Skip to content
2000
Volume 2, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2666-8629
  • E-ISSN: 2666-8637

Abstract

, commonly known as garlic, has been employed for ages for both cuisines and restorative purposes. Many sulfur-containing phytochemical constituents are abundant in garlic and they are responsible for its many pharmacological properties. The most extensively studied compound in garlic is allicin, however, other forms of garlic such as aged garlic, raw garlic, and oil maceration of garlic, have their own unique chemical properties. Garlic has been shown to lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, improve insulin sensitivity, inhibit cell proliferation, enhance peristalsis motion, modulate acetylcholine, and inhibit lipid oxidation. Apart from all its traditional therapeutic activity, it has much more potential for further study such as cancer treatment with lesser side-effects, improving mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington’s disease, enhancement psoriasis treatment, affinity to treat glomerular disease, and vast scope in polycystic ovary syndrome and in uterine contraction. This review talks about pharmacology activities, future aspects, phytochemicals, and the privileged aspects of

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cff/10.2174/0126668629259652231108112909
2023-11-29
2025-01-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. DingY. QuD. ZhangK.M. Phytochemical and biological investigations of amaryllidaceae alkaloids: A review.J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.20171915310010.1080/10286020.2016.119833227406068
    [Google Scholar]
  2. ChengR-Y. XieD-F. ZhangX. FuX. HeX-J. ZhouS-D. Comparative plastome analysis of three amaryllidaceae subfamilies: Insights into variation of genome characteristics, phylogeny, and adaptive evolution.Biomed Res. Int.20222022120
    [Google Scholar]
  3. AhmedT. WangC.K. Black garlic and its bioactive compounds on human health diseases: A review.Molecules20212616502810.3390/molecules2616502834443625
    [Google Scholar]
  4. VermaT. AggarwalA. DeyP. Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based snack food: An updated review.Front. Nutr.202310112037710.3389/fnut.2023.1120377
    [Google Scholar]
  5. LissimanE BhasaleA L CohenM. Garlic for the Common Cold.CDSR201411CD006206
    [Google Scholar]
  6. RahmyT.R. Prophylactic action of garlic on the histological and histochemical patterns of hepatic and gastric tissues in rats injected with a snake venom.J. Nat. Toxins2001102137165
    [Google Scholar]
  7. LeeT.W. BaeE. KimJ.H. The aqueous extract of aged black garlic ameliorates colistin-induced acute kidney injury in rats.Ren. Fail.2019411243310.1080/0886022X.2018.156137530714460
    [Google Scholar]
  8. PadiyaR. BanerjeeS.K. Garlic as an anti-diabetic agent: Recent progress and patent reviews.Recent Pat. Food Nutr. Agric.20135210512710.2174/1876142911305999000223270395
    [Google Scholar]
  9. AjebliM. EddouksM. Phytotherapy of hypertension: an updated overview.Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets201920192031880255
    [Google Scholar]
  10. NajmanK. SadowskaA. BuczakK. LeontowiczH. LeontowiczM. Effect of heat-treated garlic (Allium Sativum L.) on growth parameters, plasma lipid profile and histological changes in the ileum of atherogenic rats.Nutrients202214233610.3390/nu1402033635057517
    [Google Scholar]
  11. SinghV. K. SinghD. K. Pharmacological effects of garlic (Allium Sativum L).Annu. Rev Biomed Sci2008626
    [Google Scholar]
  12. BorlinghausJ. AlbrechtF. GruhlkeM. NwachukwuI. SlusarenkoA. Allicin: Chemistry and biological properties.Molecules2014198125911261810.3390/molecules19081259125153873
    [Google Scholar]
  13. KangM.J. KangJ.R. WooM.S. KangD. ShinJ.H. Alterations in the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity during aging of stored raw garlic.Foods20221110139010.3390/foods1110139035626958
    [Google Scholar]
  14. TedeschiP. NigroM. TravagliA. Therapeutic potential of allicin and aged garlic extract in alzheimer’s disease.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20222313695010.3390/ijms2313695035805955
    [Google Scholar]
