Pain is a significant medical problem as it is a factor in many diseases and debilitating conditions. The processing of pain in the body is a complex process which involves nerve signaling in the milieu of biochemical molecular and genetic interactions occurring in the brain and other parts of the body. Pain as a spokesperson of real and impending injury outlives its usefulness as a warning signal and instead becomes chronic and excruciating. The transition of the realization of pain up to the cortical processing as a persistent condition represents an intricate process governed by the interaction of various factors. Research on humans and animals has led to the advent of personalized medicine where every patient can be treated according to the set of genes they possess. However the genetic basis for pain has largely been undefined so far. Research on epigenetic alterations and micro-RNA (miRNA) in relation to the assessment and prevention of pain is still in infancy.

Pain: Causes Concerns and Consequences focuses on pain in human diseases such as cardiac and non-cardiac disorders. This compendium on pain research offers basic information and useful updates on the pathology genetics and biomolecular pathways that cause pain. Additionally readers will also learn about non-pharmacological therapies for pain. The monograph is a handy guide for medical students and doctors in different divisions such as oncology surgery neurology psychiatry psychology physiotherapy and chiropractic care. The book also serves as a guide for life science researchers who are planning to develop methods to study pain in either a clinical or laboratory setting.

Passive Location Method Based on Phase Difference Measurement presents groundbreaking information for developing passive positioning technologies. The author has put forward a series of innovative solutions from the perspective of engineering application theory with the aim of giving a basic understanding of the application of unambiguous phase difference localization techniques for long-range passive detection.

On the basis of the existing linear solution of the double basis path difference positioning equation and the analysis of its intrinsic properties this book starts from the study of the phase difference measurement method of the phase difference change rate puts forward the concept of the differential function of the path difference per unit wavelength length and also discovers its jump law. It provides a possible way to solve the problem of unambiguous phase difference measurement. These results are of great significance to the development of passive localization techniques based on unambiguous phase difference measurement.

Key Features:

- Sequentially presents theoretical frameworks to build the readers knowledge for better understanding the topics

- Presents a variety of unique method for solving kinematic positioning parameters and Doppler signal parameters by using unambiguous phase difference measurement.

- Presents a variety of direction-finding and ranging methods based on short baseline array and using unambiguous phase difference measurement technology and exhibits the method of constructing long baseline two-station direction finding and ranging with short baseline array

- Presents a variety of two-station passive positioning methods based on angle measurement which are beneficial to improve the positioning accuracy on the basis of studying the relationship between the phase difference and angle

- Presents the means to convert Doppler detection to the non-fuzzy phase difference measure for the localization problem in which it is difficult to use the phase difference localization equation directly since the accuracy of the phase difference measurement is better than that of the Doppler frequency difference

- Presents a variety of new positioning methods and several novel concepts while demonstrating the theoretical exploration of passive location problem based on unambiguous phase difference measurement

This reference is a resource for scholars engineers and technicians involved in radio positioning research and the improvement of radar satellite navigation systems unmanned systems and Internet of Things infrastructure.

Halogenated pyridines can be used as interesting starting materials in a wide range of organic synthesis methods. Substituted pyridine compounds are used generally as starting materials in the nucleophilic substitution reactions and have unique scaffolds for the construction of other heterocyclic and macrocyclic compounds. They also have important medicinal properties. Due to synthetic difficulties in the synthesis of the highly substituted pyridine derivatives from pyridine itself perhalopyridines have a special importance in this regard. This book covers the synthetic reactions and applications of perhalopyridines. An introductory chapter introduces the reader to the physical and chemical properties of halopyridines followed by 3 chapters which focus on pentafluoropyridine pentachloropyridine and pentabromopyridine respectively. The focused chapters provide information about synthetic methods and relevant nucleophilic reactions for each of the listed perhalopyridines and their derivatives. The book is a quick reference on perhalopyridines for students of applied chemistry organic chemistry and chemical engineering.

