Medicine
A Comprehensive Review on the Antimicrobial Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs) of Rhodanine Analogues
Rhodanines are five-member heterocyclics having sulfur nitrogen and oxygen atoms in their ring structure and exhibit potent as well as a broad range of pharmacological activities. They are thiazolidine derivatives and are well-known in medicinal chemistry for their wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Various modifications can be made to the structure of the rhodanine ring. Studies in recent years have validated the possibility of the potential of rhodanine derivatives to exhibit antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as mycobacterial and fungal strains. In this review the synthesis biological activity and Structure-activity Relationships (SARs) of molecules based on rhodanine against different microbes have been described
Paradigms and Practice Shifts: A Topical Narrative Review of the Evolving Face of Exposure-Based Treatment for Youth
Exposure therapy is the gold standard treatment for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders in children adolescents and adults. Inhibitory Learning Theory offers a nuanced and advanced perspective on exposure treatment positing that violating threat expectancies is more important than habituation. This paper highlights the effectiveness of inhibitory learning theory-guided exposure procedures for youth with anxiety and OCD chronic pain and eating disorders. A topical review focusing on the theoretical foundations of inhibitory learning theory crucial augmentations of the approach and outcomes with pediatric patients diagnosed with anxiety eating and pain disorders is presented. The literature review indicated that inhibitory learning theory-driven exposure produced beneficent outcomes in the identified populations. Various limitations and future directions were discussed. Limitations notwithstanding inhibitory learning theory-led exposure represents a viable treatment option for pediatric patients with anxiety eating and chronic pain disorders.
Differentiation of Restless Genital Syndrome from Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: A Case Report
Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) presents with a constant unwelcome sensation of genital arousal. Moreover restless genital syndrome (RGS) is one of the restless leg syndrome (RLS) variants.
We aimed to clarify the differences between clinical diagnoses of these two similar conditions. Assessing the circadian pattern of symptoms the simultaneous presence of RLS and restless bladder syndrome exacerbation of symptoms with caffeine use healing with magnesium use and familial history of RLS helped us with the differentiation between PGAD and RGS.
We propose to rule out the diagnosis of RGS in all patients with PGAD symptoms.
Cognitive Rehabilitation For Early-Stage Dementia: A Review
In the primary phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia memory impairments and cognitive abnormalities are common. Because of the rising prevalence of dementia among the elderly it is critical to promote healthy habits that can delay the onset of cognitive decline. Cognitive training (CT) and cognitive rehabilitation (CR) are particular treatments aimed to resolve memory and further areas of cognitive working in order to overcome these challenges. These are some of the different kinds of non-pharmacological treatments like reality orientation and skills training programs that can be used to deal with the cognitive and non-cognitive repercussions. The purpose of this review is to assess the efficacy and influence of cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation in patients who are in their early phases of Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. These interventions are geared toward improving the patients' memory in addition to other aspects of their cognitive functioning.
The Association Between Internalized Stigma and Feelings of Loneliness and Quality of Life in Patients with Mental Disorders
Individuals with mental disorders are subject to stigma from society. Some patients accept and internalize this stigma while others suffer from loneliness and reduced quality of life.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between internalized stigma feelings of loneliness and quality of life in patients with mental disorders.
In 2023 a descriptive study was conducted on 250 patients with psychological disorders who were referred to Sina Hospital (Farshchian) in Hamadan. The patients were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using four questionnaires: demographic information the internalized stigma of mental illness Russell's loneliness scale and the World Health Organization's 26-item quality of life questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in SPSS-22 software.
There was a significant positive correlation between internal stigma and loneliness (p < 0.001 r = 0.817) and a significant negative correlation between internal stigma and quality of life (p < 0.001 r = -0.777). Additionally loneliness and quality of life had a significant negative correlation (p < 0.001 r = -0.838).
The results generally indicate that approximately half of the patients with internalized stigma experience moderate to severe distress. As internalized stigma increases patients are more likely to experience feelings of loneliness and decrease their quality of life. Therefore it is recommended that measures be taken to reduce internalized stigma in patients with psychiatric disorders to alleviate feelings of loneliness and improve their quality of life.
The Psychological Status of Healthcare Workers of a COVID-19-Free Cancer Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey - A Cross-sectional Study
Identifying the psychosocial effects on healthcare workers is critical in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.
In this study we aimed to examine the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers of a cancer hospital in Turkey and to determine its predictors.
The psychosocial effects of the epidemic on hospital staff were evaluated by a psychiatrist through a face-to-face psychiatric interview. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic variables and questions about social changes and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) were administered to the hospital staff that agreed to participate in the study.
