Skip to content
2000
Volume 1, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2210-299X
  • E-ISSN: 2210-3007

Abstract

Background

Diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure all considerably raise the risk of cardiovascular disease. When all three of these characteristics occur at once, a metabolic problem is postulated. A combination of antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and anti-diabetic medications is frequently utilised to treat cardiovascular diseases. While statins (fluvastatin, simvastatin, .) are used to lower cholesterol levels, calcium channel blockers (. amlodipine, efonidipine, and azelnidipine, .) are used to target the smooth muscles of the heart. Diuretics (. chlortalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, .) and angiotensin II receptor antagonist (blockers) are also used to manage high blood pressure.

Objective

The study aimed to review liquid chromatography and related high-performance (HPLC) techniques that have been developed and used for evaluating the above drugs, together with an overview of the research work published in various scientific and drugs-linked journals.

Results

A basic critical investigation of the detailed published information has been completed and the current status of HPLC and related techniques as a percent measure of calcium channel blockers has been examined.

Conclusion

This survey has explored several matrices, including pharmacological products and organic samples, as well as methods for examining direct calcium blockers in them. It also discusses the current state of calcium channel blocker stability investigations. Additionally, it offers scientific approaches for the concurrent estimate of angiotensin II receptor antagonism, diuretics, statins, and beta-blockers with calcium channel blockers.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X250401231010114247
2023-01-01
2025-01-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/cis/1/1/CIS-1-E2210299X250401.html?itemId=/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X250401231010114247&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bharti MittuA.C. ChauhanP. Analytical method development and validation: A concise review.J. Anal. Bioanal. Tech.2015611610.4172/2155‑9872.1000233
    [Google Scholar]
  2. MuszalskaI. SobczakA. DołhańA. JelińskaA. Analysis of sartans: A review.J. Pharm. Sci.2014103122810.1002/jps.2376024227012
    [Google Scholar]
  3. RamuB. ChittelaK.B. High performance thin layer chromatography and its role pharmaceutical industry.J. Biosci. Bioeng.2018532934
    [Google Scholar]
  4. PatelK. PatelJ. PatelM. RajputG. PatelH. Introduction to hyphenated techniques and their applications in pharmacy.Pharm. Methods20101121310.4103/2229‑4708.7222223781411
    [Google Scholar]
  5. ReddyS.R. Hyphenated techniques- A comprehensive review.J. Advance Res. Develop.2017246371
    [Google Scholar]
  6. ThamizhanbanD. RaniT. PravalikaP. A review on hyphenated separation techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis.J. Pharma. Biol. Sci.2016116657410.9790/3008‑1106026574
    [Google Scholar]
  7. DingL. LiL. MaP. Determination of azelnidipine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.200743257557910.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.01116920318
    [Google Scholar]
  8. UeyamaE. TakahashiF. OhashiJ. KonseT. KishiN. KanoK. Mechanistic study on degradation of azelnidipine solution under radical initiator-based oxidative conditions.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.20126127728310.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.00122226042
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KawabataK. SamataN. UrasakiY. FukazawaI. UchidaN. UchidaE. YasuharaH. Enantioselective determination of azelnidipine in human plasma using liquid chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometry.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.20078521-238939710.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.05017350354
    [Google Scholar]
  10. MuralidharanS. ParasuramanS. VenugopalV. Simple validation of azelnidipine by RP-HPLC method.Pharma. Reports.2015114345
    [Google Scholar]
  11. RaneA.S. MahajanD.S.K. Validation and forced stability-indicating HPTLC method for determination of azelnidipine.World J. Pharm. Res.2016591053106210.20959/wjpr20169‑6930
    [Google Scholar]
  12. ModiJ. PatelS.K. ParikhN. ShahS.R. UpadhyayU.M. Stability indicating analytical method development and validation for estimation of azelnidipine.World J. Pharm. Res.201652831847
    [Google Scholar]
  13. RaskapurK.D. PatelM.M. CaptainA.D. UV-spectrophotometric method development and validation for determination of azelnidipine in pharmaceutical dosage form.Int. J. Pharma. Pharmaceut. Sci.201241238240
