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- Volume 23, Issue 12, 2017
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 23, Issue 12, 2017
Volume 23, Issue 12, 2017
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Neural Circuits Underlying Fly Larval Locomotion
Authors: Hiroshi Kohsaka, Pierre A. Guertin and Akinao NoseLocomotion is a complex motor behavior that may be expressed in different ways using a variety of strategies depending upon species and pathological or environmental conditions. Quadrupedal or bipedal walking, running, swimming, flying and gliding constitute some of the locomotor modes enabling the body, in all cases, to move from one place to another. Despite these apparent differences in modes of locomotion, Read More
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The Utility of Interappendicular Connections in Bipedal Locomotion
Authors: David McMillan, Ray de Leon, Pierre A. Guertin and Christine DyHomo sapiens constitute the only currently obligate bipedal mammals and, as it stands, upright bipedal locomotion is a defining characteristic of humans. Indeed, while the evolution to bipedalism has allowed for the upper limbs to be liberated from ground contact during ambulation, their role in locomotion is far from obsolete. Rather, there is reason to believe that arm swing offers important mechanical and neurological a Read More
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Neuromodulation of Spinal Locomotor Networks in Rodents
Authors: Manuel Diaz-Ríos, Pierre A. Guertin and Marla Rivera-OliverBackground: The basic motor patterns driving rhythmic limb movements during walking are generated by networks of neurons called central pattern generators (CPGs). Within motor control systems, neuromodulators are necessary for proper and efficient CPG function because they induce or regulate essential components of spinal network activity, including firing parameters of CPG neurons and network synaptic str Read More
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Tonic and Rhythmic Spinal Activity Underlying Locomotion
In recent years, many researches put significant efforts into understanding and assessing the functional state of the spinal locomotor circuits in humans. Various techniques have been developed to stimulate the spinal cord circuitries, which may include both diffuse and quite specific tuning effects. Overall, the findings indicate that tonic and rhythmic spinal activity control are not separate phenomena but are closely integrat Read More
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Multilevel Analysis of Locomotion in Immature Preparations Suggests Innovative Strategies to Reactivate Stepping after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Michele R. Brumley, Pierre A. Guertin and Giuliano TaccolaLocomotion is one of the most complex motor behaviors. Locomotor patterns change during early life, reflecting development of numerous peripheral and hierarchically organized central structures. Among them, the spinal cord is of particular interest since it houses the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. This main command center is capable of eliciting and coordinating complex series of rhythmic neural si Read More
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Rationale for Assessing Safety and Efficacy of Drug Candidates Alone and in Combination with Medical Devices: The Case Study of SpinalonTM
More LessThe aim of this review is to describe the rationale and main underlying reasons for undertaking, during clinical development, the study of drug candidates used separately and/or in combination with other technologies. To ease comprehension, reference will be made to the case of SpinalonTM, a new fixed-dose combination (FDC) product composed of levodopa/carbidopa/buspirone. This drug is capable of triggering, Read More
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Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase I/IIa Study (Safety and Efficacy) with Buspirone/Levodopa/Carbidopa (SpinalonTM) in Subjects with Complete AIS A or Motor-Complete AIS B Spinal Cord Injury
Background: No drug treatment capable of restoring locomotor capabilities in patients suffering a motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI) has ever been developed. We assessed the safety and efficacy of an activator of spinal locomotor neurons in humans, which were shown in paraplegic animals to elicit temporary episodes of involuntary walking. Methods: Single administration of buspirone/levodopa/carbidopa (SpinalonT Read More
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Probing the Human Spinal Locomotor Circuits by Phasic Step-Induced Feedback and by Tonic Electrical and Pharmacological Neuromodulation
Authors: Ursula S. ofstoetter, Maria Knikou, Pierre A. Guertin and Karen MinassianThe mammalian lumbar spinal cord experimentally isolated from supraspinal and afferent feedback input remains capable of expressing some basic locomotor function when appropriately stimulated. This ability has been attributed to spinal neural circuits referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs). In individuals with a severe spinal cord injury, rhythmic activity in paralyzed leg muscles can be generated by phasic Read More
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Muscle Coordination and Locomotion in Humans
Locomotion is a semi-automatic daily task. Several studies show that muscle activity is fairly stereotyped during normal walking. Nevertheless, each human leg contains over 50 muscles and locomotion requires flexibility in order to adapt to different conditions as, for instance, different speeds, gaits, turning, obstacle avoidance, altered gravity levels, etc. Therefore, locomotor control has to deal with a certain level of flexibility a Read More
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Locomotor Training and Factors Associated with Blood Glucose Regulation After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Philip D. Chilibeck and Pierre A. GuertinBackground: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have increased rates of glucose intolerance, insulin insensitivity, and type II diabetes caused mainly by the deconditioning of paralyzed muscle. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of locomotor training in individuals with SCI on blood glucose control. Methods: We searched studies on locomotor training for individuals with SCI with outcom Read More
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The Role of MicroRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis, Metastasis and Resistant Cases in Breast Cancer
Authors: Seong Lin Teoh and Srijit DasThe incidence and mortality due to breast cancer is increasing worldwide. There is a constant quest to know the underlying molecular biology of breast cancer in order to arrive at diagnosis and plan better treatment options. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding and single stranded RNAs which influence the gene expression and physiological condition in any tumor. The miRNAs may act on different pathways in vario Read More
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PI3K/Akt Pathway: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Chronic Pain
Authors: Shu-Ping Chen, Ya-Qun Zhou, Dai-Qiang Liu, Wen Zhang, Anne Manyande, Xue-Hai Guan, Yu-ke Tian, Da-Wei Ye and Deeq Mohamed OmarChronic pain is among the most disabling and costly disorders, with prevalence ranging from 10% to 55%. However, current therapeutic strategies for chronic pain are unsatisfactory due to our poor understanding of its mechanisms. Thus, novel therapeutic targets need to be found in order to improve these patients’ quality of life. PI3K and its downstream Akt are widely expressed in the spinal cord, particularly in the laminae I-I Read More
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Levamisole: A Positive Allosteric Modulator for the α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Prevents Weight Gain in the CD-1 Mice on a High Fat Diet
Authors: Jeanne A. Lewis, Jerrel L. Yakel and Anshul A. PandyaNeuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the function of multiple neurotransmitter pathways throughout the central nervous system. This includes nAChRs found on the proopiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamus. Activation of these nAChRs by nicotine causes a decrease in the consumption of food in rodents. This study tested the effect of subtype selective allosteric modulators for nAChRs on the Read More
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The Importance of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy for Research into the Intestin al Absorption Window of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid in Experimental Pigs
Authors: Jaroslav Kvetina, Ilja Tacheci, Milan Nobilis, Marcela Kopacova, Martin Kunes and Jan BuresBackground: Absorption windows in particular segments of the small intestine can contribute to the development of orally administered drug formulations and can limit the bioavailability of released compounds. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate use of wireless capsule enteroscopy regarding the disintegration kinetic process of tablets in the small intestine and its comparison with the levels of the model Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
- Issue 46
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- Issue 12
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- Issue 1
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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