  15. BhatwalkarS.B. MondalR. KrishnaS.B.N. AdamJ.K. GovenderP. AnupamR. Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium Sativum).Front. Microbiol.20211261307761307710.3389/fmicb.2021.61307734394014
    [Google Scholar]
  16. C ReygaertW. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria.AIMS Microbiol.20184348250110.3934/microbiol.2018.3.48231294229
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Wallock-RichardsD. DohertyC.J. DohertyL. Garlic revisited: Antimicrobial activity of allicin-containing garlic extracts against burkholderia cepacia complex.PLoS ONE2014912e112726
    [Google Scholar]
  18. CutlerR.R. WilsonP. Antibacterial activity of a new, stable, aqueous extract of allicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Br. J. Biomed. Sci.2004612717410.1080/09674845.2004.1173264615250668
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Mozaffari NejadA.S. ShabaniS. BayatM. Ebrahim HosseiniS. Antibacterial effect of garlic aqueous extract on staphylococcus aureus in hamburger.Jundishapur J. Microbiol.201479e1313410.5812/jjm.1313425774277
    [Google Scholar]
  20. SasakiJ. KitaT. IshitaK. UchisawaH. MatsueH. Antibacterial activity of garlic powder against Escherichia coli O-157.J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.199945678579010.3177/jnsv.45.78510737231
    [Google Scholar]
  21. AnkriS. MirelmanD. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic.Microbes Infect.19991212512910.1016/S1286‑4579(99)80003‑310594976
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Argüello-GarcíaR. de la Vega-ArnaudM. Loredo-RodríguezI.J. Activity of thioallyl compounds from Garlic against giardia duodenalis trophozoites and in experimental giardiasis.Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.2018835310.3389/fcimb.2018.0035330374433
    [Google Scholar]
  23. CasellaS. LeonardiM. MelaiB. FratiniF. PistelliL. The role of diallyl sulfides and dipropyl sulfides in the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of garlic, Allium Sativum L., and leek, Allium porrum L.Phytother. Res.201327338038310.1002/ptr.472522610968
    [Google Scholar]
  24. MikailiP. MaadiradS. MoloudizargariM. AghajanshakeriS. SarahroodiS. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.201316101031104824379960
    [Google Scholar]
  25. MerigaB. MopuriR. MuraliKrishna T. Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium Sativum.Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med.20125539139510.1016/S1995‑7645(12)60065‑022546657
    [Google Scholar]
  26. BlancoJ.L. GarciaM.E. Immune response to fungal infections.Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.20081251-2477010.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.02018565595
    [Google Scholar]
  27. KöhlerJ.R. CasadevallA. PerfectJ. The spectrum of fungi that infects humans.Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med.201551a019273a310.1101/cshperspect.a01927325367975
    [Google Scholar]
  28. LestradeP.P. BentvelsenR.G. SchauwvliegheA.F.A.D. Voriconazole resistance and mortality in invasive aspergillosis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.Clin. Infect. Dis.20196891463147110.1093/cid/ciy85930307492
    [Google Scholar]
  29. WatsonC.J. GrandoD. FairleyC.K. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: A randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial.BJOG2014121449850610.1111/1471‑0528.12518
    [Google Scholar]
  30. BurianJ.P. SacramentoL.V.S. CarlosI.Z. Fungal infection control by garlic extracts (Allium Sativum L.) and modulation of peritoneal macrophages activity in murine model of sporotrichosis.Braz. J. Biol.201777484885510.1590/1519‑6984.0371628492800
    [Google Scholar]
  31. PârvuM. MoţC.A. PârvuA.E. Allium Sativum extract chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antifungal effect against Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa causing onychomycosis.Molecules20192421395810.3390/molecules2421395831683743
    [Google Scholar]
  32. FufaB.K. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties of garlic extract (Allium Sativum): A review.Int. J. Microbiol. Res.20192815
    [Google Scholar]
  33. LiW.R. ShiQ.S. DaiH.Q. Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans.Sci. Rep.2016612280510.1038/srep2280526948845
    [Google Scholar]