    [Google Scholar]
  14. RajputA.S. JhaD.K. GurramS. ShahD.S. AminP.D. RP-HPLC method development and validation for the quantification of Efonidipine hydrochloride in HME processed solid dispersions.Future J. Pharmaceut. Sci.2020617010.1186/s43094‑020‑00094‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  15. PatelG.H. AdeshraS.D. MeshramD.B. RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate and telmisartan in their synthetic mixture.IJPDA202119019510.47957/ijpda.v9i3.480
    [Google Scholar]
  16. AdeshraS. Development and validation of three novel UV spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate and telmisartan in their synthetic mixture and its comparison using ANOVA.J. Med. Chem. Sci.20214214515310.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2021.2.5
    [Google Scholar]
  17. CharuP.P. SadhanaJ.R. Forced degradation study of efonidipine HCl ethanolate, characterization of degradation products by LC-Q-TOF-MS and NMR.J. Appl. Pharm. Sci.2020104759910.7324/JAPS.2020.104012
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Sidhdhapara MitalJ. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of cilnidipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil in their combined tablet dosage form.Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci.20144115716010.5958/0974‑4150.2015.00026.7
    [Google Scholar]
  19. SafhiM.M. Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of cilnidipine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.Orient. J. Chem.201329113113410.13005/ojc/290123
    [Google Scholar]
  20. SunithaN. MarihalS.C. Method development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of olmesartan and cilnidipine.Int. J. Pharmaceut. Res. All. Sci.201543127135
    [Google Scholar]
  21. KachaveR. KaleM. WaghR. Simultaneous estimation of cilnidipine and valsartan by RP-HPLC in tablet formulation.Eurasian J. Analy. Chem.201611524525310.12973/ejac.2016.137a
    [Google Scholar]
  22. SojitraR.G. ChotaliyaU.J. Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine in synthetic mixture by HPLC for the treatment of hypertension stage-II.Future J. Pharmaceut. Sci.20217118910.1186/s43094‑021‑00336‑x
    [Google Scholar]
  23. PandaS.S. DuttaS. BeraR.K.V.V. JammulaS. Analytical eco‐scale and quality by design‐oriented liquid chromatography method for simultaneous quantification of metoprolol succinate, telmisartan, and cilnidipine in their fixed‐dose combination.Separ. Sci. Plus20214312813610.1002/sscp.202000115
    [Google Scholar]
  24. NeelimaK. RajendraP. Development and validation of rp-hplc method for the simultaneous estimation of chlorthalidone and cilnidipine in bulk and combined tablet dosage form.Pharmacophore Int. Res. J.201454442450
    [Google Scholar]
  25. RupareliyaR.H. JoshiH.S. Stability indicating simultaneous validation of telmisartan and cilnidipine with forced degradation behavior study by RP-HPLC in tablet dosage form.ISRN Chromatography2013201311610.1155/2013/461461
    [Google Scholar]
  26. TiwariB. ShirsatM.K. KulkarniA. Development and validation of stability indicating rp-hplc method for estimation of cilnidipine.J. Drug Deliv. Ther.20201019710010.22270/jddt.v10i1.3846
    [Google Scholar]
  27. SankarP.R. SwathiV. BabuP.S. Development and validation of novel uv and rp-hplc methods for determination of cilnidipine (a new generation ca channel blocker) in pharmaceutical dosage form.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.20191041886189410.13040/IJPSR.0975‑8232.10(4).1886‑94
    [Google Scholar]
  28. PatelS.N. HingeM.A. BhanushaliV.M. Development and validation of an UV spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of cilnidipine and chlorthalidone.J. Pharm. Res.2015914145
    [Google Scholar]
  29. RunjaC. RavikumarP. AvanapuS.R. A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of aliskiren hemifumarate and amlodipine besylate in pharmaceutical dosage form.Chromatogr. Res. Int.201420141710.1155/2014/628319
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Bhusari VidhyaK. Dhaneshwar SunilR. Validated HPLC method for simultaneous quantitation of amlodipine besylate, atenolol and aspirin in bulk drug and formulation.J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Sci.201217171610.52711/0974‑360X.2022.00035
    [Google Scholar]
  31. JuyalV. ChaudharyM. KumarP. GnanarajanG. YadavP.K. Method development and its validation for simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and amlodipine in combination in tablet dosage form by uv spectroscopy, using multi-component mode of analysis.J. Pharm. Res.200826
    [Google Scholar]
  32. SharmaN. VermaA. SharmaR. ChauhanJ. DahiyaM. Development and validation of rp-hplc method using photodiode array or diode-array detection detector for simultaneous estimation of the amlodipine besylate and lisinopril in fixed-dose formulation.IJPQA2020110332933310.25258/ijpqa.11.3.4
