Letters in Organic Chemistry - Volume 20, Issue 9, 2023

Polymerase chain reaction is an approach to make numerous copies of specific DNA. PCR has been applied for the investigation of infectious sicknesses caused by viral, protozoan, bacterial, fungal, or other infectious factors. This review manuscript aims to survey the usage of PCR, LAMP, RPA, and RAA in rapid detection and highlight molecular detection of various diseases and pathogens. Scientific sources like Science Direct, PubMed, Research gate, Scopus, and Google Scholar with highlighting on Science Direct and Scopus have been applied. A review of the literature was prepared by using the keywords PCR, LAMP, infectious disease, pathogen, RAA, RPA, and virus. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification method presenting the substitute to PCR. The LAMP assay is more rapid than nested PCR, is cost-efficient, and is simple to perform. LAMP technology has been widely used for the detection of crop pests, human pathogenic, pathogenic, organisms, bacteria, and components in meat products. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a new isothermal technique to amplify the DNA as well as RPA. RPA combined the advantages of isothermal PCR with clarity and rapid amplification. Recombinase- aided amplification (RAA) assay has been successfully applied in the detection of bacterial and viral pathogens and controls the technical problems posed by DNA amplification techniques because it does not require thermal denaturation of the template and utilizes at a debilitated and continuous temperature. This manuscript has highlighted the importance of PCR and molecular detection as significant tools in the detection of infectious organisms, pathogens, toxins, and biological research.

It is common knowledge that cancer is the world's biggest cause of mortality. This has led to the ongoing introduction and validation of new cancer therapy outcomes. Benzimidazole derivatives control DNA stability and cell cycle advancement. A heterocyclic nucleus is structurally more favourable for a direct DNA connection and, thus, for the management of the DNA replication process. This review seeks to explore the usefulness of such drugs in the future facets of cancer prognosis and treatment in addition to discussing the role of benzimidazole in cancer therapy. Benzimidazole derivatives have been reported as a pertinent therapeutic strategy to modify cancer progression and malignancy in the data from 2013 to 2022. Here, we emphasize these features in several cancer types and cell lines using in vitro and in vivo methods.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that instigated the COVID-19 outbreak has been classified as a public health emergency of major global importance. As we know, heterocyclic compounds have been used to treat diseases like viral infections, AIDS, and cancer for many decades. There is a significant opportunity to investigate these heterocycles to combat coronaviruses. In this connection, DFT and molecular docking studies of sixteen 1,2 disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives with three different proteins, COVID-19 main protease (PDB: 6LU7), prefusion spike glycoprotein with single receptor-binding domain (PDB: 6VSB), and papain-like protease of SARS CoV-2 (PDB: 6W9C) have been performed using Spartan-14, Autodock Vina and Discovery Studio Visualizer software to investigate the binding interactions between them. The binding affinity results were compared to the authorized drugs hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir and it was concluded that 1,2 disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives might act as more potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 than hydroxyl chloroquine and remdesivir.

The main purpose of the present study is to check the therapeutic role of Amaranth squalene against skin cancer by performing docking studies with TGF-β, MIA and Raf which are important target proteins of signal transduction pathways leading to skin cancer development in human beings. In accordance with the World Health Organization, one of the leading causes of death worldwide is cancer. Discovering alternative, economical, and effective cancer treatment options is essential due to the high cost of the currently existing cancer therapies and other treatment-related constraints. Grains of Amaranth, a nutritionally important pseudocereal, are rich in squalene which possess important pharmacological properties. Due to the presence of squalene, Amaranth grain can be used as food based therapy for many dreadful diseases including cancer. Melanoma type of skin cancer is a serious form of skin cancer which is responsible for high mortality rate world wide. At present, Vemurafenib, which binds Braf and commonly used as drug for treatment of skin cancer has various adverse effects. Therefore, in the current investigation, the interaction of squalene a terpenoid compound from Amaranth, with proteins of skin cancer signalling pathway such as TGF-beta, Braf, and M.I.A was studied through molecular docking conducted by using Autodock vina software. To check the therapeutic role of Amaranth squalene against skin cancer by performing docking studies with TGF-β, MIA and Raf which are important target proteins of signal transduction pathway leading to skin cancer development in human beings. The 3D crystal structures of the proteins examined in this investigation were queried from The Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB) Web server (https:// www. rcsb. org/). For the present study, three proteins were taken, TGF-Beta (PDB ID:3tzm. MIA (PDB ID: 5ixb, BRAF (PDB ID:5jrq. The structure of squalene was taken from the PubChem database and was converted from .sdf format to .pdb format using Open- Babel. pkCSM (http:// structure. bioc.cam. ac.uk/pkcsm) along with SwissADME (http:// www. swiss adme.ch/ index. php) websites were used for Drug-likeliness properties of the compound. Anticancerous behaviour of Squalene was predicted with support of software PASS. Active Site of target Protein was projected by Biovia Drug Discovery Studio Visualizer 2020 (PDB ID: (TGF-β: 3tzm), (MIA: 5ixb), (BRAF: 5jrq). Protein-ligand docking studies were performed using the AutoDock v4.2.6 program. On the basis of the docking score, it was revealed that Amaranth squalene strongly interacted with Braf (5jrq) with binding energy of -14.4 followed by TGF-beta (3tzm) and MIA (5ixb) as compared to well-known drug Vemurafenib which has a binding energy of -4.9 only. Moreover, squalene ligand satisfied Lipinski’s rule of 5. Squalene may have enzyme-inhibitory action according to docking results and also be useful in in-vivo anti-cancerous screenings on model organisms. The present study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of Amaranth Squalene in the prevention of skin cancer as revealed by it’s stronger interaction with BRAF, TGF-β and MIA proteins as compared to Vemurafanib, a well-known drug used to treat skin cancer. The studies paved the way for Squalene to have a potential drug. Since Amaranth grains possess are enriched with squalene, the nutraceuticals/ food prepared from them has high prospectus to be used as a food based therapy for skin cancer treatment.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of the benzimidazoles and benzothiazole has been developed from the reaction between 1,2 phenylenediamine and 2-aminothiophenol compounds via DMF and DEF as C1 source in the presence of Mukaiyama Reagent (CMPI) as a new organocatalyst. This method was designed based on the principle of green chemistry to avoid the use of any expensive and toxic transition-metal catalyst. All products were known and characterized by FT-IR, CHNS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, and also were compared with their physical data with those reported in the literature.

