Drug Delivery Letters - Online First

Hydrogels are special materials that can hold a large amount of water and form 3D networks. In the past few years, there have been exciting improvements in hydrogel technology, bringing new ideas to many different areas. By trying out new materials like smart hydrogels that can respond to different conditions, provided new ways to deliver medicine precisely, build tissues, and create wearable gadgets. Among the most significant developments is the creation of smart hydrogels, which can react dynamically to different environmental stimuli. With their ability to release therapeutic chemicals under regulated conditions in response to particular physiological cues, these intelligent materials have enormous potential for the administration of precision medicine. These kinds of customized drug delivery systems have the power to completely change how treatments are administered by reducing adverse effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy. Hydrogels are also useful in tissue engineering, where they are used as scaffolds to create biological tissues that function. Hydrogel-based tissue constructions, which imitate the extracellular matrix, offer a favorable microenvironment for cell proliferation and differentiation, promoting the healing of injured or ill tissues. With its enormous potential in regenerative medicine, this revolutionary strategy offers hope for the treatment of ailments including organ failure. this article gives a thorough look at the recent developments in hydrogels, characterization techniques, and the new application of hydrogels in various fields of science.

In summary, new developments in hydrogel technology have opened up a plethora of opportunities in a variety of scientific fields. The adaptable properties of hydrogels continue to spur innovation in a variety of fields, including wearable technology, tissue engineering, and precision medicine. These applications offer revolutionary answers to urgent social issues.

Raloxifene hydrochloride belongs to the selective estrogen receptor modulator category. Initially, US FDA approved its use for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post- menopausal women. Later, raloxifene hydrochloride was also approved for the prevention of invasive breast carcinoma in post-menopausal women under the high-risk category. Despite its immense and diverse therapeutic potential, the oral bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride is only ~ 2%. The factors responsible for the poor bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride include its amphiphobic nature, para-glycoprotein pump-mediated efflux in the intestine, and high pre-systemic glucuronidation. In the past two decades, multiple novel delivery systems, viz. lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, micelles, and mixed micelles, have been developed to overcome its drawbacks. Moreover, inclusion complex, phospholipid complex, and solid dispersion have also been developed to improve its solubility and dissolution rate. Further, some research groups successfully explored non-peroral routes like nasal and transdermal for augmenting the raloxifene hydrochloride bioavailability and its therapeutic efficacy. Hence, the principal objective of this review paper is to critically analyze all the delivery systems developed for raloxifene hydrochloride with their advantages and limitations. In addition, a detailed discussion of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of raloxifene hydrochloride has been included in this paper. An in-depth understanding of these parameters will assist formulation scientists in developing efficient delivery systems in the future. In conclusion, the literature review revealed that the nanoparticulate systems successfully augmented the raloxifene hydrochloride bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical experiments. However, future clinical trials should be conducted to assess their safety and therapeutic efficacy for rapid pre- clinical to clinical translation.