  34. HuW. HuangL. ZhouZ. YinL. TangJ. Diallyl Disulfide (DADS) ameliorates intestinal Candida albicans infection by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites and providing intestinal protection in mice.Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.20221174345410.3389/fcimb.2021.74345435071031
    [Google Scholar]
  35. LuoY. SongY. Mechanism of antimicrobial peptides: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activities.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122211140110.3390/ijms22211140134768832
    [Google Scholar]
  36. LeeD.Y. LiH. LimH.J. LeeH.J. JeonR. RyuJ.H. Anti-inflammatory activity of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic.J. Med. Food2012151199299910.1089/jmf.2012.227523057778
    [Google Scholar]
  37. SenthelalS. LiJ. ArdeshirzadehS. ThomasM.A. Arthritis.StatPearls2023
    [Google Scholar]
  38. RohmT.V. MeierD.T. OlefskyJ.M. DonathM.Y. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders.Immunity2022551315510.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.01335021057
    [Google Scholar]
  39. SpagnoliL.G. BonannoE. SangiorgiG. MaurielloA. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis.J. Nucl. Med.200748111800181510.2967/jnumed.107.03866117942804
    [Google Scholar]
  40. McDowellC. FarooqU. HaseebM. Inflamm. Bowel Dis.2022
    [Google Scholar]
  41. MurataM. Inflammation and cancer.Environ. Health Prev. Med.20182315010.1186/s12199‑018‑0740‑130340457
    [Google Scholar]
  42. SaudS.M. LiW. GrayZ. MatterM.S. ColburnN.H. YoungM.R. Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), a constituent of garlic, inactivates nf-κb and prevents colitis-induced colorectal cancer by inhibiting GSK-3β.Cancer Prev. Res.201697607615
    [Google Scholar]
  43. KunnumakkaraA.B. ShabnamB. GirisaS. Inflammation, NF-κB, and chronic diseases: How are they linked?Crit. Rev. Immunol.202040113910.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020033210
    [Google Scholar]
  44. YounH-S. Garlic (Allium Sativum) extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced toll-like receptor 4 dimerization.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.2008722368375
    [Google Scholar]
  45. ParkS.Y. SeetharamanR. KoM.J. Ethyl linoleate from garlic attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells.Int. Immunopharmacol.201419225326110.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.01724508058
    [Google Scholar]
  46. MoriharaN. HinoA. MikiS. TakashimaM. SuzukiJ. Aged garlic extract suppresses inflammation in apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.20176110170030810.1002/mnfr.20170030828726277
    [Google Scholar]
  47. AhmadK.A. Yuan YuanD. NawazW. Antioxidant therapy for management of oxidative stress induced hypertension.Free Radic. Res.201751442843810.1080/10715762.2017.132220528427291
    [Google Scholar]
  48. DarenskayaM.A. KolesnikovaL.I. KolesnikovS.I. Oxidative stress: Pathogenetic role in diabetes mellitus and its complications and therapeutic approaches to correction.Bull. Exp. Biol. Med.2021171217918910.1007/s10517‑021‑05191‑734173093
    [Google Scholar]
  49. FirczukM. Harnessing altered oxidative metabolism in cancer by augmented prooxidant therapy.Cancer Lett.2020471111
    [Google Scholar]
  50. KattoorA.J. PothineniN.V.K. PalagiriD. MehtaJ.L. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.201719114210.1007/s11883‑017‑0678‑628921056
    [Google Scholar]
  51. FinkelT. HolbrookN.J. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing.Nature2000408680923924710.1038/3504168711089981
    [Google Scholar]
  52. MoriharaN. HayamaM. FujiiH. Aged garlic extract scavenges superoxide radicals.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.20116611721
    [Google Scholar]
  53. JeongJ.H. JeongH.R. JoY.N. KimH.J. ShinJ.H. HeoH.J. Ameliorating effects of aged garlic extracts against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.201313126810.1186/1472‑6882‑13‑26824134394
    [Google Scholar]
  54. NadeemM.S. KazmiI. UllahI. MuhammadK. AnwarF. Allicin, an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, ameliorates cognitive impairment.Antioxidants20211118710.3390/antiox1101008735052591
    [Google Scholar]
  55. LiuJ. GuoW. YangM. Investigation of the dynamic changes in the chemical constituents of chinese “laba” garlic during traditional processing.RSC Adv2018738418724188310.1039/C8RA09657K
