Skip to content
2000
Volume 20, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1574-8855
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3903

Abstract

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and proliferative skin disorder characterized by redness and elevated patches covered in scaly, silvery-white skin. The National Psoriasis Foundation categorizes psoriasis into mild, moderate, and severe, impacting 2% to 5% of the global population. This article explores the types, development, and severity categories of psoriasis, delving into its pathophysiology. It also reviews both conventional and herbal topical therapies and their marketed formulations.

Aim

The study aimed to contribute to the development of personalized treatment approaches for individuals with psoriasis.

Objectives

This article explores the types, development, and severity categories of psoriasis, delving into its pathophysiology. It also reviews both conventional and herbal topical therapies and their marketed formulations.

Methods

The article relies on a comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies on psoriasis. Information on types, severity categories, pathophysiology, and available treatments, both conventional and herbal, is gathered and analyzed.

Results

The results highlight the potential advantages of incorporating herbal therapies into treatment plans for individuals with psoriasis, especially for those with severe cases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment plans for managing psoriasis. Both conventional and herbal topical formulations can be viable options, particularly for severe cases. By considering the safety profiles, side effects, and biological activities associated with these treatments, healthcare experts can collaborate with patients to create personalized and effective strategies for addressing the complexities of psoriasis management.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855279099240119110656
2024-01-31
2024-11-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. ElmanS.A. WeinblattM.E. MerolaJ.F. Targeted therapies for psoriatic arthritis: An update for the dermatologist.Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.201837317318110.12788/j.sder.2018.04530215635
    [Google Scholar]
  2. LowesM.A. Suárez-FariñasM. KruegerJ.G. Immunology of psoriasis.Annu. Rev. Immunol.201432122725510.1146/annurev‑immunol‑032713‑12022524655295
    [Google Scholar]
  3. DanielsenK. OlsenA.O. WilsgaardT. FurbergA.S. Is the prevalence of psoriasis increasing? A 30-year follow-up of a population-based cohort.Br. J. Dermatol.201316861303131010.1111/bjd.1223023374051
    [Google Scholar]
  4. MehlisS.L. GordonK.B. The immunology of psoriasis and biologic immunotherapy.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2003492445010.1016/S0190‑9622(03)01134‑412894125
    [Google Scholar]
  5. FitchE. HarperE. SkorchevaI. KurtzS.E. BlauveltA. Pathophysiology of psoriasis: Recent advances on IL-23 and Th17 cytokines.Curr. Rheumatol. Rep.20079646146710.1007/s11926‑007‑0075‑118177599
    [Google Scholar]
  6. HawkesJ.E. ChanT.C. KruegerJ.G. Psoriasis pathogenesis and the development of novel targeted immune therapies.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.2017140364565310.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.00428887948
    [Google Scholar]
  7. YiuZ.Z.N. WarrenR.B. Ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis.Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg.201837314314710.12788/j.sder.2018.04030215630
    [Google Scholar]
  8. YangE. BeckK. SanchezI. KooJ. LiaoW. The impact of genital psoriasis on quality of life: a systematic review.Psoriasis (Auckl.)20188414710.2147/PTT.S16938930214891
    [Google Scholar]
  9. EberleF.C. BrückJ. HolsteinJ. HiraharaK. GhoreschiK. Recent advances in understanding psoriasis.F1000 Res.2016577010.12688/f1000research.7927.127158469
    [Google Scholar]
  10. PradhanM. SinghD. SinghM.R. Influence of selected variables on fabrication of Triamcinolone acetonide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical treatment of dermal disorders.Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol.201644139240010.3109/21691401.2014.95510525229831
    [Google Scholar]
  11. TakeshitaJ. GelfandJ.M. LiP. PintoL. YuX. RaoP. ViswanathanH.N. DoshiJ.A. Psoriasis in the US Medicare population: Prevalence, treatment, and factors associated with biologic use.J. Invest. Dermatol.2015135122955296310.1038/jid.2015.29626214380
    [Google Scholar]
  12. GuptaR. DebbanehM.G. LiaoW. Genetic epidemiology of psoriasis.Curr. Dermatol. Rep.201431617810.1007/s13671‑013‑0066‑625580373
    [Google Scholar]