    [Google Scholar]
  33. JainP.S. PatelM.K. BariS.B. SuranaS.J. Development and validation of HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and metoprolol succinate in bulk and tablets.Indian J. Pharm. Sci.201274215215610.4103/0250‑474X.10384923325996
    [Google Scholar]
  34. MaimoonS. ReddyK.N.K. SwethaP. RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besylate and telmisartan in tablet dosage form.Indian J. Res. Pharma. Biotechnol.2017517476
    [Google Scholar]
  35. RaoM.P. SrikanthM. UmamaheswariK. A RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous assay of amlodipine and hydrochlorthiazide in combined dosage form.Int. J. Pharmaceut. Chem. Analy.201744
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SasidhaR.L.C. VidyadharaS. DeeptiB. TejaswiK. SuhasiniJ. Development and validation of Rp - Hplc method for the simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine besylate and telmisartan in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.Orient. J. Chem.20143041815182210.13005/ojc/300442
    [Google Scholar]
  37. KavathiaA. MisraM. Development and validation of RP-HPLC and UV-spectrophotometric methods for rapid simultaneous estimation of amlodipine and benazepril in pure and fixed dose combination.Arab. J. Chem.201710S3021S302810.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.043
    [Google Scholar]
  38. LogoydaL. KovalenkoS. Abdel-MegiedA.M. ZhulkevychI. DrapakI. DemchukI. NetsyukO. Hplc method development for the analysis of bisoprolol in combined dosage form containing bisoprolol and enalapril and in vitro dissolution studied.Int. J. App. Pharm.201919619410.22159/ijap.2019v11i3.32391
    [Google Scholar]
  39. KambleA.Y. MahadikM.V. KhatalL.D. DhaneshwarS.R. Validated HPLC and HPTLC method for simultaneous quantitation of amlodipine besylate and olmesartan medoxomil in bulk drug and formulation.Anal. Lett.201043225125810.1080/00032710903325906
    [Google Scholar]
  40. ShahD.A. PatelD.V. MehtaF.A. ChhalotiyaU.K. BhattK.K. High-performance thin-layer chromatography method for estimating the stability of a combination of irbesartan and amlodipine besylate.J. Taibah Univ. Sci.20159217718610.1016/j.jtusci.2014.07.007
    [Google Scholar]
  41. NehaB. JyotiS. ShaheenS. LC-UV method development and validation of amlodipine in pure and tablet dosage form.Res. J. Pharm. Sci.20165213
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Ahmed ElbashirA. Ali Mohammed OsmanR. Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan in pharmaceutical formulation.J. Anal. Pharm. Res.20176510.15406/japlr.2017.06.00188
    [Google Scholar]
  43. NagamaniP. ManjunathS.Y. Hemant KumarT. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of amlodipine besylate and celecoxib in pharmaceutical formulation.J. Drug Deliv. Ther.2020106313610.22270/jddt.v10i6.4521
    [Google Scholar]
  44. SharmaD. JainA. ShrivastavaA. Simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besylate and nebivolol hydrochloride in tablet dosage forms by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatographic using ultraviolet detection.Pharm. Methods20112191410.4103/2229‑4708.8108323781423
    [Google Scholar]
  45. ChitlangeS. ImranM. SakarkarD. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of amlodipine and metoprolol in tablet formulation.Asian J. Pharm.20082423210.4103/0973‑8398.45037
    [Google Scholar]
  46. SakpalP.H. ChabukswarA.R. Stability indicating rp - hplc method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of amlodipine and chlorthalidone in bulk and tablet dosage form.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.20201152161216810.13040/IJPSR.0975‑8232.11(5).2161‑68
    [Google Scholar]
  47. TengliA.R. ShivakumarG. GurupadayyaB.M. UPLCMS method development and validation of amlodipine, hydrochlorthiazide and losartan in combined tablet dosage form.Am. J. Anal. Chem.20156322823810.4236/ajac.2015.63021
    [Google Scholar]
  48. NU. KD. VvsA. Development and validation of UV-derivative spectroscopic and RP-HPLC methods for the determination of amlodipine besylate and valsartan in tablet dosage form and comparison of the developed methods by student’s T-Test.Indian J. Pharmaceut. Edu. Res.2017514ss776s78210.5530/ijper.51.4s.112
    [Google Scholar]
  49. BidouilS. DuboisJ. HanocqM. Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of isradipine and its main metabolites.J. Chromatogr., Biomed. Appl.1997693235936610.1016/S0378‑4347(97)00048‑09210440
    [Google Scholar]
  50. JeanC. LaplancheR. Assay of isradipine and of its major metabolites in biological fluids by capillary gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.J. Chromatogr., Biomed. Appl.19884281616910.1016/S0378‑4347(00)83890‑62971669