    [Google Scholar]
  56. JangH.J. LeeH.J. YoonD.K. JiD.S. KimJ.H. LeeC.H. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fresh garlic and aged garlic by-products extracted with different solvents.Food Sci. Biotechnol.201827121922510.1007/s10068‑017‑0246‑430263743
    [Google Scholar]
  57. ChoiI.S. ChaH.S. LeeY.S. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of black garlic.Molecules201419101681116823
    [Google Scholar]
  58. NajiK M Al-ShaibaniE S AlhadiF A Al-SoudiS A D’souzaM R Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of single clove garlic against ccl4-induced hepatic damage in rabbits.BMC Complem Altern Med201717110.1186/s12906‑017‑1916‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  59. KangJ.S. KimS.O. KimG.Y. An exploration of the antioxidant effects of garlic saponins in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts.Int. J. Mol. Med.201637114915610.3892/ijmm.2015.239826531218
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Farsinejad-MarjM. TalebiS. Adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.Arch. Iran Med.20151811786792
    [Google Scholar]
  61. MiraghajaniM. JolfaieN.R. MirzaieS. GhiasvandR. AskariG. The effect of glutamine intake on complications of colorectal and colon cancer treatment: A systematic review.J. Res. Med. Sci.201520991091810.4103/1735‑1995.17063426759580
    [Google Scholar]
  62. SandurS.K. IchikawaH. PandeyM.K. Role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane).Free Radic. Biol. Med.200743456858010.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.00917640567
    [Google Scholar]
  63. RafieN. Kefir and cancer: A systematic review of literatures.Arch. Iran Med.20151812852857
    [Google Scholar]
  64. KootiW. ServatyariK. BehzadifarM. Effective medicinal plant in cancer treatment, Part 2: Review study.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.201722498299510.1177/215658721769692728359161
    [Google Scholar]
  65. PereiraP.C. Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health.Nutrition201430661962710.1016/j.nut.2013.10.01124800664
    [Google Scholar]
  66. PaurI. LillebyW. BøhnS.K. Tomato-based randomized controlled trial in prostate cancer patients: Effect on PSA.Clin. Nutr.201736367267910.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.01427406859
    [Google Scholar]
  67. de LimaR.M.T. dos ReisA.C. de MenezesA.A.P.M. Protective and therapeutic potential of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) extract and [6]‐gingerol in cancer: A comprehensive review.Phytother. Res.201832101885190710.1002/ptr.613430009484
    [Google Scholar]
  68. BaligaM.S. DsouzaJ.J. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer.Eur. J. Cancer Prev.201120322523910.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f421317655
    [Google Scholar]
  69. NicastroH.L. RossS.A. MilnerJ.A. Garlic and onions: Their cancer prevention properties.Cancer Prev. Res.20158318118910.1158/1940‑6207.CAPR‑14‑017225586902
    [Google Scholar]
  70. MatsonJ.P. CookJ.G. Cell cycle proliferation decisions: The impact of single cell analyses.FEBS J.2017284336237510.1111/febs.1389827634578
    [Google Scholar]
  71. BagulM. KakumanuS. WilsonT.A. Crude garlic extract inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro.J. Med. Food201518773173710.1089/jmf.2014.006425608085
    [Google Scholar]
  72. JiangX. ZhuX. HuangW. Garlic-derived organosulfur compound exerts antitumor efficacy via activation of MAPK pathway and modulation of cytokines in SGC-7901 tumor-bearing mice.Int. Immunopharmacol.20174813514510.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.00428501767
    [Google Scholar]
  73. XiaoJ. XingF. LiuY. Garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis through targeting LRP6/Wnt pathway.Acta Pharm. Sin. B20188457558610.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.00330109182
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rachel VasanthiA.H. MansinghD. DalpatiN. SaliV. Alliin the precursor of allicin in garlic extract mitigates proliferation of gastric adenocarcinoma cells by modulating apoptosis.Pharmacogn. Mag.201814558410.4103/pm.pm_342_17
    [Google Scholar]
