Rhodanines are five-member heterocyclics having sulfur nitrogen and oxygen atoms in their ring structure and exhibit potent as well as a broad range of pharmacological activities. They are thiazolidine derivatives and are well-known in medicinal chemistry for their wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Various modifications can be made to the structure of the rhodanine ring. Studies in recent years have validated the possibility of the potential of rhodanine derivatives to exhibit antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as mycobacterial and fungal strains. In this review the synthesis biological activity and Structure-activity Relationships (SARs) of molecules based on rhodanine against different microbes have been described

Background: Hypoparathyroidism is a rare metabolic disorder that can be responsible for musculoskeletal manifestations. Aim: We present a systematic review of musculoskeletal manifestations of adult-onset nonsurgical nongenetic hypoparathyroidism. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline using the MEDLINE database including manuscripts describing musculoskeletal manifestations of adult-onset nonsurgical nongenetic hypoparathyroidism. Results: Musculoskeletal manifestations included myopathy shoulder disorder immune-negative non-erosive peripheral arthritis axial involvement simulating spondylarthritis and diffuse ligamentous ossifications. An association between hypoparathyroidism and spondyloarthritis or autoimmune diseases is possible. T-cell activation seen in patients with hypoparathyroidism may explain the co-occurrence of hypoparathyroidism with other autoimmune diseases. The treatment of these manifestations is based on calcium and active vitamin D supplementation. Parathyroid hormone may have an anabolic effect on muscle atrophy and muscle weakness. Parathyroid hormone can also promote bone formation and bone resorption by stimulating osteoclast differentiation by increasing RANKL (receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) expression. Therefore hypoparathyroidism can be responsible for an increase in bone mineral density. However the risk of fractures does not appear to be reduced due to changes in bone microarchitecture and the high risk of falls. Treatment with parathyroid hormone has been shown to improve bone microarchitecture. Conclusion: Our review showed that musculoskeletal manifestations are frequent in patients with hypoparathyroidism including muscular axial peripheral articular and entheseal manifestations.

Background: Guggulipid an oleo-gum resin extracted from the bark of Commiphora wightii of the Burseraceae family holds a significant place in Ayurvedic medicine due to its historical use in treating various disorders including inflammation gout rheumatism obesity and lipid metabolism imbalances. Objective: This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the molecular targets of guggulipids and explore their cellular responses. Furthermore it summarizes the findings from in-vitro in-vivo and clinical investigations related to arthritis and various inflammatory conditions. Methods: A comprehensive survey encompassing in-vitro in-vivo and clinical studies has been conducted to explore the therapeutic capacity of guggulipid in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Various molecular pathways such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) PI3-kinase/AKT JAK/STAT nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NFΚB signaling pathways have been targeted to assess the antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of this compound. Results: The research findings reveal that guggulipid demonstrates notable antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory effects by targeting key molecular pathways involved in inflammatory responses. These pathways include COX-2 VEGF PI3-kinase/AKT JAK/STAT iNOS and NFΚB signaling pathways. in-vitro in-vivo and clinical studies collectively support the therapeutic potential of guggulipid in managing rheumatoid arthritis and related inflammatory conditions. Conclusion: This review provides a deeper understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms and potential of guggulipid in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The collective evidence strongly supports the promising role of guggulipid as a therapeutic agent encouraging further research and development in guggulipid-based treatments for these conditions.

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with suspected secondary osteoporosis and severe osteoporosis with multiple fractures is frequently the first clinical manifestation of the disease. Case Presentation: Mutilating arthritis (arthritis mutilans) can be part of the clinical presentation of a number of rheumatic diseases most commonly seen in psoriatic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis but also in systemic lupus systemic sclerosis and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Evidence exists that subperiosteal and subchondral bone resorption seen in PHPT could induce the so-called ‘osteogenic synovitis’ which could eventually lead to the development of a secondary osteoarthritis with bone deformities. Conclusion: Here we present a case report of a patient initially diagnosed with PHPT who presented with mutilating arthritis of the finger joints and discuss whether the severe acro-osteolysis is a manifestation of the endocrinopathy or whether there is a co-existing undiagnosed inflammatory joint disease.

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease that has the characteristics of difficult early diagnosis and a high disability rate. Objective: The objective of this study was to further explore the possible mechanism and potential function of lncRNA in AS. Methods: We used lncRNA microarray technology to detect the expression of lncRNA and mRNA in patients with active AS stable patients and healthy controls (HC). Afterward bioinformatics analysis was conducted on differentially expressed genes. Seven differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened out for real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) combined with various clinical indicators for correlation analysis and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the potential of lncRNA as a diagnostic marker for AS. Results: The results showed that the expression levels of NR-037662 and ENST00000599316 in the AS subgroups were significantly higher than those in the HC group while the expression levels of ENST00000577914 and ENST00000579003 were lower than those in the HC group. The expression levels of NR-003542 and ENST00000512051 in the ASA group were significantly higher than those in the ASS and HC groups while NR-026756 was just the opposite. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that the expression level of NR-003542 was positively correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP). The expression level of NR-026756 was negatively correlated with the Bath Ankylosing Spine Inflammatory Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) BASFI ESR hsCRP and globulin (GLOB). In addition it was also found that the ROC curve analysis of the 4 lncRNAs between the AS group (ASA group and ASS group) and the HC group were statistically significant and the area under the curve (AUC) of NR-037662 ENST00000599316 ENST00000577914 and ENST00000579003 was 0.804 0.812 0.706 and 0.698 respectively. Conclusion: It was found that these differentially expressed lncRNAs of AS may be involved in the occurrence and development of the disease. Among them NR-037662 ENST00000599316 ENST00000577914 and ENST00000579003 might have the potential to become AS diagnostic molecular markers. Moreover NR -003542 ENST00000512051 and NR-026756 might have the potential to be indicators of disease activity.

