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Current Nanotechnological Strategies for Delivery of Anti-Retroviral Drugs: Overview and Future Prospects
Authors: Salam Shanta Taher and Khalid Kadhem Al-KinaniAvailable online: 29 October 2024More LessGlobally, over forty million people are living with Human Immunodeficiency Viral (HIV) infections. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) consists of two or three Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and has been used for more than a decade to prolong the life of AIDS-diagnosed patients. The persistent use of HAART is essential for effectively suppressing HIV replication. Frequent use of multiple medications at relatively high dosages is a major reason for patient noncompliance and an obstacle to achieving efficient pharmacological treatment. Despite strict compliance with the HAART regimen, the eradication of HIV from the host remains unattainable. Anatomical and Intracellular viral reservoirs are responsible for persistent infection. Elimination of the virus from these reservoirs is critical for successful long-term therapy. Therefore, innovative approaches are required to design safe and effective therapies. Nanotechnology has revolutionized HIV drug delivery by addressing key challenges, including improving drug solubility, targeting specific cells, extending drug release, protecting drugs from degradation, overcoming biological barriers, enabling combination therapy, and enhancing vaccine delivery. Several nanocarrier systems, such as dendrimers, nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers, have been proposed to treat HIV infection. Additionally, nanosuspensions of antiretroviral drugs offer promising strategies for improving treatment outcomes. While these advancements have significantly improved HIV management strategies, challenges remain, including unexpected toxicity, avoiding harmful biological interactions, and costs associated with the large-scale production of nanopharmaceuticals.
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A Comprehensive and Concise Review on Significance of Potent Peptide; Amyloid Beta (Aβ) in Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Namra Aziz, Pranay Wal, Yash Kumar Singh, Pankaj Kumar and Bhupendra SinghAvailable online: 23 October 2024More LessBackgroundA condition associated with neurodegeneration is termed Alzheimer's, characterized by mental as well as memory deterioration. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a type of peptide that accumulates within the central nervous system and causes plaque, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and neurodegeneration (loss of acetylcholine). These peptide forms have a major impact on neuronal damage.
ObjectiveOur goal is to provide an overview of Aβ's potential involvement in developing Alzheimer's condition.
MethodsAn extensive literature review was done using the standard keywords “amyloid beta”, “amyloid beta precursor protein”, “secretase”, and “Alzheimer’s disease” from the databases SCOPUS, PubMed, Elsevier, and Web of Science.
ConclusionAmyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) is converted to Aβ through a series of divisions by β and γ secretases, which are found in lipid rafts. The control of these elements is believed to have a significant role in Aβ production throughout the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In conclusion, research on Aβ aggregation and clearance has been active in preventing and curing Alzheimer's disorders. Thus, the purpose of this article was to describe the pharmacological function of Aβ peptide plus its process of aggregation.
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A Comprehensive Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management
Authors: Anusha Bakshi, Bijal Prajapati, Abhay Dharamsi and Krishna SompuraAvailable online: 22 October 2024More LessObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a comprehensive management plan in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Evaluating the effects of wound debridement on the outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers, advanced dressings, blood sugar control, and offloading strategies are the main objectives. The study also intends to investigate the function of surgery in managing chronic ulcers and preventing recurrences. The goal is to offer advice for managing DFUs optimally and lowering related morbidity based on evidence.
MethodThe intervention program includes techniques like wound debridement, advanced dressings, unloading modalities, blood sugar level control, and, where necessary, surgical treatments. Growth factors, electrical stimulation, negative pressure wound therapy, bio-engineered skin, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are among the many treatments that are included. Regression models are among the statistical analyses used to assess the efficacy of the overall management strategy.
ResultsSignificant findings are presented in the results section, which shows how the holistic management strategy improves DFU outcomes. Improved wound healing rates, reduced infection incidents, and enhanced patient-reported outcomes are highlighted. The results underscore the significance of maintaining blood sugar levels, wound debridement, and incorporating various therapeutic modalities in DFU management.
