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- Volume 18, Issue 38, 2012
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 18, Issue 38, 2012
Volume 18, Issue 38, 2012
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Recent Advances in Preoperative Cardiac Evaluation
More LessUnderlying cardiovascular disease is a potentially modifiable risk factor that contributes significantly to perioperative morbidity and mortality. Reducing perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality requires risk modifying perioperative management. This, in turn, requires preoperative identification of patients with, or at risk of having cardiovascular disease. Preoperative cardiac evaluation includes, (i) reco Read More
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Hyperglycemia and Perioperative Glucose Management
More LessHyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. Surgical patients commonly develop hyperglycemia related to the hypermetabolic stress response, which increases glucose production and causes insulin resistance. Although hyperglycemia is associated with worse outcomes, the treatment of hyperglycemia with insulin infusions has not provided consistent benefits. Despite ear Read More
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Perioperative Glycemic Management in Insulin Pump Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Basem Abdelmalak, Michael Ibrahim, Jean-Pierre Yared, Mary Beth Modic and Christian NasrIncreasingly more Americans are being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and the number of those using the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump (CSII), commonly known as the insulin pump, is on the rise. Although evidence is lacking on how best to manage insulin pump patients perioperatively, several individual or institutional approaches have been developed. Here we propose a comprehensive algorith Read More
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Goal Directed Fluid Therapy
Authors: Paul E. Marik and Himanshu DesaiThe cornerstone of treating patients with shock remains as it has for decades, intravenous fluids. Surprisingly, dosing intravenous fluid during resuscitation of shock remains largely empirical. Recent data suggests that early aggressive resuscitation of critically ill patients may limit and/or reverse tissue hypoxia, progression to organ failure and improve outcome. However, overzealous fluid resuscitation has been associate Read More
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Developmental Synaptogenesis and General Anesthesia: A Kiss of Death?
More LessNormal cognitive development depends on the timely formation of meaningful neuronal circuitries. These, in turn, depend on the proper formation and functioning of neuronal synapses, which control the flow of information between neurons. The time period when synapse formation is most intense is referred to as synaptogenesis, coinciding with the peak of brain development. The latest animal and human research suggest Read More
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Neurotoxicity of General Anesthetics: An Update
Authors: Phillip Vlisides and Zhongcong XieThough general anesthetics have now been used clinically for well over a century, both their mechanisms of action as well as the nature of any potentially neurotoxic side effects remain elusive. With roughly 234 million people undergoing surgery each year worldwide, it remains imperative that any potentially deleterious effects of anesthetics be investigated and addressed. The issue of anesthetic- induced neurotoxicity in c Read More
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Fospropofol, A New Sedative Anesthetic, and Its Utility in the Perioperative Period
Authors: Basem Abdelmalak, Ashish Khanna and John TetzlaffFospropofol is an intravenous sedative-anesthetic agent that is FDA-approved for monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation in adult patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. As a prodrug of propofol, fospropofol's pharmacologic activity results from its breakdown by alkaline phosphatase and release of propofol, which is the active molecule. It exhibits a longer time to peak clinical effect and a more pr Read More
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Novel Etomidate Derivatives
More LessEtomidate is a well established intravenous anaesthetic agent which has been widely used. Recognised limitations of the agent include adrenocortical suppression, myoclonus and post-operative nausea and vomiting, PONV. MOC-etomidate, carboetomidate and MOC-carboetomidate are novel etomidate derivatives. Their preclinical data and their potential for human administration are critically reviewed. ‘Soft’ pharm Read More
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The Use of Dexmedetomidine in Anesthesia and Intensive Care: A Review
Authors: Ehab Farag, Maged Argalious, Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Zeyd Ebrahim and D. John DoyleThe alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine is being increasingly used for sedation and as an adjunctive agent during general and regional anesthesia. It is used in a number of procedures and clinical settings including neuroanesthesia, vascular surgery, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fiberoptic intubation, and pediatric anesthesia. The drug is also considered a nearly ideal sedative agent in the intensive care setting. However, th Read More