  75. GruhlkeM. NiccoC. BatteuxF. SlusarenkoA. The effects of allicin, a reactive sulfur species from garlic, on a selection of mammalian cell lines.Antioxidants201661110.3390/antiox6010001
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Özkanİ. KoçakP. YıldırımM. Garlic (Allium Sativum)-derived SEVs inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce caspase mediated apoptosis.Sci. Rep.20211111477310.1038/s41598‑021‑93876‑434285262
    [Google Scholar]
  77. SmithM.T. GuytonK.Z. GibbonsC.F. Key characteristics of carcinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis.Environ. Health Perspect.2016124671372110.1289/ehp.150991226600562
    [Google Scholar]
  78. PathakS. CatanzaroR. VasanD. Benefits of aged garlic extract in modulating toxicity biomarkers against p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and phenobarbital induced liver damage in Rattus norvegicus.Drug Chem. Toxicol.202043545446710.1080/01480545.2018.149977330207178
    [Google Scholar]
  79. WaldenR. TomlinsonB. Cardiovascular Disease.Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects.CRC Press2011
    [Google Scholar]
  80. RibeiroM. AlvarengaL. CardozoL.F.M.F. From the distinctive smell to therapeutic effects: Garlic for cardiovascular, hepatic, gut, diabetes and chronic kidney disease.Clin. Nutr.20214074807481910.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.00534147285
    [Google Scholar]
  81. KwakJ.S. KimJ.Y. PaekJ.E. Garlic powder intake and cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutr. Res. Pract.20148664465410.4162/nrp.2014.8.6.64425489404
    [Google Scholar]
  82. DomaK Devantier-ThomasB GahremanD ConnorJ Selected root plant supplementation reduces indices of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Vitm Nutr Res202012110.1024/0300‑9831/a000689
    [Google Scholar]
  83. RiedK. FaklerP. Potential of garlic (Allium Sativum) in lowering high blood pressure: Mechanisms of action and clinical relevance.Integr. Blood Press. Control20147718210.2147/IBPC.S5143425525386
    [Google Scholar]
  84. ObohGaniyu Inhibitory effect of phenolic extract from garlic on angiotensin-1 converting enzyme and cisplatin induced lipid peroxidation - in vitro.Int. J. Biomed. Sci.20139298106
    [Google Scholar]
  85. TakashimaM. KanamoriY. KoderaY. MoriharaN. TamuraK. Aged garlic extract exerts endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta by increasing nitric oxide production.Phytomedicine201724566110.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.01628160862
    [Google Scholar]
  86. UshijimaM. TakashimaM. KunimuraK. KoderaY. MoriharaN. TamuraK. Effects of S -1-propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, on blood pressure and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.201870455956510.1111/jphp.1286529380376
    [Google Scholar]
  87. AsdaqS.M. InamdarM.N. Potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in presence of captopril.Phytomedicine2010171310161026
    [Google Scholar]
  88. VallsR.M. CompanysJ. Calderón-PérezL. Effects of an optimized aged garlic extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, sustainedand controlled study.Nutrients202214340510.3390/nu1403040535276764
    [Google Scholar]
  89. TarakN.K. Novel sulfur metabolites of garlic attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling through induction of Na+/K+-ATPase expression.Front. Pharmacol.2017818
    [Google Scholar]
  90. MurugesanS. PandiyanA. SaravanakumarL. MoodleyK. MackrajI. Protective role of wild garlic on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in wistar rats.J. Ethnopharmacol.201923710811510.1016/j.jep.2019.03.04930905788
    [Google Scholar]
  91. MukthambaP. SrinivasanK. Hypolipidemic influence of dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and garlic (Allium Sativum) in experimental myocardial infarction.Food Funct.2015693117312510.1039/C5FO00240K26220304
    [Google Scholar]
  92. SupakulL. PintanaH. ApaijaiN. ChattipakornN. ShinlapawittayatornK. Protective effects of garlic extract on cardiac function, heart rate variability, and cardiac mitochondria in obese insulin-resistant rats.Eur. J. Nutr.2014533919928
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Madrigal-SantillánE. Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects.WJG2014204014787
    [Google Scholar]