ConclusionThis study concludes by recommending a thorough and interdisciplinary approach to DFU management. Maintaining blood sugar levels, debridement of the wound, sophisticated dressings, unloading techniques, and surgical procedures are among the effective strategies that help reduce morbidity and prevent serious complications related to diabetic foot ulcers. Additional investigation is necessary to enhance and broaden these results for ongoing progress in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.
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Fabrication and Characterisation of Oral Fast-Dissolving Film of Metoprolol Succinate
Authors: Achal Dingalwar, Anil Pethe, Darshan Telange and Umesh TelrandheAvailable online: 22 October 2024More LessIntroductionOral, fast-dissolving films are an excellent alternative. The purpose of adopting the solvent casting approach was to create a compelling oral film.
MethodologyHPMC E15 and sodium alginate polymers were chosen based on their compatibility. The produced films were evaluated in terms of organoleptic characteristics, weight, thickness, folding durability, tensile strength, drug content homogeneity, surface pH, disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolution kinetics.
ResultsAmong the formulations, F2 had a disintegration time of 14.2 seconds and a phenomenal drug release of 98% in 5 minutes. As a result, formulation F2 emerged as the best option, demonstrating promising qualities for effective drug delivery.
ConclusionThese films are made of thin strips and are easily applied to the tongue or oral mucosal tissue. When they come into contact with saliva, they quickly hydrate and attach, resulting in rapid medicine administration. Fast-dissolving oral films are an excellent alternative for patients who have difficulty swallowing traditional drugs, such as pediatric, geriatric, bedridden, or developmentally impaired people. These films are made of thin strips and are easily applied to the tongue or oral mucosal tissue. When they come into contact with saliva, they quickly hydrate and attach, resulting in rapid medicine administration.
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A Review on Film Forming Spray Technology in Wound Management
Authors: Sakshi Singh, Bijal Prajapati and Abhay DharamsiAvailable online: 21 October 2024More LessPurposeSkin is an important delivery channel for medications, providing both local and systemic effects. One kind of novel medication delivery technology that is administered topically to the skin is called a topical film forming system. The thorough analysis examines how film-forming sprays have revolutionized a variety of fields, including wound care and medicine. The goal is to present a thorough summary of the assessment criteria, composition, and most recent advancements in film-forming sprays intended for wound healing.
MethodsThe evaluation parameters including film formation, morphology, flexibility, drying time, pH, viscosity, skin irritation, water washability, bioadhesive strength, and container-related evaluations are provided in a systematic manner for film-forming sprays. The review presents findings from a range of research publications that demonstrate various approaches and strategies used to evaluate the properties and effectiveness of film-forming spray formulations.
ResultsExamples from current research are given to show the variety of uses for film-forming sprays in wound healing. Formulations containing human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) and water-soluble chitosan, propolis from stingless bees, and a complexed polymer film-forming spray for diabetic wound dressing are among the research offerings. In terms of stability, wound closure acceleration, and regulated distribution of therapeutic substances, these formulations show encouraging results.
ConclusionThe review concludes that film-forming sprays represent a promising avenue in advanced wound care, offering advantages such as enhanced flexibility, prolonged adherence, and controlled drug delivery.