Twenty-three percent of the subjects had threshold values for the Global Severity Index in SCL-90-R. The most common symptoms were obsessions and depressive symptoms (42% and 36.5% respectively). Being young being a woman being single worsening economic situation high education level history of past psychiatric disorders isolation and/or quarantine history lack of personal protective equipment separation from the family fear of infecting a family member or cancer patient were determined as risk factors.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant psychosocial impact on healthcare workers highlighting the need for appropriate strategies to understand and mitigate these effects.
Factors Affecting Psychological Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Global mental health has been put at risk by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic both directly and indirectly through disruptive social shifts and neuropsychiatric repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite a little rise in self-reported mental health issues there has not been an increase in the population's rates of mental disorders self-harm or suicide that could be measured objectively. Demographic factors such as sex age and profession have emerged as key determinants with women younger individuals and frontline workers facing elevated risks. In this review we have addressed the key considerations that have impacted the mental well-being of the populace during COVID-19. A comprehensive literature search on the SCOPUS and PubMed databases was used to find the current research studies on the COVID-19 outbreak relevant to mental health. According to preliminary research self-reported stress (8%) and symptoms of worry and depression (16–28%) have been prevalent psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and they may have been linked to sleep disruption. This risk has been reported to be moderated by several individual and systemic factors. Acute and post-acute neuropsychiatric consequences of COVID-19 have also been identified with a significant prevalence of fatigue cognitive decline and anxiety and depression symptoms even months after infection. Coping with challenges such as social distancing economic instability and altered routines has posed significant mental health concerns. Access to mental health resources and robust social support systems has however played pivotal roles in addressing these challenges. The review has underscored the urgent need for comprehensive mental health interventions addressing social determinants ensuring equitable access to healthcare and recognizing the enduring effects of the pandemic.
Cross-talk between Peptide Neurotransmitters and their Role in Homeostasis of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
The bidirectional communication among the different peptide neurotransmitters and their receptors influences brain immunity and behavior. Among the peptide neurotransmitters Glutamate is the primary excitatory while; gamma-aminobutyrate (γ-GABA) is the inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamatergic/GABAergic imbalances are seen in many neurological and autoimmune disorders. With an aim to understand more deeply the intricacies of glutamate/GABA homeostasis we provide a critical review of glutamate glycine and GABA peptide neurotransmitters and their role in the brain behavior and immunity. Another aspect of maintaining this homeostasis has its origin in the gut-brain-axis which influences mood and behavior via the bidirectional biochemical exchange network between central (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). This present review also provides evidence of the cross-talk between glutamate glycine and GABA along the microbiota-gut-brain axis thus any variations in this axis bear the consequences of the pathological condition. Drugs like alcohol Benzodiazepines (Barbiturates) and neurosteroids inhibit the excitatory action of glutamate leading to an overall increase of glutamate/GABA ratio that causes relaxation of nerves. However these drugs are misused and abused among drug addicts and now their commercial production is either banned or downsized and heavily monitored. Because only a limited number of drug molecules are considered in pharmaceutics and clinics as antidepressants it is essential to focus on alternate peptide modulator analogues which are safe eco-friendly and can be used as drugs to relieve stress and anxiety. In this review we present a synopsis of the studies on synthetic GABAergic agonists or GABA modulators that can be targeted for future therapeutics and clinics.
Investigating the Effect of Ginger as an Adjunctive Treatment along with SSRIs to Reduce Anxiety in Patients with GAD: A Clinical Trial Study
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by exaggerated anxiety without any apparent cause of concern. The primary treatment of this disorder is usually SSRIs which have many digestive side effects and do not provide complete treatment for the patient. The use of non-pharmacological methods may help reduce these complications. Therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ginger as an adjunctive therapy along with SSRIs to reduce anxiety in patients with GAD.
In this double-blind controlled clinical trial study a total of 80 patients with GAD were randomly assigned into two groups. For the intervention group at the same time as SSRI drug two 500-mg ginger capsules were used daily while in the control group two starch capsules were used daily as a placebo along with SSRI. Data collection tools were Hamilton's anxiety questionnaire and a gastrointestinal symptom severity scale. Data were collected before the intervention and after the 12-week intervention.
There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of average anxiety and severity of digestive symptoms before the intervention (p > 0.05) but there was a significant difference between the groups after the intervention (p < 0.05). Also the average scores of anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in the intervention group increased significantly from the beginning of the intervention to the follow-up (intragroup difference) (p < 0.05).
