Current Indian Science - Current Issue

A plant from the Acanthaceae family, Hygrophila spinosa T. Ander is geographically distributed throughout Asia and is noted for its diuretic and aphrodisiac properties in Ayurvedic literature. In the last four decades, various research teams have conducted experiments with the plant Hygrophila spinosa to screen the plant for hepatoprotective, anti-urolithiasis, diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, chemoprotective, and anticancer activities along with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids are among the phytochemicals separated from different plant components, along with vitamins and minerals.

Considering the therapeutic value of the plant, focus on using current technology to quantify and confirm the pharmacological effects with in vitro and in vivo assays was felt and to shed light on in silico investigations.

Relevant analytical tools for characterizing and quantifying phytoconstituents in the plant, along with emphasis on well-established pharmacological screening experiments on parts and whole plant extracts, commercially available formulations of H.spinosa have been elaborated. It has been discussed how to further validate the pharmacological effects using in silico methods and predictions from ADME/T analyses. H. spinosa based Phyto fabricated nanoparticle systems with gold and silver have broadened the use of plant extract as a metal. carrier which minimizesmetal. toxicity to further boost its synergistic effects in response to the growing need for targeted medicine delivery systems.

In light of the necessity to investigate a specific mechanism of action for each of the specific phytoconstituents contained in the plant, the present review summarizes the phytochemical and pharmacological importance of the plant in chronic illness.

Colorectal cancer is still challenging for scientists and healthcare professionals. Conventional treatment methods are associated with various limitations at a clinical bed and patient’s compliance. Novel nanocarrier based approaches opened a new window for improved therapy and new future perspective.

Cancer is the deadliest disease globally and is challenging to healthcare systems. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, affecting all age groups and the most common cancer in 23 countries, as per the World Health Organization (WHO).

In this review, we addressed nanocarriers based strategic treatment of colorectal cancer, major findings, limitations, and future perspective. For this, we seriously reviewed literature downloaded from prime sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Publon. To filter the exact need of data, we used keyword alone in combination. Various relevant articles were obtained from the reference section of the selected papers.

It is necessary to have an effective and targeted treatment option to control CRC compared to available remedies. Nanotechnology has been widely used to diagnose and treat several cancer types. Advances in nanomedicine and phytonanomedicine promoted novel identification methods to treat colorectal cancer patients. There are several nanocarriers recommended for clinical purposes. However, to date, only a few clinically approved nanocarriers can load anticancer moieties and selectively bind to cancer cells. Some nanocarriers transport and release treatments to the target colorectal area but provide few benefits.

In this review, various nanoparticles (NPs) with unique properties have been discussed in relation to managing colorectal cancer, major outcomes of clinical trials, and successful patents published so far.

Wound healing is a dynamic process that is affected by various processes. Medications involved in wound healing can interfere with clot formation, inflammation reduction, and cell proliferation. Collagen is the natural existing compound that has the ability to enhance tissue regeneration. Various drugs used for healing have cons like inhibiting DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis, resulting in decreased fibroplasias and neovascularisation of wounds.

The objective of this work is the formulation of the collagen scaffold impregnated with the Atorvastain using cow urine as solvent.

The methodology involves the isolation of the collagen from the bones of the animals by using acetic acid. The obtained collagen was subjected to homogenization and sonification to get a fine powder. To this solvent, Atorvastatin and glycerine were added then it was dried at 60°C for 24 hrs to get the impregnated scaffold. The formulated scaffold was evaluated for wound healing activity by using the excision wound model.

The result shows that the scaffolds are good in nature and meet all the standards of the standard scaffold. The wound healing activity is assessed by using the excision wound healing model in rats. The results show the significant value of 99% wound healing activity from the statin-impregnated scaffold. The biological parameters like total collagen, hexosamine, and uronic acid were evaluated and these observations indicated higher values of 4.024 ± 0.069, 304 ± 4.11, and 75.83 ± 1.93 compared with the plain scaffold.