A new 4-amino-5-mercapto-3-[(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,2,4-triazole was synthesized from the fusion of indole-3-butyric acid with thiocarbohydrazide. The reaction of 1,2,4-triazole with a series of benzaldehydes afforded the corresponding Schiff bases (2a-2s). All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities using a 96-well microbroth dilution assay. The results of the antibacterial activity revealed that Schiff base 2p with both chloro groups at meta and para positions of the phenyl exhibited significant inhibition against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at MIC 9.11 μmol/mL and against Bacillus subtilis spizizenni at 18.20 μmol/mL.

A new phenol derivative, 3-butyryl-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenethyl acetate (1) and seven known phenol analogs (2-8) have been isolated from Arctic fungus Phoma muscivora CPCC 401424. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses (HRMS, NMR, and IR), and comparison with reported data. All compounds were obtained from Phoma muscivora CPCC 401424 for the first time. Compounds 1 and 5 displayed excellent anti-influenza A virus activities with IC50 values of 2.20 and 2.17 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 5, and 7 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against Hela and H460 cancer cell lines.

Microwaves have been used to produce a practical, high-yielding, and scalable synthesis method for producing disubstituted 2H-indazoles. With this technique, a large class of 2H-indazoles can be effectively produced from substituted 2-bromobenzaldehyde, aromatic amine and NaN3 using [Cu(phen)(PPh3)2]NO3 as catalysts. With outstanding purity and yields, the current one-pot synthetic sequence enables the addition of two structural diversity points to broaden the chemical space.

A novel series of coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids were designed, synthesized, and extensively characterized using spectral data, including FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. Weatherburn's method was used to test new compounds' inhibition of urease activity. The results were evaluated by considering the effects of different side groups and hybridization. The chlorine atom in the molecules notably affects the inhibitory activity of urease. The best result was obtained with the compound “6- chloro-N'-{[5,6-dichloro-2-(2-thienylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]acetyl}-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3- carbohydrazide” (3b) with IC50= 12.48±0.12 μg/mL against Jack bean urease.

We herein present the synthesis of 1-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(2-hydroxysubstituted phenyl) propane-1,3-dione using microwave irradiation. Reactions were carried out by employing a solvent-free path using K2CO3 as green solid support. The results were compared with those of the conventional method. This microwave-assisted synthesis avoids hazardous solvents and reduces the number of steps and time, providing increased yields. The synthesized products were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry.

Urea derivatives are an important class of pharmacologically-active compounds due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with biological targets. Several synthetic pathways have been developed to access urea derivatives, such as the metal-free and metal-catalysed carbonylation reactions of amines and the Curtius, Hofmann, and Tiemann rearrangement reactions. This study aimed to synthesize urea derivatives from primary amines. The urea derivatives were synthesized from primary amines and potassium cyanate in 1M HCl aqueous solution under ambient conditions and were isolated, followed by characterization using FTIR, DSC, and NMR (¹H and ¹³C). A new urea derivative, N, N-diethylaminopropylurea (6), together with N-phenylurea (1), para-tolylurea (2), orthomethoxyphenylurea (3), para-methoxyphenylurea (4), N-benzylurea (5), and N-butylurea (7), was successfully synthesized under acidic conditions. This work presents the synthesis and characterization data of a newly-reported urea derivative, N, N-diethylaminopropylurea (6), and extends the substrate scope to basic side chains in the synthesis of urea derivatives from primary amines and potassium cyanate in water.

The present work describes the synthesis of cis-3-(substituted acetoxy)azetidin-2-ones from cis-3-hydroxyazetidin-2-ones. Two different routes have been investigated for the substitution at the C-3 position of the azetidin-2-ones. Method A involves the use of acetyl chloride XCOCl in the presence of pyridine and method B consists of using appropriate acid XCOOH in a catalytic amount of DMAP which was found to be the best to furnish the target azetidin-2-one. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and elemental analysis). Two different routes have been investigated for the substitution at the C-3 position of the azetidin-2-ones.