Background: Inflammatory markers are crucial in diagnosing and monitoring rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) live with constant pain that limits their daily activities. Our study highlights the effects of disease activity on the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Swollen joint count (SJC) tender joint count (TJC) and visual activity scale (VAS) were utilized to acquire patients' subjective feelings of wellness and their performance of routine daily activities to determine the disease activity. The patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was measured at the clinical hematology laboratory using the Westergren method. The Quality of Life was rated on a scale of 1 to 10. Results: Our study found that disease activity is inversely proportional to the quality of life. Out of 111 patients 3 (2.7%) were in remission 1 (0.9%) had mild disease 51 (45.9%) had moderate disease and 56 (50.5%) had high disease activity. The ESR was normal (<20) in 11 patients (9.9%) moderately elevated (20-50) in 56 (50.5%) patients and very high (>50) in 44 (39.6%) patients. The study revealed that 66% of patients in remission had normal while 33% had moderately elevated ESR. 12.5% of patients with moderate disease activity had normal ESR and none with high disease activity had normal ESR. Of 44 patients with high ESR 7 had moderate disease activity and 37 had high disease activity. In our study 60% of patients had a less than 50% quality of life compared to patients with pre-arthritis. Conclusion: High disease activity affects the productivity and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Assessing the impact of different interventions on the QOL should be an essential task that can help define a holistic and integrative treatment and rehabilitation model for RA patients.

Introduction: Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is defined as a systemic rheumatic disease characterized by the presence of high titer anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (U1 RNP) antibodies in combination with clinical features commonly seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) systemic sclerosis (SSc) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and polymyositis (PM). Case Presentation: The annual incidence of MCTD is 1.9 per 100000 adults. Any organ system can be involved in MCTD however four clinical features that suggest the presence of MCTD rather than another systemic rheumatic disease are Raynaud phenomenon with swollen hands or puffy fingers absence of severe kidney disease and central nervous system (CNS) disease at first presentation generally insidious onset of pulmonary hypertension and presence of autoantibodies anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (U1 RNP) especially antibodies to the 68 kD protein. MCTD although initially thought to be a disease with a benign course is not considered a valid argument at present. This connective tissue disorder can present with life-threating organ involvement with rapid progression of disease. Conclusion: We report two cases of MCTD one with mild disease and another with life-threatening illness describing the range of severity at presentation of this disorder.

The Mediterranean diet listed as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO is known as healthy and consumed worldwide. The Japanese diet is also listed and considered healthy. This narrative review compares the Mediterranean diet with its Japanese counterpart. Research has reported that people in Mediterranean regions such as Italy and Greece have one-third of the mortality ratio from cardiovascular diseases compared to people in the United States and Northern Europe because of the difference in eating habits. Therefore Mediterranean diets are considered as healthy. A typical Western diet containing high amounts of fat sugar and calories is responsible for several diseases like metabolic syndrome and obesity which are induced by chronic inflammation. In contrast Mediterranean and Japanese diets contain them only less. The similarity between Mediterranean and Japanese diets is the substantial intake of vegetables beans and fish. On the other hand the Mediterranean diet consumes large amounts of olive oil especially polyphenol-rich extra virgin olive oil and dairy products but meat consumption is relatively small. In contrast the Japanese diet does not use oil and fat contains abundant fermented foods and consumes seaweed. Japan is known for its longevity and people think that a well-balanced diet daily is good for preventing and curing illness. In this regard finding non-disease conditions so-called “ME-BYO” and curing them before the manifestation of diseases is becoming more common. In this review we discuss the healthy eating habit “The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet” which prevents ME-BYO condition and reduces the risk of various diseases. The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet a hybrid of Mediterranean and Japanese diets reduces the risk of various diseases by suppressing chronic inflammation. This nutritional intervention prevents ME-BYO and is beneficial for healthy longevity. Hence a Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet might be helpful for healthy longevity in Japan and around the world.

The Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and Japanese dietary pattern (JDP) have received increasing attention from the scientific community and media predominantly due to their association with increased longevity and health. Although similarities between the two dietary patterns are evident a detailed comparison between them is still relatively unexplored. This narrative review aimed to explore the similarities and differences between the MDP and JDP in terms of longevity while also reflecting on the adoption of these diets by other populations outside their regions of origin. Both dietary patterns are plant-based minimally processed and sustainable for their respective regions and have been shown to significantly prolong life expectancy in different populations. Nevertheless these dietary patterns also differ in terms of macronutrient ratios food preparation and consumption and individual cultural characteristics of each population. Additionally both dietary patterns are part of broader lifestyle patterns which include other behaviors such as abstaining from smoking engaging in regular physical activity having low stress levels and a sense of community spirituality/religiousness and purpose. The promotion of these two dietary patterns should be implemented in other regions after considering cultural and socio-economical characteristics.