The optimised formulation exhibited good mechanical strength with better wound healing activity. The percent wound healing activity and antimicrobial activity observed from the collagen scaffold was found to be more significant compared with the scaffolds not containing statins.

In our present work, we have considered a simple parametric form of the Hubble parameter (H) for a canonical scalar field model described within a spatially flat FRW spacetime framework. Here we have considered a well-behaved parametrization scheme of the normalized Hubble parameter to explain the expansion history of the universe.

Under this scenario, we have obtained the analytic solutions for various relevant cosmological parameters. We have also reconstructed the potential function V(φ) for the scalar field φ.

It has been found that the deceleration parameter (q) shows exactly the nature which is well expected, i.e., an accelerated expansion for low z limit and deceleration for high z limit, which is essential for the structure formation of the Universe. Detailed data analysis has been carried out to check the viability of the proposed theoretical model by using combined dataset SNIa+H(z)+BAO/CMB and put constraints on the cosmological parameters, viz. the present value of the Hubble parameter H0.

As it has been observed that the deceleration parameter undergoes a smooth transition from an accelerating phase to decelerating expansion, this result supports the structure formation at the early time and the late time cosmic acceleration measurements. The results are found to be closer to the value obtained by the PLANCK collaboration.

Developmental toxicology deals with the effects of compounds on fertility and with birth defects that could occur at any stage of the reproductive cycle. In this study, we evaluated the teratogenic effects of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans on zebrafish embryo.

The developmental toxicity study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity induced by Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans on zebrafish embryo. We also studied the cytotoxicity of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans.

Zebrafish embryos were exposed to a methanolic extract of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans at concentrations of 10,25,50, and 100 μg/ml starting from 24 hours post fertilization (HPF) to 72 HPF. Developmental defects, if any, were observed under a microscope. Cytotoxicity of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans were also evaluated by using brine shrimp and the corresponding LC50 value of the methanolic extract of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans were also calculated.

The LC50 value of the methanolic extract of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans were found to be 77 μg/ml. However, some forms of developmental toxicity were observed in zebrafish embryos when treated with different concentrations of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans extract.

The methanolic extract of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans were found to be cytotoxic in brine shrimp, and the LC50 value was found to be 77 μg/ml. However, there was some level of developmental toxicity in the Zebrafish embryo model at different concentrations of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet beans extract.

People have been using different plants to treat a wide variety of illnesses ever since the dawn of human civilisation, medicinal plants have been employed. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 80% of people living in developing countries lack the financial means to purchase synthetic drugs. As a result, these individuals turn to traditional medicines, the majority of which are derived from plants, to satisfy their fundamental requirements for health care. Plants have been used as medicine from the beginning of time to cure a broad variety of ailments, including gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary problems, hepatobiliary discomfort, as well as psychiatric and respiratory issues.

In order to get the necessary data, the procedure involves scouring multiple search engines, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Sci Finder, for citations that pertain to the topic at hand. Regarding anti-inflammatories, anti-pyretic, analgesics, and antioxidants.

For a considerable amount of time, many different plants have been used as a treatment for fever, and recent scientific research has demonstrated that these treatments reduce the temperature of the human body. The significance of medicinal plants as a kind of treatment for fever is brought into sharp focus by this analysis.

This review can also assist researchers and scientists in locating new antioxidants, antipyretic compounds, and plants that have been utilized for a considerable amount of time.

Artificial Intelligence has witnessed exponential expansion in health care applications. The article pronounces the dynamic excellence AI is achieving in the healthcare discipline of neuroscience.

The paper highlights basic concepts of AI and acmes the interdisciplinary collaboration of Computational neuroscience, Cognitive science, and AI. Also, the article draws out important findings related to AI in neuroscience amongst its diverse application in the various disciplines. An ephemeral overview of applications of AI-based constructs in neurological disorders namely Neuroinflammation, Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Epilepsy, Autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Brain tumor and Anesthesiology has been demonstrated in the present work.