The results of the study showed that the use of ginger along with SSRIs reduced anxiety and released the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with GAD. In addition in this study it was found that ginger along with SSRIs can have beneficial effects on indigestion diarrhea and nausea in patients with GAD. However these findings require more extensive research.
IRCT20201108049306N1.
The Experience of Parents When they Find Out that their Child has Autism: A Phenomenological Study
Mothers as vital and important individuals in their children's lives experience various struggles emotions and experiences in relation to their child's autism diagnosis. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of mothers' experiences in dealing with the diagnosis of autism in their child using a phenomenological approach.
In this study a qualitative phenomenological approach was used and purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved. The participants were selected from mothers who sought their children's participation in rehabilitation classes at the Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Center in Hamedan Iran. Unstructured interviews were conducted as the method of data collection. The descriptive method of Colaizzi was utilized for analyzing the obtained data.
Twelve participants took part in this study. The average age of the participants was 35.16 years. The analysis of mothers' lived experiences in dealing with their child's autism diagnosis using a descriptive phenomenological approach revealed four main themes: fear of the child's future worry about social harassment emergence of emotional shock and fear of trouble.
The results of this study demonstrated that concern for the child's future worry about social harm experiencing emotional shock and fear of being trapped were the major challenges faced by mothers upon learning about their child's positive autism diagnosis. Therefore professionals policymakers and regulatory organizations should pay attention to the issues raised in parents' experiences in order to provide appropriate healthcare services for children with autism and their families.
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Level and Gene Polymorphism as Risk Factors for Depression in Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus- A Case-Controlled Study
Diabetes mellitus and depression are comorbidities that can be caused by each other. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions as a neuronal growth factor. It maintains the functional integrity of the nervous system.
To study the possible association between BDNF levels and gene polymorphism with depression in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The Elisa technique measured BDNF and rs6265 gene polymorphism was detected using real-time PCR. Depression was assessed utilizing a clinical interview tool designed to establish the diagnosis of depression and differentiate it from other psychiatric diseases.
BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptoms of depression than in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and no symptoms of depression (82.6±16.1. vs. 122± 17.47 P˂ 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in BDNF levels in patients with diabetes among the three genotypes of the BDNF gene (P-value < 0.001). Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant genotype-related differences in serum BDNF levels among the three subgroups in the Depression group. Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism had no significant association with the presence of depression yet there was a trend towards significance (p = 0.05).
In this pilot Low levels of BDNF were associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carriers of the Met/ Met allele have the lowest serum BDNF levels. Multi-center studies with more participants are required.
Stem Cells Reprogramming in Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications: Recent Advances
The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is dramatically increasing worldwide and it is expected to affect 700 million cases by 2045. Diabetes influences health care economics human quality of life morbidity and mortality which were primarily seen extensively in developing countries. Uncontrolled DM which results in consistent hyperglycemia may lead to severe life-threatening complications such as nephropathy retinopathy neuropathy and cardiovascular complications.
In addition to traditional therapies with insulin and oral anti-diabetics researchers have developed new approaches for treatment including stem cell (SC) therapy which exhibits promising outcomes. Besides its significant role in treating type one DM (T1DM) and type two DM (T2DM) it can also attenuate diabetic complications. Furthermore the development of insulin-producing cells can be achieved by using the different types of SCs such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and multiple types of adult stem cells such as pancreatic hepatic and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). All these types have been extensively studied and proved their ability to develop insulin-producing cells but every type has limitations.
This review aims to enlighten researchers about recent advances in stem cell research and their potential benefits in DM and diabetic complications.
“Hyperglycemic Memory”: Observational Evidence to Experimental Inference
Several epidemiological studies have appreciated the impact of “duration” and “level” of hyperglycemia on the initiation and development of chronic complications of diabetes. However glycemic profiles could not fully explain the presence/absence and severity of diabetic complications. Genetic issues and concepts of “hyperglycemic memory” have been introduced as additional influential factors involved in the pathobiology of late complications of diabetes. In the extended phase of significant diabetes randomized controlled clinical trials including DCCT/EDIC and UKPDS studies have concluded that the quality of glycemic or metabolic control at the early time around the diabetes onset could maintain its protective or detrimental impact throughout the following diabetes course.
There is no reliable indication of the mechanism by which the transient exposure to a given glucose concentration level could evoke a consistent cellular response at target tissues at the molecular levels. Some biological phenomena such as the production and the concentration of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathway activations epigenetic changes and finally the miRNAs-mediated pathways may be accountable for the development of hyperglycemic memory. This work summarizes evidence from previous experiments that may substantiate the hyperglycemic memory soundness by its justification in molecular terms.
