Current Drug Therapy - Volume 20, Issue 1, 2025

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a complex autoimmune and auto-inflammatory disorder characterized by a gradual onset that can progress to spinal ankylosis over time. This chronic condition primarily affects the sacroiliac joints and the spine, often extending its influence to peripheral joints and extra-articular organs, including the eyes AS is associated with significant disability, along with comorbidities such as uveitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, individuals with AS face an elevated risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper explores the potential benefits of statins, known for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in mitigating AS-related cardiovascular risk and their therapeutic effects on disease activity.

Inulin (IN) is a prebiotic oligosaccharide reported in diverse sources of nature. The major sources encompass chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, onions, barley, garlic, rye, and wheat. The literature also reported its promising biological activities, e.g., antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, immune-regulator and prebiotic for improving intestinal function, regulation of blood lipids, and so on. IN’s molecular flexibility, stabilization, and drug-targeting potential make it a unique polymer in pharmaceutical sciences and biomedical engineering. Further, its nutritional value and diagnostic application also widen its scope in food and medical sciences. The hydroxyl groups present in its structure offer chemical modifications, which could benefit advanced drug delivery such as controlled and sustained drug delivery, enhancement of bioavailability, cellular uptake, etc. This work reviews the isolation and purification of IN. The study also provides glimpses of the chemistry, chemical modification, and applications in pharmaceutical sciences and drug delivery.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol generated from plants. It is an organic substance that can be found in grapes, some berries, as well as other fruits and nuts. Numerous health benefits, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ischemic, anti-aging, steroidogenic effects, and antioxidant effects, have been demonstrated for it. Clinical trials show that it is technically safe to take resveratrol in doses up to 5 g per day. Resveratrol has an effect on the most common problems related to pregnancy and has an impact on embryogenesis and the reproductive health of women since it is a phytoestrogen. This paper could serve as a foundation for more in-depth clinical research on various perspectives of resveratrol.

In the current scenario, discovery of natural bioactive components can be considered as a major development in treating common ailments. One of the medicinally important herbs is Murraya koenigii. The biological functions are promoted by the leaves, fruits, roots, and bark of this beautiful plant. It is the carbazole alkaloids that promote most of the medicinal properties and contribute to the anti-oxidative properties as well. Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Phenols isolated from different parts of the plant have unique hypocholestrolemic and antidiabetic activities. Among commonly used alternative therapies, plant sterols present in M. koenigii may help to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels, in turn managing heart diseases. Experimental animal studies are proving the hypolipidemic ability of M. koenigii. Possible mechanisms involved in exhibiting such an amazing hypolipidemic ability can be attributed to the phytochemicals, some of which can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines or accelerate the catabolism of fats. In contrast, others can inhibit the enzyme HMG CoA reductase. M. koenigii can inhibit pancreatic lipase. Such a response could be due to the presence of carbazole alkaloids like Mahanimbin, Isomahanine, Murrayacinine, Koenimbine, Mahanimboline, Murrayazolinine, Girinimbine etc. These enzymes can be selected for the pharmaceutical mediation of hypocholesterolemia agents. A triumph over the production of lipids in the hepatic cells is achieved upon feeding M. koenigii, thereby bringing about a drastic fall in triglyceride levels. The present review provides a better understanding of the major components of M. koenigii against dyslipidemia that could serve as an herbal alternative while treating other pathological conditions. Although various extracts of M. koenigii have numerous medical applications, an extensive investigation of their toxicity, along with more clinical trials and standardization of protocols, is required to produce modern drugs from these leaf extracts.

Epigenetic changes are important for controlling how genes are expressed and how cells work, and their misregulation has been linked to many diseases, including cancer. Targeting epigenetic modifiers has become a promising way to treat cancer, and it may also be useful outside of oncology. This review article goes into detail about the rapidly changing field of epigenetic-based therapies, with a focus on how they are used to treat cancer. We discuss in-depth the main epigenetic changes seen in cancer, such as DNA methylation, changes to histones, and dysregulation of non-coding RNA, as well as their roles in tumour growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Epigenetic drugs and small molecule inhibitors that target epigenetic enzymes and reader proteins have shown a lot of promise in both preclinical and clinical studies on different types of cancer. We show the most recent evidence that these epigenetic therapies work and look into how they might be used in combination with other treatments. We talk about new research into the therapeutic potential of epigenetic modifiers in diseases other than cancer, such as neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, and heart conditions. Even though there is a lot of potential for therapy, there are still problems, such as side effects and differences between patients. We talk about the work that is still being done to get around these problems and explain new ways to deliver epigenetic-based interventions that are more precise and effective. For epigenetic-based therapies to be used in clinical settings, it is important to understand how they work and how they interact with other types of treatment. As the field moves forward, we try to figure out where it is going and what it means to target epigenetic modifiers in cancer therapy and other areas of disease. This review looks at the role of epigenetic modulation in shaping the landscape of precision medicine and its possible effects on human health from a broad and forward-looking point of view.

One of the classes of injective antidiabetic agents includes Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) which ameliorate glycemia and numerous atherosclerosis-related factors in individuals prone to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) disorder.

Osteoporosis (OP) remains a significant global health challenge, marked by high prevalence and considerable economic burden, yet effective therapeutic options remain limited. Central to the pathogenesis of OP is mitochondrial dysfunction, which adversely impacts bone formation and resorption. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the complex relationship between mitochondrial function and OP, elucidating critical molecular mechanisms and identifying promising therapeutic agents. Among these, zoledronic acid and resveratrol stand out, demonstrating significant efficacy in enhancing mitochondrial functions and enhancing bone density in both preclinical models and clinical trials. Moreover, innovative drug delivery systems, such as mitochondrial-targeted nanodelivery systems and localized delivery methods, have been developed to ensure precise targeting and reduce systemic side effects, thereby enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. By delving into these advancements, this review seeks to facilitate the translation of mitochondrial-targeted therapies from preclinical research to clinical application, ultimately advancing OP management and improving patient outcomes.