The method includes the collection of data from different search engines like google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, etc. to get coverage of relevant literature for accumulating appropriate information regarding AI, neuroscience, and their linkages.

These considerations are made to expand the existing literature on the progressing role of AI in the management of neurological disorders.

The exponential expansion in the development of AI-based systems might aid in addressing the prevailing limitations in the domain of neurological disorders and neuroscience.

The present study aims to investigate the current scenario of utilization and importance of medicinal plants used by traditional Vaidyas. This study also provides information about the views and awareness of the current generation towards ayurvedic knowledge, which in turn explains the decline of traditional healthcare practices.

Ayurvedic medicine is one of the oldest and most traditional healthcare systems in India. There is limited documentation available regarding the information of traditional medicinal uses of plants even though various rural folks and elders have long been using plant-based formulations for curing human ailments. Hence, there is an urgent need to document this traditional knowledge to endorse the Ayurveda or Indigenous medicinal system before such valuable knowledge becomes inaccessible and extinct.

The present study was carried out to profile the current status of medicinal plants used by Traditional Vaidya’s/practitioners/locals, and discuss the status of Ayurveda and indigenous systems in the Northern states of India i.e., Haryana and Rajasthan.

To study currently available medicinal plants used by traditional Vaidyas in Northern states of India such as Haryana and Rajasthan, a survey among 50 Vaidyas of each state was undertaken. Information was gathered through interview and questionnaires consisting of 20 questions regarding their knowledge, expertise, targeted ailments, herbal formulations, and preservation techniques.

According to the collected information, these Vaidyas have almost 4 to 40 yrs. of experience and acquired their knowledge in a variety of ways, including from academic institutions or their ancestors. By feeling the pulse in the wrist, these Vaidyas were able to diagnose ailments associated with the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) with medical precision via sensing the wrist's pulse. Different illnesses associated with kidney, lungs, digestive system, leukosis, diabetes, blood pressure etc. were treated by these traditional Vaidyas. In addition to prescribing medicines, Vaidyas carefully observe the patient's routine, physical health and their age group for better medication. Several indigenous medicinal herbs such as Ashwagandha, safed musli, gokhru, garmunda, bawli ghans, giloy, triphala, ginger, patthar chatta, Aloe vera, Stevia, and many other herbs are being used by these traditional Vaidyas for their herbal formulations.

This survey highlights Ayurveda and its use of plants in the field of medicine, through validation based on knowledge of traditional Vaidyas. This article also highlights the indigenous system and some important Indian medicinal plants of Haryana and Rajasthan and their therapeutic use in daily life. This survey enlightens the traditional Vaidyas and their knowledge of the Ayurveda medicinal system. This step might strengthen the validity of these products and provide a lead to target new formulation preparations. Many high-profile formulations could be prepared in the future, if most of these reputed traditional Vaidyas get organized.

Plants and their derived phytochemicals commonly called secondary metabolites have been used in medicine as a good source of medicine for the treatment of numerous kinds of human disorders and associated complications. Herbal medicines have been used in modern medicine for the treatment of some chronic disorders, including cancer. Coumarins class phytochemicals are important in medicine and mainly derived from plant sources, including Angiosperms. Coumarins have numerous biological activities including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-HIV, antihypertension, anticoagulant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, antidiabetic, and anti-depressive.

Here in the present work, numerous scientific data were collected from different scientific databases and analyzed in order to know the biological potential of alloimperatorin in medicine. Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched and analyzed to know the medicinal properties and therapeutic potential of alloimperatorin. Therapeutic potential of alloimperatorin was investigated in the present work through scientific data analysis of different scientific research work. Pharmacological activities of alloimperatorin were analyzed in the present work to know the beneficial health aspects of alloimperatorin against various forms of human disorders.

