Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 25, Issue 10, 2019

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier of the central nervous system (CNS), which can restrict the free exchange of substances, such as toxins and drugs, between cerebral interstitial fluid and blood, keeping the relative physiological stabilization. The brain capillary endothelial cells, one of the structures of the BBB, have a variety of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters), among which the most widely investig Read More

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of types of surfactants and cosurfactants on physicochemical properties and permeability of sumatriptan-loaded microemulsions through rat skin. Methods: Different types of surfactants and cosurfactants were used to prepare drug-loaded microemulsions. The physicochemical characters and permeability parameters of these formulations were measur Read More

Background: Although protein kinase D1 (PKD1) has been proved to be an efficient target for anticancer drug development, lack of structural details and substrate binding mechanisms are the main obstacles for the development of selective inhibitors with therapeutic benefits. Objective: The present study described the in silico dynamics behaviors of PKD1 in binding with selective and non-selective inhibitors and revealed Read More

Throughout the evolutionary time, all organisms and species on Earth evolved with an adaptation to consistent oscillations of sunlight and darkness, now recognized as ‘circadian rhythm.’ Single-cellular to multisystem organisms use circadian biology to synchronize to the external environment and provide predictive adaptation to changes in cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of circadian biology has been implicated in numero Read More

Background and Objectives: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels have been investigated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to derive a more precise conclusion about serum/plasma IGF-1 levels in RA patients. Methods: PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were searched up to December 2018 in English, and the studies compa Read More

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common disease that occurs frequently. Due to various etiologies, the blood supply directed to the femoral head is interrupted in patients with ONFH. This disease can result in degeneration and necrosis of the subchondral bone of the femoral head, which ultimately cause a collapse of the femoral head. Of note, ONFH can extremely affect the quality of living of patients with a h Read More

RAS (H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras), as the second largest mutated gene driver in various human cancers, has long been a vital research target for cancer. Its function is to transform the extracellular environment into a cascade of intracellular signal transduction. RAS mutant protein regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and angiogenesis through downstream MAPK, PI3K and other signaling pathways. In KRA Read More

LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) are endogenous molecules lacking protein-encoding capacity, which have been identified as key regulators of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that lncRNAs play critical roles in several aspects of ischemic stroke, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Hence, lncRNAs may further broaden our understanding of stroke pathogenesis. Alter Read More

Background: High global incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is an observable complication in critically ill patients. Long-term disease and medication complexity contribute to devastating chronic kidney disease (CKD), diminishing quality of life. Objectives: To establish new biomarkers to guide patient care and facilitate novel therapeutics development. Methods: Serum and urinary levels of creatinine, CysC, and NGAL wer Read More

Background: Post-marketing pharmaceutical surveillance, a.k.a. pragmatic clinical trials (i.e., PCT), plays a vital role in preventing accidents in practical treatment. The most important and difficult task in PCT is to assess which drug causes adverse reactions (i.e., ADRs) from clinical texts. The confounding (i.e., factors cause confusions in causality assessment) is generated by the polypharmacy (i.e., multiple drugs use), whi Read More