  94. JavedM. AhmedW. Black garlic: A review of its biological significance.J. Food Biochem.20224612e1439410.1111/jfbc.14394
    [Google Scholar]
  95. ApriokuJ. Amah-TariahF. Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) protects hepatic and renal toxicity of alloxan in rats.J. Pharm. Res. Int.20171761710.9734/JPRI/2017/34909
    [Google Scholar]
  96. GuanM-J. ZhaoN. XieK-Q. ZengT. Hepatoprotective effects of garlic against ethanol-induced liver injury: A mini-review.FCT2018111467473
    [Google Scholar]
  97. LuoP. ZhengM. ZhangR. S-allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling.Acta Pharm. Sin. B202111366867910.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006
    [Google Scholar]
  98. KumarP. PrasadY. PatraA.K. Ascorbic acid, garlic extract and taurine alleviate cadmium-induced oxidative stress in freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus).Sci. Total Environ.2009407185024503010.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.03019552941
    [Google Scholar]
  99. ShinJ.H. LeeC.W. OhS.J. Hepatoprotective effect of aged black garlic extract in rodents.Toxicol. Res.2014301495410.5487/TR.2014.30.1.04924795800
    [Google Scholar]
  100. EserN. YoldasA. TurkA. Kalaycı YiginA. YalcinA. CicekM. Ameliorative effects of garlic oil on FNDC5 and irisin sensitivity in liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.J. Pharm. Pharmacol.202173682483410.1093/jpp/rgab02333739409
    [Google Scholar]
  101. WangY. ZhangH. TengX. Garlic oil alleviates high triglyceride levels in alcohol‐exposed rats by inhibiting liver oxidative stress and regulating the intestinal barrier and intestinal flora.Food Sci. Nutr.202210824792495
    [Google Scholar]
  102. KimT.M. KimK.H. JoJ.H. ParkJ. KwonY.S. YangJ.H. Hepatoprotective effect of a novel lactic acid‐fermented garlic extract functional food product against acute liver injury.Food Sci. Nutr.2020821012101910.1002/fsn3.138532148809
    [Google Scholar]
  103. LaiY.S. ChenW.C. HoC.T. Garlic essential oil protects against obesity-triggered nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through modulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.J. Agric. Food Chem.201462255897590610.1021/jf500803c24857364
    [Google Scholar]
  104. SiddiqueA. IqbalJ. SheikhM.A. Effects of garlic (Allium Sativum) on the weights of liver in albino rats.Pak. J. Med. Health Sci.2015910511054
    [Google Scholar]
  105. ZhangX. WuC. WuH. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects and potential mechanisms of action of the caffeoylquinic acid-rich pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet.PLoS One201384e61922e2
    [Google Scholar]
  106. SunYE WangW QinJ Anti-hyperlipidemia of garlic by reducing the level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein.medicine20189718e025510.1097/MD.000000000001025529718835
    [Google Scholar]
  107. GyawaliD VohraR Orme-JohnsonD RamaratnamS SchneiderRH A systematic review and meta-analysis of ayurvedic herbal preparations for hypercholesterolemia.medicina202157654610.3390/medicina5706054634071454
    [Google Scholar]
  108. ZadhoushR. Alavi-NaeiniA. FeiziA. NaghshinehE. GhazviniM.R. The effect of garlic (Allium Sativum) supplementation on the lipid parameters and blood pressure levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.Phytother. Res.202135116335634210.1002/ptr.728234496450
    [Google Scholar]
  109. KoJ.W. ParkS.H. LeeI.C. Protective effects of garlic oil against 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol-induced hepatotoxicity: Role of CYP2E1 and MAPKs.Mol. Cell. Toxicol.201612218519510.1007/s13273‑016‑0023‑0
    [Google Scholar]
  110. EntezariM.H. AslaniN. AskariG. MaghsoudiZ. MaracyM. Effect of garlic and lemon juice mixture on lipid profile and some cardiovascular risk factors in people 30-60 years old with moderate hyperlipidaemia: A randomized clinical trial.Int. J. Prev. Med.2016719510.4103/2008‑7802.18724827563431
    [Google Scholar]
  111. LeeH-S. LeeS-J. YuH-J. LeeJ-H. ChoH-Y. Fermentation with lactobacillus enhances the preventive effect of garlic extract on high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in mice.JFF201730125133
    [Google Scholar]
  112. AouadiR. AouidetA. ElkadhiA. Effect of fresh garlic (Allium Sativum) on lipid metabolism in male rats.Nutr. Res.200020227328010.1016/S0271‑5317(99)00159‑1