Scientific data analysis of different research work revealed the therapeutic potential of alloimperatorin in medicine. Alloimperatorin is a coumarin class phytochemical found in the Angelica dahurica. Alloimperatorin revealed significant therapeutic potential in medicine mainly due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic potential, however its biological potential in breast cancer and their photosensitization effect were also discussed in the present work. Analytical data signified the presence of alloimperatorin in different medicinal plants.

Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of alloimperatorin in medicine.

Plant-based essential oils are usually extracted using the hydro-distillation process. During this process type of fuel is a major factor that regulates yield, aromatic quality, and capital cost. AIM: This study aimed to examine the distillation of eucalyptus essential oil using Fire word (FW), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and Electric Filament (EF) derived energy as fuels. Eucalyptus fresh leaves were used to extract the essential oil.

Several parameters were examined, including the yield of oil, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity, and total capital cost of each procedure. The results revealed that EF-based hydro-distillation reduced the cost of essential oil production many times compared to FW and LPG-based fuels.

Using EF, essential oil quality also increased considerably in terms of total phenolic content (1.49 mg GAE/ml) and total antioxidant activity (4.2 mg AE/ml). GC-FID analysis discovered the occurrence of 1,8 cineole as a major component in eucalyptus essential oil.

To conclude, EF-based fuel offers significant advantages over traditionally used fuels to hydro-distill eucalyptus essential oil in cosmetic and pharma-based industries.

To obtain the binding site of a model of the human 5-HT1A/2A receptor, a series of substituted 2,4-imidazolidinediones and oxazolidinediones were subjected to flexible docking using GLIDE.

The docking scores that were generated are correlated with the in-vivo affinity data that had already been collected.

When combined with a homology model of 5HT1A/2A, the GLIDE docking approach was based on a template for 2-adrenergic receptors.

A model for ligand binding in the hydrophobic portion of the binding site was proposed after discussing the impact of the structure and hydrophobic characteristics of the aryl moiety on binding affinities.

A theoretical study on the Cp*cobalt(III) catalyzed C-H functionalization transformation of N-substituted carbamoyl indoles with alkyne derivatives to pyrroloindoline derivatives has been performed using the DFT method.

The indole skeleton is important for developing regioselective C-H bond functionalisation reactions. Pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole bearing a 6-5-5 tricyclic skeleton (Scheme-1) is an important structural component found in many biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals (such as antitumor mitomycin C, antimalarial flinderole B etc.).Thus C−H activation process has great demand methods for efficiently synthesizing a pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole unit from readily available starting materials. Matsunaga & Kanai et al. published one such attractive report, which shows pyrroloindoline derivatives can be synthesized (Scheme-2) through Cp*Co(III) catalysed C-H alkenylation and annulations from N-substituted carbamoyl indoles.

Our current project deals with determining the rate step of the reaction for the energetically favourable pathway and investigating the actual reason behind the regioselectivity of the products, whether it is steric or electronic effects of the substituents.

The geometry optimization and energy calculations of all the systems were carried out with the Gaussian 09 software. Construction of trial geometries, monitoring of the progress of calculations and visualization of the final output was done by several graphical user interface software like Gauss View, Molden etc. Geometry optimization of all species is performed using M06-2X functional in DFT method as a method for performing optimization of structures. 6-31G (d, p) basis set was employed for all non-metal atoms, and the LANL2DZ basis set was employed for cobalt. The relaxed scan method was used to determine the geometries of several transition structures on the reaction pathway's potential energy surface (PES).

DFT study on a reaction of carbamoyl indoles with alkyne derivatives by activating Co(III)Cp* catalytic condition is done here. The targeting scheme followed the energetics of two possible pathways. The initial step of the reaction is the alkyne insertion step which needs 21.27 kcal mol-1 energy. In the first case, the final annulated product has been generated through a carbon-carbon bond formation, proton transfer and demetallation processes in path-a. The global activation barrier is quite high (30.17 kcal mol-1). However, the study of the second pathway, which generated the simple alkenylated product through the proto-demethylation process in path-b, reveals a more reliable activation barrier (21.27 kcal mol-1).