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Novel Pharmaceutical Interventions for Drug Targeting in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Simran Chaurasia, Sakshi Sharma Dogra, Md Sadique Hussain, Rajesh Kumar and Navneet KhuranaAvailable online: 17 October 2024More LessParkinson's Disease (PD) presents as a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in brain function, typically advancing slowly over time in most individuals. However, as the disease evolves and impacts the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), the window for effective treatment response often becomes narrower for many patients. Recent advancements in medical science have spurred improvements in drug delivery, primarily through the development of enhanced oral formulations or the exploration of alternative administration routes, such as intestinal infusion, transcutaneous delivery, and inhaled levodopa. Among the recent oral formulation breakthroughs is IPX066, a novel formulation combining immediate and extended-release Carbidopa-Levodopa (CD/LD). Another notable example is levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel, an authorized treatment involving the direct infusion of LD/CD suspension into the brain. Concurrent investigations are assessing the effectiveness of the 'accordion pill' (AP09004), an Extended-release (ER) LD/CD mixture designed to retain within the GIT for an extended period. Additionally, other formulations in various stages of clinical trials include ND0612, a proprietary liquid formulation intended for the purpose of subcutaneous delivery using a compact patch-pump apparatus, and CVT-301, a levodopa aerosol solution distinguished by its prompt initiation of therapeutic effects. However, several other promising formulations, such as DM-1992 and XP21279, have been terminated. This study aimed to thoroughly examine the pharmacokinetics, clinical effectiveness, and possible adverse reactions linked to innovative medication formulations that are now accessible or being developed for treating PD.
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Orexin Receptor System: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Prachi Sharma, Gunjan Choudhary, Monika Sachdeva, Geetika Mehta and Rashmi TripathiAvailable online: 16 October 2024More LessNeuropeptide neurotransmitters, orexins, are produced in the lateral hypothalamus. They are extensively dispersed throughout the central nervous system, except the cerebellum and peripheral nervous system. Orexin works by attaching themselves to G-protein-coupled receptors: orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) & orexin receptor 2 (OXR2). They play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, appetite, sleep-wake cycles, and other disorders like cancer, ischemic stroke, depression, Alzheimer's disease, and narcolepsy. Prepro-orexin peptide undergoes proteolytic breakdown to create these neurotransmitters. Orexin receptor antagonists decrease both non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep, which increases awake through the lateral preoptic region. It encourages eating and supports the control of feeding habits, thus can be used in the treatment of obesity. In Alzheimer's disease, orexin enhances tau protein-mediated neurodegeneration and beta-amyloid buildup by interacting with the biomarkers of the illness found in the cerebrospinal fluid (beta-amyloid/tau proteins). It also lessens neuroinflammation, enhances cognitive performance, and prevents the formation of plaque, which contains beta-amyloid and tau proteins.
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Exploring Innovations in Transdermal Drug Delivery: Microneedle Technologies and the Latest in Patent Developments
Available online: 15 October 2024More LessIntroduction/ObjectiveMicroneedle technology has emerged as a promising approach for drug delivery, offering advantages such as improved patient compliance and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in microneedle-based drug delivery systems, emphasizing their potential to overcome limitations associated with traditional transdermal drug delivery methods. The objective is to synthesize existing knowledge, identify key trends, and highlight potential applications of microneedle technology in various medical fields.
MethodsA systematic approach was employed to select and analyse relevant studies on microneedle technology. Databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles published and patents or patent applications worldwide within the last decade, focusing on innovations in microneedle materials, design, fabrication techniques, and applications. Studies were evaluated based on their methodology, outcomes, and relevance to current trends in drug delivery. Key data were extracted and synthesized to provide an integrated perspective on the state of microneedle technology.
ResultsThe review highlights significant progress in microneedle technology; innovations in materials, fabrication techniques, and applications. Advancements include biodegradable microneedles, vaccine drug delivery systems, and integration with biosensors. Innovations led to improved drug bioavailability and reduced side effects. Challenges such as scalability, standardization, and regulatory considerations were also identified.
ConclusionIn conclusion, microneedle technology has evolved significantly, offering a versatile platform for controlled drug delivery and various medical applications. The diversity in design and fabrication methods allows customization for specific therapeutic or diagnostic needs, with numerous patents filed for microneedle innovations, reflecting the intense research and development in this field.