  13. GudjonssonJ.E. ElderJ.T. Psoriasis: Epidemiology.Clin. Dermatol.200725653554610.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.00718021890
    [Google Scholar]
  14. PithadiaD.J. ReynoldsK.A. LeeE.B. WuJ.J. Psoriasis-associated cutaneous pain: Etiology, assessment, impact, and management.J. Dermatolog. Treat.2018191630256690
    [Google Scholar]
  15. BoehnckeW.H. SchönM.P. Psoriasis.Lancet2015386999798399410.1016/S0140‑6736(14)61909‑726025581
    [Google Scholar]
  16. TakeshitaJ. GrewalS. LanganS.M. MehtaN.N. OgdieA. Van VoorheesA.S. GelfandJ.M. Psoriasis and comorbid diseases.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.201776337739010.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.06428212759
    [Google Scholar]
  17. OrtonneJ.P. ChimentiS. LugerT. PuigL. ReidF. TrüebR.M. Scalp psoriasis: European consensus on grading and treatment algorithm.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.200923121435144410.1111/j.1468‑3083.2009.03372.x19614856
    [Google Scholar]
  18. NestleF.O. KaplanD.H. BarkerJ. Psoriasis.N. Engl. J. Med.2009361549650910.1056/NEJMra080459519641206
    [Google Scholar]
  19. KoH.C. JwaS.W. SongM. KimM.B. KwonK.S. Clinical course of guttate psoriasis: Long‐term follow‐up study.J. Dermatol.2010371089489910.1111/j.1346‑8138.2010.00871.x20860740
    [Google Scholar]
  20. MartinB.A. ChalmersR.J. TelferN.R. How great is the risk of further psoriasis following a single episode of acute guttate psoriasis?Arch. Dermatol.1996132671771810.1001/archderm.1996.038903001470328651734
    [Google Scholar]
  21. NavariniA.A. BurdenA.D. CaponF. MrowietzU. PuigL. KöksS. KingoK. SmithC. BarkerJ.N. ERASPEN Network European consensus statement on phenotypes of pustular psoriasis.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201731111792179910.1111/jdv.1438628585342
    [Google Scholar]
  22. SchadlerE.D. OrtelB. MehlisS.L. Biologics for the primary care physician: Review and treatment of psoriasis.Dis. Mon.2019653519010.1016/j.disamonth.2018.06.00130037762
    [Google Scholar]
  23. TagamiH. Triggering factors.Clin. Dermatol.199715567768510.1016/S0738‑081X(97)00024‑29313966
    [Google Scholar]
  24. BakerB.S. SwainA.F. FryL. ValdimarssonH. Epidermal T lymphocytes and HLA-DR expression in psoriasis.Br. J. Dermatol.1984110555556410.1111/j.1365‑2133.1984.tb04678.x6232938
    [Google Scholar]
  25. ShibataS. SaekiH. TadaY. KarakawaM. KomineM. TamakiK. Serum high molecular weight adiponectin levels are decreased in psoriasis patients.J. Dermatol. Sci.2009551626310.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.02.00919395243
    [Google Scholar]
  26. KumarS. HanJ. LiT. QureshiA.A. ChoiH.K. QureshiA.A. Obesity, waist circumference, weight change and the risk of psoriasis in US women.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201327101293129810.1111/jdv.1200123057623
    [Google Scholar]
  27. AbelE.A. DiCiccoL.M. OrenbergE.K. FrakiJ.E. FarberE.M. Drugs in exacerbation of psoriasis.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.19861551007102210.1016/S0190‑9622(86)70265‑X2878015
    [Google Scholar]
  28. SondergaardJ. WadskovS. JensenH.A. MikkelsenH.I. Aggravation of psoriasis and occurrence of psoriasiform cutaneous eruptions induced by practolol (Eraldin).Acta Derm. Venereol.197656323924310.2340/000155555623924359510
    [Google Scholar]
  29. SevilleR.H. Psoriasis and stress.Br. J. Dermatol.197797329730210.1111/j.1365‑2133.1977.tb15186.x921900
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ZhouC. YuX. CaiD. LiuC. LiC. Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone and receptor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.Med. Hypotheses200973451351510.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.05119560286
    [Google Scholar]
  31. NaldiL. PeliL. ParazziniF. Association of early-stage psoriasis with smoking and male alcohol consumption: evidence from an Italian case-control study.Arch. Dermatol.1999135121479148410.1001/archderm.135.12.147910606053
    [Google Scholar]
  32. MillsC.M. SrivastavaE.D. HarveyI.M. SwiftG.L. NewcombeR.G. HoltP.J.A. RhodesJ. Smoking habits in psoriasis: A case control study.Br. J. Dermatol.19921271182110.1111/j.1365‑2133.1992.tb14818.x1637689
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cuesta-MonteroL. BelinchónI. [Connective tissue diseases and psoriasis].Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition)2011102748749710.1016/j.adengl.2011.03.00321536244
    [Google Scholar]
  34. KimJ. KruegerJ.G. The immunopathogenesis of psoriasis.Dermatol. Clin.2015331132310.1016/j.det.2014.09.00225412780
    [Google Scholar]