A comparison of the energy requirement reveals that the formation of the final product should go through a favourable simple alkenylation process that is path-b for dimethyl amine. Due to the lower energy barrier, the simple alkenylation pathway (i.e., Path-b) is a more favourable one. The initial alkyne addition step is the rate-determining step. The regioselectivity of the alkyne addition is purely governed by the steric crowding around the substrate. Thus the favourable mode of alkyne addition has a lower energy barrier due to lesser steric interactions. This theoretical investigation may guide future researchers in developing another economical route for generating similar derivatives.

Thiosemicarbazones are an important class of synthetic organic compounds exhibiting promising biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antitubercular, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antifungal, enzyme inhibitory, and antitumor. Different α-(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones are potent inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase enzyme that play a critical role in the DNA synthesis; moreover, some have been found 1000-fold more potent than the clinical drug hydroxyl urea.

Different coordination complexes have been assessed for their efficacy to target MDR and surpass side effects associated with platinum drugs. In this work, we have prepared and investigated the anticancer potential of new platinum compounds of 3- hydroxy-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazones.

Novel Pt(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The in vitro anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds against HeLa cells by MTT assay was assessed. Protein-fixed and ligand-flexible docking studies were carried out using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm and Autodock 4.2 software.

The IC50 values of compounds (3) and (4) through MTT screening against HeLa cells were found to be 107.16 µM and 132.13 µM, respectively. The binding energy value for the complex [Pt(HyPyMe)Cl] was -6.49 kcal/mol. While for complex, [Pt(HyPyPyrd)Cl] was found to have a binding energy value of -6.83 kcal/mol.

The spectroscopic and analytical data showed the mononuclear structures and square planar geometry of the Pt(II) complexes. The compounds exhibited moderate antineoplastic activity, and N(4)-methyl-substituted compound exhibited better anticancer activity. [Pt(HyPyMe)Cl] complex formed hydrogen bond interactions with guanine-6, guanine-7 and thiamine-8. While, [Pt(HyPyPyrd)Cl] interacted with guanine-7 and guanine-16 via hydrogen bond interaction.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are types of disorders that are marked by a wide range of genetic and clinical mutability which will affect the development and function of the brain. Mitochondria are increasingly associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders and it is found because of mutation of mitochondrial genes, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Understanding the pathways and mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction related to neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (PMD), mental retardation, Autism spectrum disorder, Rett's syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome is important. In this review, we discussed the possible factors associated with mitochondria that influence the clinical presentation of NDDs, better understanding of the mechanisms behind these pathways will hopefully be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment approaches.

Mitochondria are simply another subcellular victim of various neurodegenerative pathways, or are they a common denominator on the path to neurodegeneration? A better understanding of functional and molecular mechanistic pathways can lead to the identification of potential targets, thereby opening perspectives for future treatment.

Pain is a complex physiological and psychological response to a noxious stimulus, sometimes deteriorating a patient’s quality of life. Opioids remain the mainstay treatment modality for chronic pain. Several concerns are raised regarding the long-term use of opioids and the risks associated with their usage. Findings advocate that the longstanding practice of opioid consumption manifests in adverse effects.

Due to the physiological changes opioids instigate in the gastrointestinal tract, opioid-induced constipation remains a common complication pragmatic in patients undergoing opioid medications. Several therapeutic interventions are made available, and the review describes the overall medications with practical examples, aiding in selecting a treatment plan.

The method comprises data collection from various search engines like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder to get coverage of relevant literature for accumulating appropriate information regarding pain management, opioids, opioid-induced constipation, and its pharmacological interventions.

The thoughtful custom of exploring several options to manage opioid-induced constipation must allow patients to benefit from opioid analgesia.

This paper reviews the role of opioids in pain management, the underlying mechanisms of their action, opioid-induced constipation, and pharmacological therapies, with experimental studies aiding clinicians to optimise treatment plans.