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Revolutionizing Transdermal Patches: Navigating Clinical Challenges and Technological Progress
Authors: Shubham Malik, Chandan Sharma, Nishant Thakur, Bhupinder Kaur and Neeraj BainsalAvailable online: 08 October 2024More LessTransdermal patches, conceived to extend drug release, enhance bioavailability, and foster patient adherence, witnessed their inaugural approval by the USFDA in the 1980s. These patches, varying in size, constitute medicinal formulations with one or more active components that permeate the bloodstream through the skin. This review undertakes a comprehensive examination of recent strides in transdermal patch technology, encompassing critical facets such as their merits and demerits, advancements in microneedle technology, the evolution of transdermal patch generation, the integration of Artificial Intelligence, and the role of 3D printing technology. Additionally, the focus is placed on USFDA-approved patches. Various literature databases viz. Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Sciences were explored for this research. The review furnished insights into the application of 3D printing technology in the fabrication of transdermal patches and disseminated information on USFDA-approved patches. The exploration delved into diverse strategies aimed at augmenting the efficiency of drug delivery and promoting patient compliance. Major transdermal products being marketed with details of their active substance have been discussed. Various applications of artificial intelligence in drug delivery have been summarized. It may be summarized that transdermal patch technology is not a thing of the past but a technology to stay and meet the demands of drug delivery in the present and future.
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Role of Phytochemicals in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review
Available online: 02 October 2024More LessAtopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects millions of people around the world. In the past decades, phytochemicals have gained attention for the treatment of atopic dermatitis due to their inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, which could be beneficial in alleviating the suffering associated with atopic dermatitis. Although various conventional treatments, such as immune modulators and biologicals, are available for the treatment of atopic dermatitis their effectiveness can be limited due to some adverse effects. The present review aimed to explore the various phytochemicals to be identified as a complementary and alternative treatment option for the management of atopic dermatitis. Phytochemicals offer the potential advantage of reducing both local and systemic side effects associated with long-term use of corticosteroids, as well as addressing the higher costs of biological drug therapies. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify the pharmacologically proven phytochemicals for the management of atopic dermatitis by covering articles published from 2015 to 2023. Various phytochemicals, such as berberine, piperine, ferulic acid, baicalin, vasicine, neferine, kaempferol, α- Boswellic Acid, gallic acid, etc., werebe highlighted for their potential therapeutic effects in atopic dermatitis. In conclusion, phytochemicals present a promising, safe, complementary, and alternative treatment option for atopic dermatitis management.
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Beyond Creams and Gels: The Emergence of Emulgels in Pharmaceutical Science
Authors: Vikash Singh Bhadouria, Sushma Verma, Rashmi Mishra and Bhupinder KapoorAvailable online: 02 October 2024More LessBackgroundEmulgels combine the properties of emulsions and gels, offering a unique drug delivery system that enhances the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs. This study reviews recent advancements in emulgels and their potential in pharmaceutical applications.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the current state of research on emulgels, focusing on formulation techniques, characterization methods, and therapeutic applications.
MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies published from 2010 to 2023. Inclusion criteria included articles discussing formulation techniques, characterization, and therapeutic applications of emulgels. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers.
ResultsVarious formulation techniques, such as high-energy emulsification, phase inversion, and solvent evaporation, have been explored to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Recent advancements introduced novel methods like microfluidization and ultrasound-assisted emulsification to improve formulation efficiency. Characterization techniques, including rheological analysis, particle size determination, and drug release studies, are crucial for optimizing emulgel formulations. Several patents have been filed, reflecting innovative approaches in emulgel technology, such as incorporating nanomaterials and targeted delivery systems. Therapeutic applications of emulgels have been extensively studied in dermatology, pain management, and antimicrobial therapy, showing promising results in enhancing drug efficacy and patient compliance.
ConclusionEmulgels present a versatile and efficient drug delivery system with significant potential in various therapeutic areas. Future research should focus on the large-scale production of emulgels and their long-term stability to facilitate their transition from research to clinical practice.
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