  35. NickoloffB.J. QinJ.Z. NestleF.O. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis.Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.2007331-2455610.1007/s12016‑007‑0039‑218094946
    [Google Scholar]
  36. PradhanM. SinghD. SinghM.R. Novel colloidal carriers for psoriasis: Current issues, mechanistic insight and novel delivery approaches.J. Control. Release2013170338039510.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.02023770117
    [Google Scholar]
  37. KruegerJG BowcockA Psoriasis pathophysiology: Current concepts of pathogenesis.Ann Rheum Dis.2005642303610.1136/ard.2004.031120
    [Google Scholar]
  38. SalaM. ElaissariA. FessiH. Advances in psoriasis physiopathology and treatments: Up to date of mechanistic insights and perspectives of novel therapies based on innovative skin drug delivery systems (ISDDS).J. Control. Release201623918220210.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.00327381248
    [Google Scholar]
  39. LowesM.A. RussellC.B. MartinD.A. TowneJ.E. KruegerJ.G. The IL-23/T17 pathogenic axis in psoriasis is amplified by keratinocyte responses.Trends Immunol.201334417418110.1016/j.it.2012.11.00523291100
    [Google Scholar]
  40. ViacJ. PalacioS. SchmittD. ClaudyA. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in normal epidermis, epithelial tumors and cultured keratinocytes.Arch. Dermatol. Res.1997289315816310.1007/s0040300501729128764
    [Google Scholar]
  41. AnselJ.C. TiesmanJ.P. OlerudJ.E. KruegerJ.G. KraneJ.F. TaraD.C. ShipleyG.D. GilbertsonD. UsuiM.L. HartC.E. Human keratinocytes are a major source of cutaneous platelet-derived growth factor.J. Clin. Invest.199392267167810.1172/JCI1166368349805
    [Google Scholar]
  42. LowesM.A. BowcockA.M. KruegerJ.G. Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis.Nature2007445713086687310.1038/nature0566317314973
    [Google Scholar]
  43. BowcockA.M. KruegerJ.G. Getting under the skin: the immunogenetics of psoriasis.Nat. Rev. Immunol.20055969971110.1038/nri168916138103
    [Google Scholar]
  44. ChiricozziA. PitoccoR. SaracenoR. NisticoS.P. GiuntaA. ChimentiS. New topical treatments for psoriasis.Expert Opin. Pharmacother.201415446147010.1517/14656566.2014.87515924392930
    [Google Scholar]
  45. SamarasekeraE.J. SawyerL. WonderlingD. TuckerR. SmithC.H. Topical therapies for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: systematic review and network meta-analyses.Br. J. Dermatol.2013168595496710.1111/bjd.1227623413913
    [Google Scholar]
  46. van de KerkhofP.C.M. An update on topical therapies for mild-moderate psoriasis.Dermatol. Clin.2015331737710.1016/j.det.2014.09.00625412784
    [Google Scholar]
  47. JacobiA. MayerA. AugustinM. Keratolytics and emollients and their role in the therapy of psoriasis: A systematic review.Dermatol. Ther.20155111810.1007/s13555‑015‑0068‑325604924
    [Google Scholar]
  48. SinghT.P. SchönM.P. WallbrechtK. MichaelisK. RinnerB. MayerG. SchmidbauerU. StrohmaierH. WangX.J. WolfP. 8-methoxypsoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy acts via inhibition of the IL-23/Th17 axis and induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells involving CTLA4 signaling in a psoriasis-like skin disorder.J. Immunol.2010184127257726710.4049/jimmunol.090371920488788
    [Google Scholar]
  49. DubertretL. Retinoids, methotrexate and cyclosporine.Curr. Probl. Dermatol.200938799410.1159/00023230519710551
    [Google Scholar]
  50. FinlayA.Y. OrtonneJ.P. Patient satisfaction with psoriasis therapies: an update and introduction to biologic therapy.J. Cutan. Med. Surg.20048531032010.1177/12034754040080050215868312
    [Google Scholar]
  51. FouéréS. AdjadjL. PawinH. How patients experience psoriasis: Results from a European survey.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.200519s3Suppl. 32610.1111/j.1468‑3083.2005.01329.x16274404
    [Google Scholar]
  52. LawsP.M. YoungH.S. Topical treatment of psoriasis.Expert Opin. Pharmacother.201011121999200910.1517/14656566.2010.49277820569091
    [Google Scholar]
  53. CrimC. PierreL.N. Daley-YatesP.T. A review of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of inhaled fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate.Clin. Ther.20012391339135410.1016/S0149‑2918(01)80113‑211589253
    [Google Scholar]
  54. PauporteM. MaibachH. LoweN. PuglieseM. FriedmanD.J. MendelsohnH. CargillI. RamirezR. Fluocinolone acetonide topical oil for scalp psoriasis.J. Dermatolog. Treat.200415636036410.1080/0954663041002356615764047
    [Google Scholar]
  55. KragballeK. Treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol and other vitamin D analogues.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.19922761001100810.1016/0190‑9622(92)70302‑V1479078
    [Google Scholar]