Investigating Ayurvedic Strategies: An In-Depth Examination of Managing Diabetes across Different Types
In light of the escalating global concern surrounding diabetes mellitus contemporary medical practices predominantly hinge on pharmaceutical interventions accompanied by inherent side effects and enduring limitations. This investigation accentuates a discernible research void regarding the amalgamation of Ayurvedic principles an age-old traditional medical system with prevalent approaches to diabetes management. Despite Ayurveda's promising potential in furnishing a comprehensive and personalized strategy for diabetes treatment the imperative for further research and collaboration between Ayurvedic practitioners and contemporary healthcare professionals becomes evident.
Existing scholarly works underscore the potential advantages of Ayurveda in delivering holistic diabetes care encompassing not only glycemic control but also fostering overall well-being. Nevertheless a closer examination reveals specific limitations challenges and gaps in current research necessitating targeted efforts to enable a more exhaustive exploration of Ayurvedic interventions within diabetes management. This comprehensive review scrutinizes Ayurvedic recommendations pertaining to dietary practices lifestyle adjustments and herbal therapeutics shedding light on their plausible efficacy. It serves as a clarion call for heightened research endeavors aiming to bridge existing gaps and carve a pathway toward an integrated patient-centric paradigm in diabetes care. In summary as diabetes prevalence continues to rise globally the study underscores the limitations of current pharmaceutical-centric approaches and highlights the need for extensive research and collaboration to unlock the full potential of Ayurvedic principles in providing a more holistic and personalized framework for diabetes management. The review navigates through Ayurvedic recommendations emphasizing the urgency for intensified research efforts to fill existing gaps and pave the way for a seamlessly integrated patient-focused approach to diabetes care.
Endothelial versus Metabolic Insulin Resistance, A Descriptive Review
Cardiovascular complications are a primary focus in the clinical management of type 2 diabetes as they are the leading causes of disability and mortality in individuals with diabetes. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction commonly coexist in diabetic patients. An increasing body of research indicates a reciprocal and interconnected association between endothelial function and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can manifest in two distinct forms: endothelial and metabolic with the former predominantly affecting vascular endothelial cells and the latter primarily impacting peripheral cells. The understanding of endothelial insulin resistance is crucial in comprehending the pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Hence the objective of this study is to examine the correlations interplays and molecular pathways linking endothelial insulin resistance and metabolic insulin resistance with the aim of offering novel insights and scholarly resources for the prevention and management of diabetic vascular complications.
3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Kinase 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Treating Diabetes
The role of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) has been well-documented in the development of diabetes. This review offers a thorough examination of its composition and associated routes specifically focusing on insulin signaling and glucose processing. By examining the precise connection between PDK1 and diabetes various strategies specifically targeting PDK1 were also investigated. Additionally recent discoveries from mouse models were compiled where PDK1 was knocked out in certain tissues which demonstrated encouraging outcomes for focused treatments despite the absence of any currently approved clinical PDK1 activators. Moreover the dual nature of PDK1 activation was discussed encompassing both anti-diabetic and pro-oncogenic effects. Hence the development of a PDK1 modifier is of utmost importance as it can activate anti-diabetic pathways while inhibiting pro-oncogenic pathways thus aiding in the treatment of diabetes. In general PDK1 presents a noteworthy opportunity for future therapeutic strategies in the treatment of diabetes.
Comparing Methods for Induction of Insulin Resistance in Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells
Cell culture plays a crucial role in addressing fundamental research questions particularly in studying insulin resistance (IR) mechanisms. Multiple in vitro models are utilized for this purpose but their technical distinctions and relevance to in vivo conditions remain unclear. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of existing in vitro models in inducing IR and their ability to replicate in vivo IR conditions.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a cellular condition linked to metabolic disorders. Despite the utility of cell culture in IR research questions persist regarding the suitability of various models. This study seeks to evaluate these models' efficiency in inducing IR and their ability to mimic in vivo conditions. Insights gained from this research could enhance our understanding of model strengths and limitations potentially advancing strategies to combat IR and related disorders.
1- Investigate the technical differences between existing cell culture models used to study molecular mediators of insulin resistance (IR).
2- Compare the effectiveness of present in vitro models in inducing insulin resistance (IR).
3- Assess the relevance of the existing cell culture models in simulating the in vivo conditions and environment that provoke the induction of insulin resistance (IR).
