Current Organic Chemistry - Volume 15, Issue 17, 2011

Many modern devices, which have surrounded people in daily life, are seen by their users as “black boxes”: they perform their task and only a few specialists understand the principles of their function. The students learn about electrochemistry, they know the terms as “battery”, “capacitor”, “electrode”, “a kitchen salt electrolysis”, “measurement of pH” etc. Some drivers know the principles of the car batteries. The same peo Read More

The review with 132 references is focused on the electroanalytical behavior of pesticides related to their chemical structure. Relative advantages and disadvantages of their determination on various electrodes are discussed and recent works dealing with both batch voltammetric methods and methods employing amperometric detection in flow systems are summarized.

Natural nucleobases are electrochemically active, producing analytically useful oxidation and reduction signals (usually measured at carbon or mercury-based electrodes, respectively). Electroactive indicators and labels are used in electrochemical nucleic acids sensing to improve selectivity and sensitivity of the biosensors and bioassays and to expand the palette of applicable electrode materials. Electrochemical activity of t Read More

This review deals with the description of heterogeneous electrochemical reactions (reduction or oxidation processes) in the presence of cyclodextrin molecules with particular focus on the changes of the reaction mechanisms. Homogeneous processes, i.e. electron transfer between two reactants in solution are omitted. Generally, cyclodextrins (CDs) can serve as a source of protons or can effectively stabilize the rea Read More

This review with 119 references describes applications of amalgam electrodes in organic electrochemistry. Possible detection arrangements and useful techniques utilizing voltammetric and amperometric methods are briefly discussed. However, main attention is paid to the description of mechanisms of electrode reactions of investigated organic compounds determined at amalgam electrodes during last ten years. Select Read More

The knowledge of thermodynamic balances among metal species in environmental matrixes can help in the understanding of processes related to the environmental stress of plants and in the design of suitable phytoremediation strategy. In these processes, lowmolecular- weight organic acids (LMWOAs) play a very important role, and therefore the determination of metals species with LMWOAs is of current research interest. El Read More

2,2-Dinitroethene-1,1-diamine (FOX-7) is a compound synthesized in 1998 with a simple structure but very unusual properties. One part of the molecule bears two geminal electron-withdrawing nitro groups as a strong oxidation center and the opposite part is represented by two electron-donating amino groups. This combination creates a so called push-pull effect of electrons. The electron distribution is unbalanced enabli Read More

The manuscript reviews the recent trends and advances regarding utilization of composite solid materials, above all, of their application for construction of composite solid electrodes (CSEs). These electrodes have been used in electrochemical studies and determinations of micromolar and submicromolar (in some cases even subnanomolar) concentrations of various environmentally important biologically active, mostly Read More

Boron doped diamond (BDD) has been recognized as nearly ideal electrode material for many electrochemical applications due to the low and stable background current over a wide potential range, corrosion and fouling resistance, high thermal conductivity, and high current densities. Microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays possess numerous attractive features for electrochemistry including reduced iR drop, low ca Read More

This review is focused on creatine (CR) (methyl guanidine acetic acid) and its application in the form of a dietary supplement. It has been especially utilized by athletes, but its pronounced therapeutic potential is also discussed in the present article. It is supposed that human body uses CR for the formation of creatine phosphate (PCr), which is necessary for muscular work as a source of energy. The effects of supplemented CR on Read More

In this review (with 100 refs), applicability of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) in organic electrochemistry is of interest, when the authors cover the area in its entirety and over the whole period of the existence of carbon pastes in electrochemistry and electroanalysis. The individual periods are retrospectively summarised, when particular attention is paid to the Adams' era representing the most extensive research ever carried Read More

Electrochemical methods used for the investigation, determination and monitoring of carcinogenic nitro (NPAHs) and amino (APAHs) derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of electrode reactions of NPAHs at traditional mercury electrodes and electrodes based on silver amalgam, and of APAHs at electrodes based on the different types of carbon materi Read More

This review summarizes the recent advances on the redox reactions involving α-functionalized aldehydes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes. In the presence of N-heterocyclic carbene, α-functionalized aldehydes such as α-haloaldehydes, α-ring-fused aldehydes, α-aryloxyacetaldehydes and α-aroyloxyaldehydes undergo the redox reactions affording novel reaction types.

p-toluenesulfonic acid has been used in many organic preparations as a good solid catalyst. In this review, we wish to report some applications of this catalyst in organic reactions.

Approaches for the preparation of azaenamines as well as the chemical reactivity profiles and structures of these substances are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the use of these substances as C-nucleophiles in the synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles and fused derivatives.

A broad range of fundamental free radical reactions, including hydrogen and halogen atom transfer, radical deoxygenations, radical cyclization reactions, radical additions to C=C and C=N double bonds utilizing β-cyclodextrin-ionic liquid(mono-6-(1-methyl-3- imidazolium) - 6 - deoxy - β -cyclodextrin tosylate (MIM-β-CDOTs) based molecular reactors/alternative media at room temperature are investigated. The reactions p Read More