  56. FluhrJ.W. CavallottiC. BerardescaE. Emollients, moisturizers, and keratolytic agents in psoriasis.Clin. Dermatol.200826438038610.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.01.01518691519
    [Google Scholar]
  57. MullerK.H. PflugshauptC. Urea in dermatology I.Hautarzt1989401418
    [Google Scholar]
  58. FedermanD.G. FroelichC.W. KirsnerR.S. Topical psoriasis therapy.Am. Fam. Physician1999594957962, 96410068717
    [Google Scholar]
  59. HuberC ChristophersE. ’Keratolytic’ effect of salicylic acid.Arch Dermatol Res 1977257329329710.1007/BF00741846
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Clay CatherJ. AbramovitsW. MenterA. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus in dermatology.Dermatol. Clin.2001191119137, ix10.1016/S0733‑8635(05)70234‑511155577
    [Google Scholar]
  61. AntignacM. BarrouB. FarinottiR. LechatP. UrienS. Population pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.200764675075710.1111/j.1365‑2125.2007.02888.x17425625
    [Google Scholar]
  62. MendonçaC.O. BurdenA.D. Current concepts in psoriasis and its treatment.Pharmacol. Ther.200399213314710.1016/S0163‑7258(03)00041‑X12888109
    [Google Scholar]
  63. PradhanM. SinghD. MurthyS.N. SinghM.R. Design, characterization and skin permeating potential of Fluocinolone acetonide loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis.Steroids2015101566310.1016/j.steroids.2015.05.01226049018
    [Google Scholar]
  64. OncoSecWhat is combination therapy?Available from: https://oncosec.com/2013/09/what-is-combination-therapy/
    [Google Scholar]
  65. LebwohlM. MenterA. KooJ. FeldmanS.R. Combination therapy to treat moderate to severe psoriasis.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.200450341643010.1016/j.jaad.2002.12.00214988684
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Facts and statistics about psoriasisAvailable from: https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis/facts-statistics-infographic
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Van De KerkhofP.C.M. Therapeutic strategies: Rotational therapy and combinations.Clin. Exp. Dermatol.200126435636110.1046/j.1365‑2230.2001.00829.x11422189
    [Google Scholar]
  68. MenterM.A. SeeJ.A. AmendW.J.C. EllisC.N. KruegerG.G. LebwohlM. MorisonW.L. PrystowskyJ.H. Deer Valley, Utah, 7-9 October 1994. Proceedings of the psoriasis combination and rotation therapy conference.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.199634231532110.1016/S0190‑9622(96)80148‑48642106
    [Google Scholar]
  69. WeinsteinG.D. WhiteG.M. An approach to the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with rotational therapy.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.199328345445910.1016/0190‑9622(93)70067‑48445062
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Cambazard Hutchinson Haneke Wong Souteyrand Damstra Combemale Neumann Chalmers Olsen Revuz RevuzJ. Van DE Kerkhof The effect of addition of calcipotriol ointment (50 mug/g) to acitretin therapy in psoriasis.Br. J. Dermatol.19981381848910.1046/j.1365‑2133.1998.02030.x9536227
    [Google Scholar]
  71. RimJ.H. ParkJ.Y. ChoeY.B. YounJ.I. The efficacy of calcipotriol + acitretin combination therapy for psoriasis: Comparison with acitretin monotherapy.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.20034750751010.2165/00128071‑200304070‑0000612814339
    [Google Scholar]
  72. De JongE.M.G.J. MørkN.J. SeijgerM.M.B. De La BrassineM. LauharantaJ. JansenC.T. GuilhouJ.J. GuillotB. OstrojicA. SouteyrandP. VaillantL. BarnesL. RogersS. KlaberM.R. Van De KerkhofP.C.M. The combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate compared with methotrexate and vehicle in psoriasis: Results of a multicentre placebo-controlled randomized trial.Br. J. Dermatol.2003148231832510.1046/j.1365‑2133.2003.05173.x12588386
    [Google Scholar]
  73. GreenL. SadoffW. A clinical evaluation of tazarotene 0.1% gel, with and without a high- or mid-high-potency corticosteroid, in patients with stable plaque psoriasis.J. Cutan. Med. Surg.2002629510210.1177/12034754020060020111992180
    [Google Scholar]
  74. GuentherL.C. PoulinY.P. PariserD.M. A comparison of tazarotene 0.1% gel once daily plus mometasone furoate 0.1% cream once daily versus calcipotriene 0.005% ointment twice daily in the treatment of plaque psoriasis.Clin. Ther.200022101225123810.1016/S0149‑2918(00)83065‑911110233
    [Google Scholar]
  75. KatohN. KishimotoS. Combination of calcipotriol and clobetasol propionate as a premixed ointment for the treatment of psoriasis.Eur. J. Dermatol.200313438238412948920
    [Google Scholar]