In Perinatal Cardiology fetal cardiology experts provide key information on tools for fetal evaluation through echocardiography / cardiac ultrasonography with a primary focus on the nature and prenatal detection of structural and functional cardiac heart defects (CHDs). In this two-part book readers will find details about different types of fetal cardiac abnormalities along with important updates on the diagnosis management planning delivery and postnatal treatment in CHD cases. This information is supplemented with guidelines for the clinical management of patients with a fetus affected by cardiovascular defects and surgical procedures in neonates.

Key Features:

-presents information gathered by experts in perinatal cardiology organized into 26 topic-based chapters

- explores the cardiac development fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics genetic and environmental factors associated with congenital heart defects (CHD) perinatal management planning delivery and postnatal treatment of newborns with CHD

- presents information about normal cardiac functions and heart defects to give readers a clear and detailed picture of abnormal cardiac function

- presents information about perinatal ultrasound physiology

- gives practical guidelines for ultrasound and echography parameters required for evaluating fetal heart anatomy and diagnosing diseases

- includes a new system of classifying prenatal CHDs based on the stratification of the risk level of care

- features a straightforward and accessible style of presentation suitable for all readers

- provides references in each chapter for further reading

Part 2 of this two-part set delves into different fetal anomalies such as ventricular inflow anomalies myocardial and pericardial diseases cardiac tumors extra-cardiac conditions cardiac failure and environmental factors associated with CHD. The latter chapters cover clinical topics such as labor management for patients bearing a child with CHD fetal cardiac interventions clinical management of neonates with CHD and postnatal surgery.

Perinatal Cardiology is an essential reference for postgraduate medical students seeking to improve their knowledge of fetal and pediatric cardiology as part of their residency and professional training. The book equips readers with the information necessary to understand the role of the perinatal cardiologist and goes further to facilitate the ability to perform adequate risk assessments for fetal CHD.

Although a lot is known about the influence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the marine environment there are still many unanswered questions. Petrogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment is a monograph that sums up basic knowledge about this topic while highlighting current research practices useful in studying the aquatic environment. It starts with an introduction to effect of PAH in the marine environment. It then proceeds to provide information on techniques to monitor PAH levels and investigate the affected environment in order to control the subsequent negative effects. Chapters also detail the carcinogenic and endocrine effects of PAHs on fish as well as the degradation of PAHs by microorganisms. This monograph is a useful reference for environmental science students and professionals learning about the role of PAH in the marine environment.

Malaria takes a great toll on human health and well-being particularly in tropical regions including Sub-Saharan Africa Southeast Asia Oceania and parts of the Americas. In recent years some Plasmodium strains have become increasingly resistant to all classes of conventional antimalarial drugs currently in use. Researchers have therefore stepped up efforts to revise atimalarial drug policies develop new drugs and implement new strategies to combat this disease. In order to prevent widespread resistance antimalarial combination therapies (ACTs) have been deployed and a World Antimalarial Resistance Network has been established as a means of anitimalarial drug resistance surveillance. Artemisinin-based combination therapies have proven to be useful as a replacement for standard regimens. Currently these ACTs successfully cure patients suffering from uncomplicated malaria with superior efficacy and lower toxicity but there remains a huge challenge (high mortality rate) associated with treatment of severe malaria. Studies of drug disposition and drug efficacy (PK/PD evaluations) are essential to understanding why drugs work as antimalarials as they illustrate issues with drug resistance drug safety and drug toxicity that are critical to finding the appropriate drug dose for patients.

This eBook illustrates how currently available combination antimalarial drugs can be optimized for effective malaria treatment. Chapters in this book explain methods to select combination drugs based on PK/PD evaluations followed by methods o reduce drug toxicity based on these evaluations. The book also summarizes efforts that are being made by the research community to improve ACT. It is therefore a handy reference for medical professionals and pharmacologists working on antimalarial drugs.

Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Cardiovascular Disease Complications is an essential textbook that comprehensively informs the reader about a broad variety of cardiovascular pathologies and their management through drug therapy.

Key Features:

- Features 22 chapters with 17 chapters dedicated to the management of a wide range of cardiomyopathies and related complications

- Introduces readers to heart anatomy and physiology for both medical and pharmacology students

- Covers information on cardiovascular disease biomarkers as well as current and new technologies for diagnostic procedures

- Provides additional information on different aspects of cardiovascular disease treatment including etiological factors prevalence pathogenesis clinical symptoms diagnosis and prevention factors risk screening and complications

- Informs readers on the role of the clinical pharmacist in patient lifestyle modification for therapeutic plans helping to reduce cardiovascular disease burden in clinical practice

The broad coverage and easy-to-read organization of the topics covered on the subject make this textbook an ideal reference for medical students and health care professionals such as doctors nurses clinical pharmacists community pharmacists and paramedics.

In this book scientists present the latest trends and research in the broad field of photonics and photonic materials applications. The 14 chapters are categorized into tracks that give a snapshot of the field including basic sciences (photonics plasmonics advanced optics nanophotonics) and applications (renewable energy fiber-optics lasers and smart materials). The book starts with a summary of recent developments in photonic crystal (PC) applications. This introduction is followed by chapters that present design concepts and investigations of PC devices such as: - All-optical XOR gates using 2D photonic crystals - One-dimensional PCs containing germanium (Ge). - Graphene surface plasmonics - Nanophotonics and fiber-optic lasers - Chalcogenides - Bragg Fibers and more The broad range of topics make this an informative source on current and exciting photonics research and the variety of photonic materials. It serves as a reference for graduate scholars (in physics and materials science) and allied researchers who have a keen interest in photonics.

Physics Education for Students: An Interdisciplinary Approach is a compilation of reviews that highlight new approaches and trends in teaching and learning specific topics on physics to high school and university students. The reviews cover different areas of physics education (laboratory activities mathematics philosophy and history) and the ways that learning outcomes can be improved. These distinguished areas can generate complexities and difficulties for students in learning some concepts since the same topics are often presented while following approaches that do not highlight the existing correlations among the involved disciplines. The reviewers discuss an integrated framework for readers with the objective to promote the inclusion of specific laboratory activities and mathematics contents for physics courses addressed to university students with evidence of the importance of combining a historical and philosophical approach as well. Specific topics in this book include the benefits of active learning in physics education dialogic best practices in science education research-based proposals on optical spectroscopy in secondary schools didactic principles and e-learning in physics and expansive framing in physics laboratories.

Physics Education for Students: An Interdisciplinary Approach with its selection of expert reviews is an interesting read for academics and researchers involved in STEM education at the school or college level.

Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Recent research demonstrates that phytochemicals are critical in preventing and managing gastrointestinal cancer. The increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of cancer by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation inducing apoptosis and autophagy and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms are also known to counter Helicobacter pylori infection and modulate gut microbiota. There is preliminary data suggesting that daily supplementation with high doses of certain vitamins combined with conventional therapeutic agents may enhance their growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells and protect normal tissues against some of their toxic effects. This book attempts to fill gaps on the role of phytonutrients in the treatment of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the action of individual vitamins on cellular and molecular parameters and describes how vitamins inhibit protein kinase C activity increase the production of certain growth factors and modulate the expression of a number of oncogenes. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first part summarizes the pathophysiology of GIT cancers and introduces readers to anticancer phytonutrients. A chapter on the status of FDA approved nutraceuticals rounds up this section. The second part of the book provides a systematic review on the different plant derived chemicals that can be used to treat GIT cancer. Each chapter in this section focuses on a specific type of phytochemical agent and its molecular mechanisms relevant to the disease. This book will give the reader a holistic view of gastrointestinal cancer treatment and the value of natural compounds in developing functional food and drugs for preventive medicine.