    [Google Scholar]
  113. MohammedB.A.S. YasminF. AlsalmanA.J. Obviation of dyslipidemia by garlic oil and its organosulfur compound, diallyl disulphide, in experimental animals.Saudi J. Biol. Sci.20222942520252510.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.02535531198
    [Google Scholar]
  114. RehmanM.U. WaliA.F. AhmadA. Neuroprotective strategies for neurological disorders by natural products: An update.Curr. Neuropharmacol.201917324726710.2174/1570159X1666618091112460530207234
    [Google Scholar]
  115. MathewB. BijuR. Neuroprotective effects of garlic: A review.LJM2008312333
    [Google Scholar]
  116. ArmstrongR.A. What causes alzheimer’s disease?Folia Neuropathol.201351316918810.5114/fn.2013.3770224114635
    [Google Scholar]
  117. GhajarbeygiP. HajhoseiniA. An in vitro and in vivo cholinesterase inhibitory activity of pistacia khinjuk and Allium Sativum essential oils.J. Pharmacopuncture2019224231238
    [Google Scholar]
  118. ZhangH. WangP. XueY. LiuL. LiZ. LiuY. Allicin ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via suppressing oxidative stress by blocking jnk signaling pathways.Tissue Cell2018508995
    [Google Scholar]
  119. KumarS. KumarS. RamH. Anti-aggregation property of allicin by in vitro and molecular docking studies.J. Exp. Neurosci.20191310.1177/117906951986618531384132
    [Google Scholar]
  120. KumarS. Dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes by allicin.Indian J. Pharmacol.201547444444610.4103/0253‑7613.16127426288480
    [Google Scholar]
  121. ZafarS. YaddanapudiS.S. Parkinson Disease.StatPearls. Treasure Island2022
    [Google Scholar]
  122. RojasP. Serrano-GarcíaN. Medina-CamposO.N. Pedraza-ChaverriJ. MaldonadoP.D. Ruiz-Sánchez E. S-Allylcysteine, a garlic compound, protects against oxidative stress in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced parkinsonism in mice.JNB20112210937944
    [Google Scholar]
  123. BighamM. MohammadipourA. HosseiniM. MalvandiA.M. Ebrahimzadeh-BideskanA. Neuroprotective effects of garlic extract on dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease: Motor and non‐motor outcomes.Metab. Brain Dis.202136592793710.1007/s11011‑021‑00705‑833656625
    [Google Scholar]
  124. KosugeY. Neuroprotective mechanisms of S-allyl-L-cysteine in neurological disease (Review).Exp. Ther. Med.201910.3892/etm.2019.839132010340
    [Google Scholar]
  125. ChenY.A. TsaiJ.C. ChengK.C. LiuK.F. ChangC.K. HsiehC.W. Extracts of black garlic exhibits gastrointestinal motility effect.Food Res. Int.201810710210910.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.00329580467
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Ben HaddaT. ElSawyN.A. HeaderE.A.M. MabkhotY.N. MubarakM.S. Effect of garlic and cabbage on healing of gastric ulcer in experimental rats.Med. Chem. Res.201423125110511910.1007/s00044‑014‑1092‑z
    [Google Scholar]
  127. BadrG.M. The Protective Effect of Aged Garlic Extract on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric Inflammations in Male Albino Rats.Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2014201419
    [Google Scholar]
  128. KunaL ZjalicM KizivatT Pretreatment of garlic oil extracts hampers epithelial damage in cell culture model of peptic ulcer disease.medicina20225819110.3390/medicina5801009135056399
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Moreno-OrtegaA. Pereira-CaroG. OrdóñezJ.L. Moreno-RojasR. Ortíz-SomovillaV. Moreno-RojasJ.M. Bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds of ‘fresh garlic’ and ‘black garlic’ through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.Foods2020911158210.3390/foods911158233142731
    [Google Scholar]
  130. ZardastM. NamakinK. KahoJ.R. HashemiS.S. Assessment of antibacterial effect of garlic in patients infected with helicobacter pylori using urease breath test.Avicenna J. Phytomed.201665495501
    [Google Scholar]
  131. DanielC.K. LennoxC.L. VriesF.A. In vivo application of garlic extracts in combination with clove oil to prevent postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba on apples.Postharvest Biol. Technol.201599889210.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.08.006
    [Google Scholar]