  76. SalmhoferW. MaierH. SoyerH.P. HönigsmannH. HödlS. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, right-left study comparing calcipotriol monotherapy with a combined treatment of calcipotriol and diflucortolone valerate in chronic plaque psoriasis.Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl.2000802115810.1080/0001555005050002211234559
    [Google Scholar]
  77. AustadJ. BjerkeJ.R. GjertsenB.T. HellandS. LivdenJ.K. MorkenT. MørkN. Clobetasol propionate followed by calcipotriol is superior to calcipotriol alone in topical treatment of psoriasis.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.1998111192410.1111/j.1468‑3083.1998.tb00948.x9731961
    [Google Scholar]
  78. OrtonneJ.P. KaufmannR. LechaM. GoodfieldM. Efficacy of treatment with calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate followed by calcipotriol alone compared with tacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: A randomised, double-blind trial.Dermatology2004209430831310.1159/00008085415539894
    [Google Scholar]
  79. PappK.A. GuentherL. BoydenB. LarsenF.G. HarvimaR.J. GuilhouJ.J. KaufmannR. RogersS. van de KerkhofP.C.M. HanssenL.I. TegnerE. BurgG. TalbotD. ChuA. Early onset of action and efficacy of a combination of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of psoriasis.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.2003481485410.1067/mjd.2003.13012522370
    [Google Scholar]
  80. GrossmanR.M. ThivoletJ. ClaudyA. SouteyrandP. GuilhouJ.J. ThomasP. AmblardP. BelaichS. de BelilovskyC. de la BrassinneM. MartinetC. BazexJ.A. BeylotC. CombemaleP. LambertD. OstojicA. DenoeuxJ.P. LauretP. VaillantL. WeberM. PamphileR. DubertretL. A novel therapeutic approach to psoriasis with combination calcipotriol ointment and very low-dose cyclosporine: Results of a multicenter placebo-controlled study.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.1994311687410.1016/S0190‑9622(94)70138‑58021375
    [Google Scholar]
  81. ThaçiD. OrtonneJ.P. ChimentiS. GhislainP.D. ArenbergerP. KragballeK. SauratJ.H. KhemisA. SprøgelP. EsslingerH.U. UnnebrinkK. KupperH. A phase IIIb, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of adalimumab with and without calcipotriol/betamethasone topical treatment in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: the BELIEVE study.Br. J. Dermatol.2010163240241110.1111/j.1365‑2133.2010.09791.x20377585
    [Google Scholar]
  82. RheeH.J. TijssenJ.G.P. HerrmannW.A. WatermanA.H. PolanoM.K. Combined treatment of psoriasis with a new aromatic retinoid (Tigason) in low dosage orally and triamcinolone acetonide cream topically: a double-blind trial.Br. J. Dermatol.1980102220321210.1111/j.1365‑2133.1980.tb05693.x6992834
    [Google Scholar]
  83. BhucharS. KattaR. WolfJ. Complementary and alternative medicine in dermatology: An overview of selected modalities for the practicing dermatologist.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.201213531131710.2165/11597560‑000000000‑0000022668453
    [Google Scholar]
  84. BrownA.C. HairfieldM. RichardsD.G. McMillinD.L. MeinE.A. NelsonC.D. Medical nutrition therapy as a potential complementary treatment for psoriasis--five case reports.Altern. Med. Rev.20049329730715387720
    [Google Scholar]
  85. BrownD.J. DattnerA.M. Phytotherapeutic approaches to common dermatologic conditions.Arch. Dermatol.1998134111401140410.1001/archderm.134.11.14019828875
    [Google Scholar]
  86. FarberE.M. NickoloffB.J. RechtB. FrakiJ.E. Stress, symmetry, and psoriasis: Possible role of neuropeptides.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.198614230531110.1016/S0190‑9622(86)70034‑02419375
    [Google Scholar]
  87. KooJ. ArainS. Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of dermatologic disorders.Arch. Dermatol.1998134111388139310.1001/archderm.134.11.13889828872
    [Google Scholar]
  88. MantleD. GokM.A. LennardT.W. Adverse and beneficial effects of plant extracts on skin and skin disorders.Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev.20012028910311482001
    [Google Scholar]
  89. DengS. MayB.H. ZhangA.L. LuC. XueC.C.L. Topical herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Arch. Dermatol. Res.2013305317918910.1007/s00403‑013‑1316‑y23354931
    [Google Scholar]
  90. JoeB. LokeshB.R. Effect of curcumin and capsaicin on arachidonic acid metabolism and lysosomal enzyme secretion by rat peritoneal macrophages.Lipids199732111173118010.1007/s11745‑997‑0151‑89397403
    [Google Scholar]
  91. BernsteinJ.E. ParishL.C. RapaportM. RosenbaumM.M. RoenigkH.H.Jr Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.198615350450710.1016/S0190‑9622(86)70201‑63760276
    [Google Scholar]
  92. SyedT.A. AhmadS.A. HoltA.H. AhmadS.A. AhmadS.H. AfzalM. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study.Trop. Med. Int. Health19961450550910.1046/j.1365‑3156.1996.d01‑91.x8765459
