Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Venoms and Toxins
  4. Volume 2, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 2, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2666-1217
  • E-ISSN: 2666-1225

Abstract

The health challenges associated with cassava products as a common staple food for approximately 70 % of Africans and part of Asia pose a looming danger due to enterotoxins’ presence in the processing environment.

This study investigated the presence of enterotoxigenic genes, namely, enterotoxin T (), hemolysin bl (, ), and non-haemolytic enterotoxin (, , and ) from species isolated from soil of cassava processing environment.

Soil samples from 20 cassava processing sites in Ile-Ife and Modakeke, Nigeria, were collected and cultured on nutrient agar at 37ºC for 24 hours. Colonies phenotypically identified as were identified using -specific -targeted PCR technique. Screened spp were assessed for the presence of enterotoxigenic genes using PCR with previously reported primers.

A total of 100 isolates were selected from this study, with (33 %) showing the highest frequency of occurrence among the identified species, however, 74 isolates were molecularly confirmed as . Amongst the 74 molecularly confirmed isolates, 28 (37.84 %), 35 (47.30 %), and 37 (50 %) had , , and genes, respectively. Investigation showed that 42 (56.76 %) of the species encoded at least one of the screened enterotoxin genes.

The presence of these 3 sets of enterotoxin genes in isolated from cassava processing sites calls for immediate attention as they could be pivotal in the release of toxins in cassava products, causing lethal effects consumption. This study demonstrates the possibility of foodborne disease outbreaks in toxin-laden cassava products processed under unhygienic conditions.

© 2022 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/vat/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
2022-04-01
2025-03-02