  132. IsmaielA.A. RabieG.H. SaiedE.M. efficacy of aqueous garlic extract on growth, aflatoxin B1 production, and cyto-morphological aberrations of Aspergillus flavus, causing human ophthalmic infection: Topical treatment of A. Flavus keratitis.Braz. J. Microbiol.201243413551364
    [Google Scholar]
  133. IrkinR. Control of Aspergillus niger with garlic.onion Leek Extracts2007643847
    [Google Scholar]
  134. PaiS.T. PlattM.W. Antifungal effects of Allium Sativum (garlic) extract against the Aspergillus species involved in otomycosis.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.1995201141810.1111/j.1472‑765X.1995.tb00397.x7765862
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Bakht Jehan Effect of different solvent extracted sample of Allium Sativum (linn) on bacteria and fungi.AJB20111031
    [Google Scholar]
  136. PrasadR. MohanM. UgandharT. Studies on antimicrobial activity of garlic extract against.Int. J. Curr. Adv. Res.20187112
    [Google Scholar]
  137. AalaF. Inhibitory effect of allicin and garlic extracts on growth of cultured hyphae.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.2014173150154
    [Google Scholar]
  138. TagoeD. BaidooS. DadzieI. KangahV. NyarkoH. A comparison of the antimicrobial (antifungal) properties of garlic, ginger and lime on Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium herbarium using organic and water base extraction methods.Int. J. Trop. Med.201071
    [Google Scholar]
  139. AltonsyM.O. HabibT.N. AndrewsS.C. Diallyl disulfide-induced apoptosis in a breast-cancer cell line (MCF-7) may be caused by inhibition of histone deacetylation.Nutr. Cancer20126481251126010.1080/01635581.2012.72115623163853
    [Google Scholar]
  140. HahmE.R. KimS.H. MathanS.V. SinghR.P. SinghS.V. Mechanistic targets of diallyl trisulfide in human breast cancer cells identified by RNA-seq analysis.J. Cancer Prev.202126212813610.15430/JCP.2021.26.2.12834258251
    [Google Scholar]
  141. YangJ.S. KokL.F. LinY.H. Diallyl disulfide inhibits WEHI-3 leukemia cells in vivo.Anticancer Res.2006261A21922516475702
    [Google Scholar]
  142. LiW. TianH. LiL. Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of A549 cells in vitro and in vivo.Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin.201244757758310.1093/abbs/gms03322595511
    [Google Scholar]
  143. XiaoD. LewK.L. KimY.A. Diallyl trisulfide suppresses growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer xenograft in vivo in association with Bax and Bak induction.Clin. Cancer Res.200612226836684310.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑06‑127317121905
    [Google Scholar]
  144. WallaceG.C.IV HaarC.P. VandergriftW.A.III Multi-targeted DATS prevents tumor progression and promotes apoptosis in ectopic glioblastoma xenografts in SCID mice via HDAC inhibition.J. Neurooncol.20131141435010.1007/s11060‑013‑1165‑823754639
    [Google Scholar]
  145. WuP.P. LiuK.C. HuangW.W. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) inhibits mouse colon tumor in mouse CT-26 cells allograft model in vivo.Phytomedicine2011188-967267610.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.00621315571
    [Google Scholar]
  146. MaffetoneP. Anti-inflammatory complex containing flaxseed oil.U.S. Patent 2,003,007,73362002
    [Google Scholar]
  147. XingmingW. 2013
  148. JianhuaC. Garlic reaction activin.Chinese Patent, 1,033,937,67,2013
    [Google Scholar]
  149. PatlA. Nutraceutical formulation for treatment of elevated cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.U.S. Patent, 2,014,031,472,9,2014
    [Google Scholar]
  150. LiandaL. JianC. YikuiL. WenjunX. JinyanZ. XinxiaL. Application of allicin injection to prepare medicines treating mycordial infarction disease.Chinese Patent, 1,044,908,57,2014
    [Google Scholar]
  151. LimeiL. DahongJu. DongB. Anti-tumor use, preparation method and composition of garlic total polysaccharide.Chinese Patent, 1,025,526,442010
    [Google Scholar]
  152. FujinL. NaifengX. JunH. BaocuiZ. Method for producing concentrated black garlic juice and application thereof.Chinese Patent, 1,022,400,102011
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cff/10.2174/0126668629259652231108112909
Loading
/content/journals/cff/10.2174/0126668629259652231108112909
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test