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Advances in Drug Safety
The operating room offers a unique setting where anesthetics, preoperative medications, patient comorbidities, and surgery all merge. Anesthesiologists are responsible for combining these concerns into a dependable and safe approach. From formulation to administration, enhancements in nearly every aspect of a given drug have improved the ability of anesthesiologists to accomplish this. Some of these m Read More
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Statin Therapy
More Less3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are primarily used to treat dyslipidemia. Yet, these medications have a number of additional important pleiotropic properties that confer patient benefit in terms of reduced cardiovascular morbidity. Investigators have reported that statins may be underutilized in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. Periprocedural benefits have been report Read More
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Colloid Update
More LessThis update aims to provide an evidence based review of natural and synthetic colloids with a special emphasis on the various generations of the synthetic colloid hydroxyethyl starch. The effect of 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation hetastarches on bleeding, coagulopathy, acute kidney injury and mortality will be discussed. The results of randomised controlled trials addressing morbidity and mortality outcomes of colloid versus cry Read More
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Recent Advances in Perioperative Anesthetic Management Update in the Perioperative Support of Patients with Septic Shock and the Effect on Outcomes
Authors: Aaron Douglas, Ellen Wurm, Patrick Pickett and J. Steven HataSeptic shock during the perioperative period imparts significant challenges for anesthetic management. There is increasing support for standardization of care using evidence-based, international consensus guidelines, such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. This review will highlight practices in the supportive management relevant to the perioperative care of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock and their effec Read More
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Recent Advances in Perioperative Anesthetic Management Update on the Role of Vasopressin and its Effects on Outcomes
Authors: Chiedozie I. Udeh, J. L. Diaz-Gomez, D. Anthony, A. Satyapriya, S. Perez-Protto and J. S. HataThe vasoconstrictive and antidiuretic physiologic properties of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) have long been known. Until recently however, vasopressin was mostly used for diabetes insipidus and noctournal enuresis. This review summarizes the growing body of evidence regarding the perioperative use of vasopressin and its analogues in the management of certain forms of cardiovascular collapse. Physiologically, vaso Read More
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Anesthesia for Bronchoscopy
Authors: Basem B. Abdelmalak, Thomas R. Gildea and D. John DoyleBronchoscopic procedures are at times intricate and the patients often very ill. These factors and an airway shared with the pulmonologist present a clear challenge to anesthesiologists. The key to success lies in the understanding of both the underlying pathology and procedure being performed combined with frequent two-way communication between the anesthesiologist and the pulmonologist. Above all, vigilance an Read More
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Cellular Mechanisms of Brain Injury and Cell Death
Authors: Armin Schubert and Logan EmoryAn array of clinical events may lead to perioperative neurological injury. We first review the general cellular mechanisms leading to brain tissue injury and death. The genesis and mechanisms of injury after cerebral aneurysm surgery, traumatic brain injury, postoperative vascular insult in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease are discussed, as are strategies for prevention and treatment. More has become known a Read More
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Atorvastatin Sensitises Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but not Endothelial Cells, to TNF-α-induced Cell Death
Objective. Stimuli activating vascular smooth muscle cell death can constrain the neointimal response to arterial damage and prevent vascular thickening. Conversely, endothelial cell death increases endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis risk. We investigated the combined effect of atorvastatin and TNF-α on vascular cell death. Methods and Results. Cell death was investigated in cultures of human aortic smooth mus Read More
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Directly Scavenges Hydroxyl Radical and Hypochlorous Acid
Authors: Jian-Ming Lu, Sarah M. Weakley, Zhen Yang, Ming Hu, Qizhi Yao and Changyi ChenReactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, autism, cataracts and aging. When endogenous mechanisms for the maintenance of redox homeostasis are overwhelmed, dietary intake of antioxidants contributes substantially to balancing the body's oxidant/antioxidant status. Ginsenosides ar Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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