    [Google Scholar]
  93. KleinA.D. PenneysN.S. Aloe vera.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.198818471472010.1016/S0190‑9622(88)70095‑X3286692
    [Google Scholar]
  94. RobsonM.C. HeggersJ.P. HagstromW.J.Jr Myth, magic, witchcraft, or fact? Aloe vera revisited.J. Burn Care Rehabil.19823315416310.1097/00004630‑198205000‑00005
    [Google Scholar]
  95. ChoonhakarnC. BusaracomeP. SripanidkulchaiB. SarakarnP. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.201024216817210.1111/j.1468‑3083.2009.03377.x19686327
    [Google Scholar]
  96. PaulsenE. KorsholmL. BrandrupF. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.200519332633110.1111/j.1468‑3083.2004.01186.x15857459
    [Google Scholar]
  97. DhanabalS.P. Priyanka DwarampudiL. MurugananthamN. VadivelanR. Evaluation of the antipsoriatic activity of Aloe vera leaf extract using a mouse tail model of psoriasis.Phytother. Res.201226461761910.1002/ptr.358921915932
    [Google Scholar]
  98. ReddyS. AggarwalB.B. Curcumin is a non‐competitive and selective inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase.FEBS Lett.19943411192210.1016/0014‑5793(94)80232‑77511111
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Di NardoV. GianfaldoniS. TchernevG. WollinaU. BaryginaV. LottiJ. DaaboulF. LottiT. Use of curcumin in psoriasis.Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci.20186121822010.3889/oamjms.2018.05529484027
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Herrera AcostaE. Alonso Suárez PérezJ. Aguilera ArjonaJ. VisioliF. An olive polyphenol-based nutraceutical improves cutaneous manifestations of psoriasis in humans.PharmaNutrition20164415115310.1016/j.phanu.2016.10.002
    [Google Scholar]
  101. CarsonC.F. AshtonL. DryL. SmithD.W. RileyT.V. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.200148345045110.1093/jac/48.3.45011533019
    [Google Scholar]
  102. CarsonC.F. RileyT.V. CooksonB.D. Efficacy and safety of tea tree oil as a topical antimicrobial agent.J. Hosp. Infect.199840317517810.1016/S0195‑6701(98)90135‑99830588
    [Google Scholar]
  103. KohK.J. PearceA.L. MarshmanG. Finlay-JonesJ.J. HartP.H. Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation.Br. J. Dermatol.200214761212121710.1046/j.1365‑2133.2002.05034.x12452873
    [Google Scholar]
  104. MayJ. ChanC.H. KingA. WilliamsL. FrenchG.L. Time-kill studies of tea tree oils on clinical isolates.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.200045563964310.1093/jac/45.5.63910797086
    [Google Scholar]
  105. ZhangJ. LiX. WeiJ. ChenH. LuY. LiL. HanL. LuC. Gallic acid inhibits the expression of keratin 16 and keratin 17 through Nrf2 in psoriasis-like skin disease.Int. Immunopharmacol.201865849510.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.04830293051
    [Google Scholar]
  106. StückerM. MemmelU. HoffmannM. HartungJ. AltmeyerP. Vitamin B(12) cream containing avocado oil in the therapy of plaque psoriasis.Dermatology2001203214114710.1159/00005172911586013
    [Google Scholar]
  107. EllisC.N. BerberianB. SulicaV.I. Alan DoddW. JarrattM.T. KatzH.I. PrawerS. KruegerG. RexI.H.Jr WolfJ.E. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.199329343844210.1016/0190‑9622(93)70208‑B7688774
    [Google Scholar]
  108. SarafianG. AfsharM. MansouriP. AsgarpanahJ. RaoufinejadK. RajabiM. Topical turmeric microemulgel in the management of plaque psoriasis; a clinical evaluation.Iran. J. Pharm. Res.201514386587626330875
    [Google Scholar]
  109. LinY.K. WongW.R. ChangY.C. ChangC.J. TsayP.K. ChangS.C. PangJ.H.S. The efficacy and safety of topically applied indigo naturalis ointment in patients with plaque-type psoriasis.Dermatology2007214215516110.1159/00009857617341866
    [Google Scholar]
  110. LinY.K. ChangC.J. ChangY.C. WongW.R. ChangS.C. PangJ.H.S. Clinical assessment of patients with recalcitrant psoriasis in a randomized, observer-blind, vehicle-controlled trial using indigo naturalis.Arch. Dermatol.2008144111457146410.1001/archderm.144.11.145719015420
    [Google Scholar]
  111. GulliverW.P. DonskyH.J. A report on three recent clinical trials using Mahonia aquifolium 10% topical cream and a review of the worldwide clinical experience with Mahonia aquifolium for the treatment of plaque psoriasis.Am. J. Ther.200512539840610.1097/01.mjt.0000174350.82270.da16148424
    [Google Scholar]
  112. DeLongD.C. GerzonK. inventors; Eli Lilly and Co, assignee. Method for treating psoriasis.United States patent US19763937822
    [Google Scholar]
  113. TangJ. inventor; HEROSE PHARMA INTERNATIONAL Pte Ltd, assignee. Psoriasis treatment.United States patent application US200410268650