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/vat/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. ReinckeK. VilvertE. FasseA. GraefF. SieberS. LanaM.A. Key factors influencing food security of smallholder farmers in Tanzania and the role of cassava as a strategic crop.Food Secur.201810491192410.1007/s12571‑018‑0814‑3
     [Google Scholar]
  2. OgunyinkaO. OguntuaseA. Analysis of cassava production and processing by various groups in support of cassava value chain in the south west of Nigeria.J Food Agric Sci202091111910.5897/ISABB‑JFAS2020.0113
     [Google Scholar]
  3. OyewoleB.O. Cassava processing in AfricaApplications of biotechnology to fermented foods: report of an ad hoc panel of the board on science and technology for international developmentUnited StatesNational Academies Press199210.17226/1939
     [Google Scholar]
  4. KouaméA.K. BouateninM.J.K. DjéniT.N. DjeK.M. Identification of hazards and critical control points during attiéké (a fermented cassava product) process in Côte d’Ivoire.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.2020702879410.1111/lam.1324731705681
     [Google Scholar]
  5. ShittuT.A. AlimiB.A. WahabB. SanniL.O. AbassA.B. Cassava flour and starch: Processing technology and utilization. Tropical roots and tubers, production, processing and technology.New YorkJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd.201641545010.1002/9781118992739.ch10a
     [Google Scholar]
  6. AvşarC. KoyuncuH. ArasE.S. Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus spp isolated from soil for production of industrial enzymes. Biological and Chemical ResearchNY, USAScience Signpost Publishing20177286
     [Google Scholar]
  7. FelskeA. WolterinkA. Van LisR. AkkermansA.D. Phylogeny of the main bacterial 16S rRNA sequences in Drentse A grassland soils (The Netherlands).Appl. Environ. Microbiol.199864387187910.1128/AEM.64.3.871‑879.19989501427
     [Google Scholar]
  8. LiszkaM.J. ClarkM.E. SchneiderE. ClarkD.S. Nature versus nurture: developing enzymes that function under extreme conditions.Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng.201237710210.1146/annurev‑chembioeng‑061010‑11423922468597
     [Google Scholar]
  9. FelskeA.D. HeyrmanJ. BalcaenA. de VosP. Multiplex PCR screening of soil isolates for novel Bacillus-related lineages.J. Microbiol. Methods200355244745810.1016/S0167‑7012(03)00191‑X14529967
     [Google Scholar]
  10. AyganA. SariturkS. KostekciS. TanisH. Production and characterization of alkaliphilic alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis A10 isolated from soils of Kahramanmaras, Turkey.Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.2014212168217310.5897/AJMR2013.6586
     [Google Scholar]
  11. RaskoD.A. AltherrM.R. HanC.S. RavelJ. Genomics of the Bacillus cereus group of organisms.FEMS Microbiol. Rev.200529230332910.1016/j.fmrre.2004.12.00515808746
     [Google Scholar]
  12. DebP. TalukdarS.A. MohsinaK. SarkerP.K. SayemS.A. Production and partial characterization of extracellular amylase enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens P-001.Springerplus20132115410.1186/2193‑1801‑2‑15423626928
     [Google Scholar]
  13. FrickerM. MesselhäusserU. BuschU. SchererS. Ehling-SchulzM. Diagnostic real-time PCR assays for the detection of emetic Bacillus cereus strains in foods and recent food-borne outbreaks.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.20077361892189810.1128/AEM.02219‑0617259359
     [Google Scholar]
  14. HoriiT. NotakeS. TamaiK. YanagisawaH. Bacillus cereus from blood cultures: Virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors for blood stream infection.FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.201163220220910.1111/j.1574‑695X.2011.00842.x22077223
     [Google Scholar]
  15. KimM.J. HanJ.K. ParkJ.S. LeeJ.S. LeeS.H. ChoJ.I. KimK.S. Various enterotoxin and other virulence factor genes widespread among Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains.J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.201525687287910.4014/jmb.1502.0200325791850
     [Google Scholar]
  16. RowanN.J. DeansK. AndersonJ.G. GemmellC.G. HunterI.S. ChaithongT. Putative virulence factor expression by clinical and food isolates of Bacillus spp. after growth in reconstituted infant milk formulae.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.20016793873388110.1128/AEM.67.9.3873‑3881.200111525980
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Stenfors ArnesenL.P. FagerlundA. GranumP.E. From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins.FEMS Microbiol. Rev.200832457960610.1111/j.1574‑6976.2008.00112.x18422617
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Ehling-SchulzM. VukovN. SchulzA. ShaheenR. AnderssonM. MärtlbauerE. SchererS. Identification and partial characterization of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene responsible for cereulide production in emetic Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.200571110511310.1128/AEM.71.1.105‑113.200515640177
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Zuberovic MuratovicA. TrögerR. GranelliK. HellenäsK.E. Quantitative analysis of cereulide toxin from Bacillus cereus in rice and pasta using synthetic cereulide standard and 13C6-cereulide standard - a short validation study.Toxins (Basel)20146123326333510.3390/toxins612332625514093
     [Google Scholar]
  20. TranS.L. GuillemetE. Ngo-CamusM. ClybouwC. PuharA. MorisA. GoharM. LereclusD. RamaraoN. Haemolysin II is a Bacillus cereus virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages.Cell. Microbiol.20111319210810.1111/j.1462‑5822.2010.01522.x20731668
     [Google Scholar]
  21. MontanariG. BorsariA. ChiavariC. FerriG. ZambonelliC. GraziaL. Morphological and phenotypical characterization of Bacillus sporothermodurans. J. Appl. Microbiol.200497480280910.1111/j.1365‑2672.2004.02371.x15357730
     [Google Scholar]
  22. YamagishiJ. SatoY. ShinozakiN. YeB. TsuboiA. NagasakiM. YamashitaR. Comparison of boiling and robotics automation method in DNA extraction for metagenomic sequencing of human oral microbes.PLoS One2016114e015438910.1371/journal.pone.015438927104353
     [Google Scholar]
  23. OuobaL.I.I. ParkoudaC. DiawaraB. ScottiC. VarnamA.H. Identification of bacillus spp. from bikalga, fermented seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa: phenotypic and genotypic characterization.J. Appl. Microbiol.2008104112213110.1111/j.1365‑2672.2007.03550.x17922831
     [Google Scholar]
  24. AhaotuI. AnyoguA. NjokuO.H. OduN.N. SutherlandJ.P. OuobaL.I.I. Molecular identification and safety of Bacillus species involved in the fermentation of African oil beans (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) for production of Ugba.Int. J. Food Microbiol.201316219510410.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.00123376783
     [Google Scholar]
  25. ElkhalilE.A. GaffarF.Y. MarmarA. OsmanH.A. Isolation and molecular characterization of cellulolytic Bacillus isolates from soil and compost.Am. J. Microbiol. Res.20152555810.12691/ajmr‑3‑2‑2
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Owusu-KwartengJ. WuniA. AkabandaF. Tano-DebrahK. JespersenL. Prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from dairy farms and traditional dairy products.BMC Microbiol.20171716510.1186/s12866‑017‑0975‑928288581
     [Google Scholar]
  27. RowanN.J. CaldowG. GemmellC.G. HunterI.S. Production of diarrheal enterotoxins and other potential virulence factors by veterinary isolates of bacillus species associated with nongastrointestinal infections.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.20036942372237610.1128/AEM.69.4.2372‑2376.200312676723
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ReisA.L. MontanhiniM.T. BittencourtJ.V. DestroM.T. BersotL.S. Gene detection and toxin production evaluation of hemolysin BL of Bacillus cereus isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Brazil.Braz. J. Microbiol.20144441195119810.1590/S1517‑8382201300040002424688511
     [Google Scholar]
  29. BrézillonC. HaustantM. DupkeS. CorreJ.P. LanderA. FranzT. MonotM. Couture-TosiE. JouvionG. LeendertzF.H. GrunowR. MockM.E. KleeS.R. GoossensP.L. Capsules, toxins and AtxA as virulence factors of emerging Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis.PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.201594e000345510.1371/journal.pntd.000345525830379
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/vat/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
Loading
Detection of Enterotoxin Genes in Bacillus species Isolated from Cassava Processing Environment in Nigeria
Ven and Tox 2, e120122200168 (2022); https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
/content/journals/vat/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
/content/journals/vat/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): Bacillus toxins; cassava; enterotoxigenic genes; food safety; foodborne disease; hygienic practices

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test