Current Nanomaterials - Volume 10, Issue 1, 2025

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are formed in vast amounts worldwide for usage in several applications. They possess excellent photocatalytic properties, high chemical stability, and a wide bandgap, making them highly effective in environmental remediation and solar energy conversion. TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit biocompatibility, allowing their utilization in biomedical uses, such as molecular imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Chemical methods, such as hydrothermal, sol-gel, and chemical vapor deposition, provide versatility in controlling nanoparticle size, morphology, and crystallinity. They offer relatively lower production costs, scalability, and the ability to incorporate dopants or functionalize the nanoparticle surface. Their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio enable enhanced reactivity and surface functionality, facilitating their incorporation into composite materials and surface coatings for improved performance. Regarding the potential toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles, the bulk form of TiO2 is considered safe for human consumption, but the reduced size of nanoparticles raises concerns about their potential adverse effects. TiO2 nanoparticles strongly depend on factors, such as particle size, surface modifications, exposure route, and duration. Therefore, continued research is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity mechanisms and develop strategies to mitigate any potential adverse effects, ensuring the safe and responsible utilization of TiO2 nanoparticles in different fields.

Carbon nanotubes, as their name implies, are nanotubes made of carbon. Carbon nanotubes, liposomes, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanogels, and others are carbon nanoparticles. CNTs are synthesized using a variety of processes, including laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and arc discharge. Each method affects the nanotubes' final structure, diameter, and chirality, which affects their qualities and future applications. Furthermore, CNT functionalization and doping allow for changes in surface characteristics, compatibility with various materials, and improving performance in multiple applications. Carbon nanotubes are used in drug delivery systems to transport drugs from one place to another to achieve therapeutic effects. Carbon nanotubes have a wide variety of applications like those used in gene therapy, the treatment of cancer, diagnosis, tissue regeneration or engineering, etc. Moreover, CNTs (carbon nanotubes) have been recently revealed as promising antioxidants. They have great results in medicine and pharmacy. Its simple structure, high thermal and electronic conductivity, and nanometer size attract. Carbon nanotubes can deliver proteins, bioactive peptides, drugs, and nucleic acids to organs and cells. CNTs have a thin graphene sheet, which classifies them and changes their functions. This manuscript covers carbon nanotube history, classification, and applications.

Camouflage nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as a promising paradigm in the realm of disease therapy, offering a distinctive set of properties and versatile applications. These nanoparticles, characterized by their size, typically falling within the range of 1 to 100 nm, hold significant promise for the realms of targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and imaging. Diverse categories of camouflage nanoparticles, encompassing liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers, have been under intensive scrutiny for their potential to combat a spectrum of diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular ailments, genetic anomalies, and cancer. These nanoparticles exhibit the remarkable ability to surmount biological barriers, including the formidable blood-brain barrier, thereby facilitating the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues. This precision augments drug efficacy while simultaneously mitigating systemic side effects. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the refinement of nanoparticle design, the assurance of long-term safety, and the pursuit of scalability and cost-effectiveness. Looking ahead, future prospects encompass expanding the purview of disease-specific applications, advancing cutting-edge imaging modalities, crafting multifunctional nanoparticles, and seamlessly integrating nascent technologies. With relentless dedication to research and innovation, CNPs hold the potential to metamorphose the landscape of disease therapy, ushering in a new era marked by heightened drug efficacy, diminished side effects, and the realization of personalized medicine paradigms. This review aims to illuminate the burgeoning arena of CNPs in disease therapy, casting a spotlight on their latent potential as a conduit for targeted drug delivery. Through an exploration of their unique attributes, applications, and extant challenges, this review seeks to galvanize further research and development within this propitious domain, ultimately striving to revolutionize disease therapy by aligning it with the tenets of enhanced efficacy, attenuated side effects, and the realization of personalized medicine aspirations.

One of the difficult areas of pharmaceutical research is the controlled delivery of drugs to the eye. The drainage of the solution, the quick turnover of the tears, and the diluting effects of lacrimation all contribute to a short drug contact time and poor ocular bioavailability with conventional systems. Drug delivery system design is also governed by the eye's anatomical barriers and its physiological conditions. To prevent retinal uptake of drugs given systemically, the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) has tight junctions that block drug entry. It has been discovered that conventional ophthalmic dosage forms can be avoided along with the problems they cause by using nanocarriers. There are a variety of nanosized carriers available for this purpose, including liposomes, niosomes, polymeric micelles, Nanocarrier-loaded gels, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review gives a resume of the different parts of ocular delivery, with a focus on nanocarrier-based strategies, such as delivery routes and the challenges and limits of making new nanocarriers.

There are several safeguards in place to protect the brain from injury because of its vulnerability. Two major barriers prevent harmful substances from entering the brain: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Although there has been some success in devising ways for transporting medicines to the brain, the great majority of the nanoparticles (NPs) used in these procedures are destroyed in the process. An awareness of the whole scope of the delivery process and the numerous obstacles it may offer is necessary for the sensible design of brain-targeted pharmaceutical delivery systems. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the best-known physiological barrier affecting both brain access and the efficacy of various pharmacological therapies. Accordingly, the development of a promising therapy for the treatment of brain disorders requires drug targeting of the brain, specifically damaged cells. Researchers are looking into nano-carrier systems, also called surface-modified target-specific novel carrier systems, to determine if they can be used to boost the effectiveness of brain drugs while minimizing their side effects. These strategies have the potential to bypass BBB function, leading to increased drug levels in the brain. Numerous physiological parameters, such as active efflux transport, the brain's protein corona, nanocarrier stability and toxicity, physicochemical features, patient-related factors, and others, determine whether or not a novel carrier system is functional.