    [Google Scholar]
  114. RosenbergE.W. GlennT.M. SkinnerR.B.Jr NoahP.W. inventors; panda pharmaceuticals LLC. Composition and method for treatment of psoriasis.United States patent US19995990100
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Di NapoliG. inventor. Substances for use in treating psoriasis.United States patent application US200510/900740
    [Google Scholar]
  116. HabtemariumS. StimsonW.H. GrayA.I. AnandC.L. WatermanP.G. inventors. Use of Calendula glycosides for the treatment of psoriasis.United States patent US20016225342
    [Google Scholar]
  117. SeftonJ. inventor; Allergan Inc, assignee. Tazarotene and corticosteroid treatment for psoriasis.United States patent US20118071578
    [Google Scholar]
  118. SmithS.A. SmithL.J. inventors; Smith Steven A, Smith Lorraine J, assignee. Method and composition for treating psoriasis.United States patent US 1992
    [Google Scholar]
  119. HunterW.L. inventor; Angiotech Pharmaceuticals Inc, assignee. Composition and methods of paclitaxel for treating psoriasis.United States patent US20036515016
    [Google Scholar]
  120. SreedharalaV.N. inventor; Sarudbhava Formulations Private Ltd, assignee. Apremilast pharmaceutical compositions.United States patent US202111110077
    [Google Scholar]
  121. DiamondJ. inventor; key pharmaceuticals inc, assignee. systemic treatment of psoriasis using certain salicylates.United States patent US19844483854
    [Google Scholar]
  122. NeirinckxR. inventor; Neirinckx Rudi D, assignee. Treatment of psoriasis through down-regulation of the egf-receptor with topically applied egf.United States patent application US200711/464401
    [Google Scholar]
  123. HachtelS. SchoenauC. LoehnM. PlettenburgO. Pfeiffer-marekS. SchifferA. GaulH. KanntA. DedioJ. DuddaA. inventors; Sanofi SA, assignee. Substituted 6-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridine derivatives as kinase inhibitors.United States patent US2015181
    [Google Scholar]
  124. PlatzekJ. NiedballaU. RaduechelB. EbertW. WeinmannH.J. FrenzelT. inventors. 3-, 8-substituted deuteroporphyrin derivatives, pharmaceutical agents that contain the latter, process for their production and their use in photodynamic therapy and MRI diagnosis. Schering AG Assignee.United States patent US20006136841
    [Google Scholar]
  125. FriedmanM. LichtD. YacobiA. inventors; Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, assignee. Controlled delivery system of antifungal and keratolytic agents for local treatment of fungal infections of the nail and surrounding tissues.United States patent US20107678366
    [Google Scholar]
  126. NiedbalaR.S. VailE.A. inventors; solarcare technologies corp, assignee. compositions and methods for topical treatment of skin lesions.United States patent US19945286720
    [Google Scholar]
  127. ZhouJ.H. WangY. Herbal composition and treatment methods.United States patent US2000947
    [Google Scholar]
  128. SmithW.J. inventor. Use of eugenol to treat blisters.United States patent application US201614/803004
    [Google Scholar]
  129. WulfHC inventor. Aps Kbus 8 Nr 4788. assignee.Topical treatment of skin disease2000
    [Google Scholar]
  130. SenN inventors; Cadila Healthcare Ltd, assignee. Topical compositions comprising corticosteroids.United States patent application US201815/756196
    [Google Scholar]
  131. GoebelA.S. inventor; Novaliq GmbH, assignee. Microemulsion pharmaceutical composition comprising a macrolide immunosuppressant drug.United States patent US20138574562
    [Google Scholar]
  132. LipiR.E. Inventor; alpes pharmaceuticals ltda, assignee. Topical medicament for the treatment of psoriasis.United States patent application US201213/503641
    [Google Scholar]
  133. EdingerJ.W. HaririR.J. WangJ.L. YeQ. FaleckH. Inventors; Anthrogenesis corp, assignee. treatment of psoriasis using placental stem cells.United States patent US20148753883
    [Google Scholar]
  134. PrimorN. inventor; SIS Shulov Innovative Science Ltd, assignee. Method for treating disorders of the skin.United States patent US 2015397
    [Google Scholar]
  135. LorcaA.M. Inventor; psoriasis+ creams swenden ab, assignee. composition for treating psoriasis.United States patent application US201514/426277
    [Google Scholar]
  136. HadgraftJ. Recent developments in topical and transdermal delivery.Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.199621216517310.1007/BF031902668839691
    [Google Scholar]
  137. WertzP.W. MadisonK.C. DowningD.T. Covalently bound lipids of human stratum corneum.J. Invest. Dermatol.198992110911110.1111/1523‑1747.ep130713172909622
    [Google Scholar]
