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- Volume 18, Issue 12, 2012
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 18, Issue 12, 2012
Volume 18, Issue 12, 2012
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Editorial [ Hot Topic: Past, Present and Future in the Treatment of Major Psychotic Disorders (Executive Guest Editor: Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis)]
More LessThe modern era of the treatment of major psychotic disorders started in 1927 when Manfred Sakel introduced the insulin-coma therapy but the real revolution came in 1938, when Lucio Bini and Ugo Cerletti documented the first therapeutic use of electrically induced seizures in humans. Later, in 1952 the first antipsychotic, cholpromazine was introduced by Henry Laborit, Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker while lithium was e Read More
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Basic Pharmacology of NMDA Receptors
By Xenia GondaNMDA receptors are ionotropic receptors mediating glutamatergic neurotransmission and play a role in several basic functions in the central nervous system, from regulating neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, learning and memory formation, cognitive processes, rhythm generation necessary for locomotor activity and breathing, and excitotoxicity. Due to their complex involvement in the above processes, Read More
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Is Dopamine Neurotransmission Altered in Prodromal Schizophrenia? A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Martin Bauer, Nicole Praschak-Rieder, Siegfried Kasper and Matthaus WilleitIt is known that early treatment improves the outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Treatment interventions prior to the onset of frank psychosis hold the promise of even better outcomes. Since schizophrenia typically has a year long prodromal phase before becoming clinically manifest, the field has made increasing efforts to define reliable criteria for subjects who are at high risk for psychosis (at-risk mental state, ARMS sub Read More
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Genetic Data Supporting the NMDA Glutamate Receptor Hypothesis for Schizophrenia
Authors: Thomas L. Schwartz, Shilpa Sachdeva and Stephen M. StahlThe Dopamine Hypothesis has been the leading theory used to explain the mechanism of the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia symptoms for decades. It is unclear if excess dopaminergic activity is the primary pathophysiology causing psychosis or if this dopamine excess is triggered by upstream, downstream or neurodevelopmental abnormalities. A corollary hypothesis suggests that the glutamatergic system may be in Read More
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Glutamatergic Animal Models of Schizophrenia
Authors: Corina Bondi, Marguerite Matthews and Bita MoghaddamDysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission has been implicated in schizophrenia primarily because antagonists of the nmethyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors exacerbate preexisting symptoms of schizophrenia in patients and produce behavioral disruptions that resemble some symptoms of schizophrenia in healthy individuals. Given this, NMDA receptor antagonists have been used extensively to Read More
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The Possible Involvement of NMDA Glutamate Receptor in the Etiopathogenesis of Bipolar Disorder
More LessGlutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and the ionotropic NMDA receptor is one of the major classes of its receptors, thought to play an important role in schizophrenia and mood disorders. The current systematic review summarized the evidence concerning the involvement of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Genetic studies point to the genes encoding t Read More
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Mechanisms of Neutrophil-mediated Disease: Innovative Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Thea Magrone and Emilio JirilloOver recent years, neutrophil functions have extensively been reevaluted. For instance, it has been found that extracellular traps generated by activated neutrophils are able to perform a very effective antimicrobial activity against a plethora of microorganisms. In addition, neutrophils possess the ability to interact with monocytes/macrophages either via release of their granule content or via efferocytosis. Efferocytosis Read More
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The Mechanism of Carvedilol in Experimental Viral Myocarditis
Authors: Li Yue-Chun, Ge Li-Sha, Guan Xue-Qiang and Lin Jia-FengCarvedilol is a nonselective β-blocker with α1-adrenergic blocking and antioxidant properties. A number of preclinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that carvedilol provides prominent benefit in heart failure. However, less research has been done in the area of animal models of viral myocarditis. This paper reviews the use of carvedilol in animal models of viral myocarditis. The experimental evidence strongly s Read More
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A Critical Appraisal of the Functional Evolution of P2Y12 Antagonists as Antiplatelet Drugs
Authors: S. M.A. Fayaz, G. K. Rajanikant and G. K. RajanikantP2Y12 receptor mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation is one of the most explored and exploited pathways in antiplatelet drug therapy to prevent ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, Cangrelor and Elinogrel are the P2Y12 inhibitors that act as antiplatelet drugs. In this revi Read More
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Sympathetic Nervous System Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis, Linking Neurodegeneration to a Reduced Response to Therapy
More LessA lower than normal function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been identified early in the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) and has been shown to play a role in the pathology of the disease. In addition, the chronic use of many drugs commonly used by MS patients could further downregulate SNS by interfering with norepinephrine (NE) synthesis/release and/or interfering with the function of the adrenergic recept Read More
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Old Wine in a New Bottle: The Warburg Effect and Anticancer Mechanisms of Resveratrol
Authors: Irfana Muqbil, Frances W.J. Beck, Bin Bao, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Ramzi M. Mohammad, S. M. Hadi and Asfar S. AzmiResveratrol found in fruits, vegetables and beverages such as red wine, has been extensively evaluated for its anticardiovascular disease and cancer preventive effects. Even though studies have demonstrated its anti-tumor effects, there is still no clear explanation for cancer cell selective mechanisms of action of resveratrol. Initial investigations were focused on its anti-oxidant and cytoprotective mechanism of action, yet, Read More
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In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Immunogenicity and Mechanism of PEGylated Antitumor Polypeptide
Authors: Zhendong Liu, Weiguang Li, Han-Mei Xu, Xiaofeng Huang, Li Pan, Yinling Ren, Yongjing Yang, Yongbing Li, Chunyan Pu and Chi ZhangHM-3, An RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-modified polypeptide derived from endostatin, is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. Its robust inhibitory effects on endothelial cell migration and tumor growth have been demonstrated by activity assay both in vitro and in vivo. However, HM-3 has relatively short half-life in vivo. In order to prolong its half-life and retain its safety and efficacy, previous studies modified HM-3 with four types of PEG (s Read More
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Cucurbitacins as Inducers of Cell Death and a Rich Source of Potential Anticancer Compounds
Authors: J. L. Rios, I. Andujar, J. M. Escandell, R. M. Giner and M. C. RecioTriterpenes have been reported to induce cell death. One relevant group of this family of compounds is cucurbitacins, which have been studied as inducers of apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. The most significant mechanisms with regard to the apoptotic effects of cucurbitacins are their ability to modify transcriptional activities via nuclear factors or genes and their capability to activate or inhibit pro- or anti-apoptotic prot Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
- Issue 38
- Issue 37
- Issue 36
- Issue 35
- Issue 34
- Issue 33
- Issue 32
- Issue 31
- Issue 30
- Issue 29
- Issue 28
- Issue 27
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- Issue 24
- Issue 23
- Issue 22
- Issue 21
- Issue 20
- Issue 19
- Issue 18
- Issue 17
- Issue 16
- Issue 15
- Issue 14
- Issue 13
- Issue 12
- Issue 11
- Issue 10
- Issue 9
- Issue 8
- Issue 7
- Issue 6
- Issue 5
- Issue 4
- Issue 3
- Issue 2
- Issue 1
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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