), an increase in gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, enhanced adrenergic and cholinergic nerve acti Read More

Stress plays a leading role in maintaining the physical health of the body. Various health effects of preconditioning mild stress strongly confirm this statement. Preconditioning mild stress, which is everyday event of animal and human life, may attenuate the development and aggravation of diseases including such widespread pathology as gastric ulceration. Preconditioning mild stress may diminish gastric injury formation ca Read More

Exposure of the organism to a hostile stimulus results in a series of coordinated reactions that aim to avoid the aversive effect and maintain or restore homeostasis of the organism. In response to noxious stimuli corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the primary mediator of stress responses is released from the paraventricular nucleus resulting in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and coordination of Read More

Fat stress-induced liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome initiated by excess fat accumulation and encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a precursor lesion progressing to more aggressive liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the incidence of these fat stress-induced liver diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide i Read More

Background: When tumor cells are under hypoxic condition or other forms of oxidative stress, one of the survival mechanisms is to undergo angiogenesis, involving dissemination of existing vessels or neovascularization to antagonize the apoptotic drive and to facilitate migration to secondary sites. Methods: This paper reveals the pathogenesis of tumor angiogenesis, particularly during hypoxia and other forms of oxi Read More

Aims: Our research group has carried out various biochemical examinations in rat gastric ulcer models and in human gastrointestinal resecates obtained from patient who underwent gastric intervention due to peptic ulcer disease. Biochemical methods gave excellent possibility to approach the biochemical events taking place in tissues, cellular and subcellular regulatory levels during of ulcer development and of its prevetion Read More

Backgound: The role of enteric nerves has previously been demonstrated in the formation of several gastric diseases. In the present review, the significance of the cholinergic nerves in stress-induced ulcer formation as well as the importance of substance P in the formation of gastric MALT lymphoma is discussed. Methods: The stress-induced ulcer was induced by the plaster bandage methods in rats. The gastric MALT lymph Read More

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial systemic disorder which involves immune, genetic and environmental factors. Stress, in its various forms, plays an important role in gastrointestinal diseases and, in particular, in IBD. Methods: Here, we focus on the environmental stressors in different aspects of IBD (pathogenesis, course and severity of disease) and, in particular, will evaluate the me Read More

Background: Currently, treatment of stress-related gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is mainly symptomatic since there is no drug on the market that solves effectively diverse disease symptoms and comorbid states. Recently GABA receptors have been identified within gastrointestinal system and it has been recognized that among various GABAergic Read More

Selye's syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents and “response to damage as such” means Selye's stress triad in stress coping response to reestablish homeostasis. Logically, from the gastrointestinal tract viewpoint, such organoprotective/healing response implies the angiogenic growth factors that commonly signify the healing. Thereby, the gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-organoprotection (huge range of beneficial e Read More

The first scientific publication on ‘general adaption syndrome’, or as we know today ‘biologic stress’ has been published in Nature in 1936 by the 29-year old Hans Selye. His results in that short publication that contained no references or illustrations, were based on experiments in rats that were exposed to severe insults/ stressors, but his idea about a ‘nonspecific bodily response' originated from his observations of sick pati Read More

The activation of Corticotrophin Releasing-Factor (CRF) receptors in the brain is well established to coordinate the endocrine, behavioral, autonomic and visceral responses to stress. In addition, CRF receptors are also expressed within the gut where they exert biological actions and play a role in modulating stress-related gastrointestinal function. In particular, peripheral injection of CRF and related peptides, urocortin 1, 2 or 3 inhi Read More

Background: We introduced a rat model of ischemic enteritis and investigated the roles of enterobacteria, Nitric Oxide (NO), and Prostaglandins (PGs) in its pathogenesis. Methods: Male rats were used after 18 h of fasting. Ischemic enteritis was induced by partial ligation of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Under ether anesthesia, SMA was isolated, and a stenosis was made by placing a needle (23 guage) on the ves Read More

Salivary glands produce a bicarbonate-rich fluid containing digestive and protective proteins and other components to be delivered into the gastrointestinal tract. Its function is under strict control of the autonomic nervous system. Salivary electrolyte and fluid secretion are primarily controlled by parasympathetic activity, while protein secretion is primaily triggered by sympathetic stimulation. Stress activates the hyp Read More

Background: Sulforaphane (SFN), a phytochemical found in abundance in broccoli sprouts, potently induces a variety of antioxidant enzymes, and thereby protects cells from injury induced by various kinds of oxidative stresses. It has been suggested that both H. pylori infection and intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce chronic oxidative stress in gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, thereby causing mucosal Read More