In vitro eight sets of 3T3-L1 cells were cultured until they reached 90% confluence. Subsequently adipogenic differentiation was induced using a differentiation cocktail (media). These cells were then divided into four groups with four subjected to normal conditions and the other four to hypoxic conditions. Throughout the differentiation process each cell group was exposed to specific factors known to induce insulin resistance (IR). These factors included 2.5 nM tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) 20 ng/ml interleukin-6 (IL-6) 10 micromole 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and high insulin (HI) at a concentration of 100 nM. To assess cell proliferation DAPI staining was employed and the expression of genes associated with various metabolic pathways affected by insulin resistance was investigated using Real-Time PCR. Additionally insulin signaling was examined using the Bio-plex Pro cell signaling Akt panel.
We induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells using IL-6 TNFα 4HNE and high insulin in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Hypoxia increased HIF1a gene expression by approximately 30% (P<0.01). TNFα reduced cell proliferation by 10-20% and chronic TNFα treatment significantly decreased mature adipocytes due to its cytotoxicity. We assessed the impact of insulin resistance (IR) on metabolic pathways focusing on genes linked to branched-chain amino acid metabolism detoxification and chemotaxis. Notably ALDH6A1 and MCCC1 genes related to amino acid metabolism were significantly affected under hypoxic conditions. TNFα treatment notably influenced MCP-1 and MCP-2 genes linked to chemotaxis with remarkable increases in MCP-1 levels and MCP-2 expression primarily under hypoxia. Detoxification-related genes showed minimal impact except for a significant increase in MAO-A expression under acute hypoxic conditions with TNFα treatment. Additional genes displayed varying effects warranting further investigation. To investigate insulin signaling's influence in vitro by IR-inducing factors we assessed phospho-protein levels. Our results reveal a significant p-Akt induction with chronic high insulin (10%) and acute TNFα (12%) treatment under hypoxia (both P<0.05). Other insulin resistance-related phospho-proteins (GSK3B mTOR PTEN) increased with IL-6 4HNE TNFα and high insulin under hypoxia while p-IRS1 levels remained unaffected.
In summary different in vitro models using inflammatory oxidative stress and high insulin conditions under hypoxic conditions can capture various aspects of in vivo adipose tissue insulin resistance (IR). Among these models acute TNFα treatment may offer the most robust approach for inducing IR in 3T3-L1 cells.
Association of the Immunity Genes with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a complicated illness marked by the death of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells which ultimately leads to insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia. T lymphocytes are considered to destroy pancreatic beta cells in the etiology of T1D as a result of hereditary and environmental factors. Although the latter factors are very important causes of T1D development this disease is very genetically predisposed so there is a significant genetic component to T1D susceptibility. Among the T1D-associated gene mutations those that affect genes that encode the traditional Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) entail the highest risk of T1D development. Accordingly the results of decades of genetic linkage and association studies clearly demonstrate that mutations in the HLA genes are the most associated mutations with T1D. They can therefore be used as biomarkers for prediction strategies and may even prove to be of value for personalized treatments. Other immunity-associated genetic loci are also associated with higher T1D risk. Indeed T1D is considered an autoimmune disease. Its prevalence is rising globally especially among children and young people. Given the global rise of and thus interest in autoimmune diseases here we present a short overview of the link between immunity especially HLA genes and T1D.
Incretin Therapy and Insulin Signaling: Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes And Associated Dementia
Dementia is the primary cause of disability and dependence among the elderly population worldwide. The population living with dementia is anticipated to double in the next 17 years. Recent studies show the fact that compared to people without diabetes people with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have about a 60% increased chance of developing dementia. In addition to cholinergic function being downregulated improper insulin signalling also has a negative impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. Type 2 diabetes and dementia share various similar pathophysiological components. The ageing of the population and the ensuing rise in dementia prevalence are both results of ongoing medical advancements. It is possible that restoring insulin signaling could be a helpful therapy against dementia as it is linked to both diminished cognitive function and the development of dementia including AD. This review article comprehensively focused on scientific literature to analyze the relationship of Dementia with diabetes recent experimental studies and insight into incretin-based drug therapy for diabetes-related dementia.
Effects of Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Physiological Conditions - A Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune manifestation defined by persistent hyperglycemia and alterations in protein fatty substances and carbohydrate metabolism as an effect of problems with the secretion of insulin action or both. Manifestations include thirst blurred eyesight weight loss and ketoacidosis which can majorly lead to coma. There are different types of diabetes according to class or by cellular level. They are interrelated with hyperlipidemia as they are involved in the metabolism and regulation of physiological factors. Most parameters are seen at cellular or humoral levels yet the underlying concern remains the same.
To create a systematic correlation between the disease and locate the exact mechanism and receptors responsible for it. So this article covers a proper way to resolve the conditions and their manifestation through literacy and diagrammatic.
Hence this will be an insight for many scholars to understand the exact mechanism involved in the process.