  138. De LeeuwJ. De VijlderH.C. BjerringP. NeumannH.A.M. Liposomes in dermatology today.J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.200923550551610.1111/j.1468‑3083.2009.03100.x19175703
    [Google Scholar]
  139. SamadA. SultanaY. AqilM. Liposomal drug delivery systems: An update review.Curr. Drug Deliv.20074429730510.2174/15672010778215126917979650
    [Google Scholar]
  140. GoyalP. GoyalK. Vijaya KumarS.G. SinghA. KatareO.P. MishraD.N. Liposomal drug delivery systems--clinical applications.Acta Pharm.200555112515907221
    [Google Scholar]
  141. TalegaonkarS. AzeemA. AhmadF. KharR. PathanS. KhanZ. Microemulsions: A novel approach to enhanced drug delivery.Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul.20082323825710.2174/18722110878624167919075911
    [Google Scholar]
  142. BaliV. BhavnaA.M. AliM. BabootaS. AliJ. Potential of microemulsions in drug delivery and therapeutics: A patent review.Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul.20082213614410.2174/18722110878453407219075904
    [Google Scholar]
  143. AzminM.N. FlorenceA.T. Handjani-VilaR.M. StuartJ F B. VanlerbergheG. WhittakerJ.S. The effect of non-ionic surfactant vesicle (niosome) entrapment on the absorption and distribution of methotrexate in mice.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.201137423724210.1111/j.2042‑7158.1985.tb05051.x2860220
    [Google Scholar]
  144. RogersonA. CummingsJ. WillmottN. FlorenceA.T. The distribution of doxorubicin in mice following administration in niosomes.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.201140533734210.1111/j.2042‑7158.1988.tb05263.x2899629
    [Google Scholar]
  145. BaillieA.J. CoombsG.H. DolanT.F. LaurieJ. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, niosomes, as a delivery system for the anti-leishmanial drug, sodium stibogluconate.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.201138750250510.1111/j.2042‑7158.1986.tb04623.x2875149
    [Google Scholar]
  146. SinghB. KapilR. BandopadhyayS. KatareO.P. Dendrimers as nanobiopolymers: Drug delivery applications.Pharm Buzz20093443
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Dragicevic-CuricN. ScheglmannD. AlbrechtV. FahrA. Temoporfin-loaded invasomes: Development, characterization and in vitro skin penetration studies.J. Control. Release20081271596910.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.01318281119
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Dragicevic-CuricN. ScheglmannD. AlbrechtV. FahrA. Development of different temoporfin-loaded invasomes—novel nanocarriers of temoporfin: Characterization, stability and in vitro skin penetration studies.Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces200970219820610.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.12.03019188048
    [Google Scholar]
  149. zur MühlenA. SchwarzC. MehnertW. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery – Drug release and release mechanism.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.199845214915510.1016/S0939‑6411(97)00150‑19704911
    [Google Scholar]
  150. FreitasC. MüllerR.H. Stability determination of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN TM) in aqueous dispersion after addition of electrolyte.J. Microencapsul.1999161597110.1080/0265204992893109972503
    [Google Scholar]
  151. PardeikeJ. HommossA. MüllerR.H. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products.Int. J. Pharm.20093661-217018410.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.00318992314
    [Google Scholar]
  152. SoutoE.B. MüllerR.H. Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN ®, NLC ® ).Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.200830315716510.1111/j.1468‑2494.2008.00433.x18452432
    [Google Scholar]
  153. MüllerR.H. MäderK. GohlaS. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery - a review of the state of the art.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.200050116117710.1016/S0939‑6411(00)00087‑410840199
    [Google Scholar]
  154. MüllerR. PetersenR. HommossA. PardeikeJ. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic dermal products.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.200759652253010.1016/j.addr.2007.04.01217602783
    [Google Scholar]
  155. SinghB. BandopadhyayS. KapilR. KatareO.P. Nanostructured lipid carriers as novel drug delivery vehicles.Pharm Buzz20083846
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855279099240119110656
Loading
/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855279099240119110656
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keyword(s): conventional; herbal; pathophysiology; proliferative; Psoriasis; topical formulations
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test