    [Google Scholar]
  51. ElghanyM.F.A. ElzeanyB.E. ElkawyM.A. StewartJ.T. A stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic assay of isradipine in pharmaceutical preparations.Anal. Lett.19962971157116510.1080/00032719608001465
    [Google Scholar]
  52. SalunkheN.H. JadhavN.R. BhingeS.D. Validated RP-HPLC method for quantification of felodipine in rabbit plasma: Application in a bioequivalence study.Ann. Pharm. Fr.2019771152710.1016/j.pharma.2018.08.00230243471
    [Google Scholar]
  53. KallepalliP. AnnapurnaM.M. A new stability indicating liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of felodipine.Asian J. Pharm.201812210.22377/ajp.v12i02.2400
    [Google Scholar]
  54. El YazbiF.A. MahrousM.E. HammudH.H. SonjiG.M. SonjiN.M. Comparative spectrophotometric, spectrofluorometric, and high‐performance liquid chromatographic study for the quantitative determination of the binary mixture felodipine and ramipril in pharmaceutical formulations.Anal. Lett.200841585387010.1080/00032710801934643
    [Google Scholar]
  55. CardozaR.M. AminP.D. A stability indicating LC method for felodipine.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.200227571171810.1016/S0731‑7085(01)00490‑311814712
    [Google Scholar]
  56. SreedeviV. KumarP.R. ThatavartiR. LC-MS method development and validation for the estimation of felodipine in human plasma and stability studies of freeze thaw analyte.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.2011226573
    [Google Scholar]
  57. WalashM.I. BelalF.F. El-EnanyN.M. El-MaghrabeyM.H. Synchronous fluorescence spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and felodipine in combined pharmaceutical preparation.Chem. Cent. J.201151707310.1186/1752‑153X‑5‑7022059735
    [Google Scholar]
  58. SawickiW. A validated method for the determination of verapamil and norverapamil in human plasma.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.2001253-468969510.1016/S0731‑7085(00)00585‑911377051
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Grech-BelangerO. LeboeufE. LangloisS. Assay of diltiazem and deacetyldiltiazem by capillary gas chromatography.J. Chromatogr., Biomed. Appl.19874171899810.1016/0378‑4347(87)80094‑43624405
    [Google Scholar]
  60. SouzaM.A.C. PereiraC.E.O. NogueiraF.H.A. PianettiG.A. Development and validation of a stability indicating HPLC method to determine diltiazem hydrochloride in tablets and compounded capsules.Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.201753310.1590/s2175‑97902017000300041
    [Google Scholar]
  61. SadeghiF. NavidpourL. BayatS. AfsharM. Validation and uncertainty estimation of an ecofriendly and stability-indicating HPLC method for determination of diltiazem in pharmaceutical preparations.J. Anal. Methods Chem.2013201311010.1155/2013/35381424163778
    [Google Scholar]
  62. DevarajanP.V. DhavseV.V. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of diltiazem hydrochloride as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations.J. Chromatogr., Biomed. Appl.1998706236236610.1016/S0378‑4347(97)00548‑39551826
    [Google Scholar]
  63. ChatpalliwarV.A. PorwalP.K. UpmanyuN. Validated gradient stability indicating HPLC method for determining Diltiazem Hydrochloride and related substances in bulk drug and novel tablet formulation.J. Pharm. Anal.20122322623710.1016/j.jpha.2012.01.00329403747
    [Google Scholar]
  64. GrundyJ.S. KheraniR. FosterR.T. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for nifedipine in human plasma utilizing ultraviolet detection.J. Chromatogr., Biomed. Appl.1994654114615110.1016/0378‑4347(93)E0449‑Z8004237
    [Google Scholar]
  65. ShahD.A. PatelJ.S. JadejaP. PatelV.B. ChhalotiyaU.K. Development of stability indicating HPTLC method for estimation of antihypertensive drug combination nifedipine and valsartan.J. Taibah Univ. Sci.201913172273010.1080/16583655.2019.1626574
    [Google Scholar]
  66. ChoiriS. AinurofiqA. RatriR. ZulmiM.U. Analytical method development of nifedipine and its degradants binary mixture using high performance liquid chromatography through a quality by design approach.IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.201833301206410.1088/1757‑899X/333/1/012064
    [Google Scholar]
  67. WangX.D. LiJ.L. LuY. ChenX. HuangM. ChowbayB. ZhouS.F. Rapid and simultaneous determination of nifedipine and dehydronifedipine in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical herb–drug interaction study.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.20078521-253454410.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.02617339138
    [Google Scholar]
  68. KharatV.R. VermaK.K. DhakeJ.D. Determination of lacidipine from urine by HPTLC using off-line SPE.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.2002283-478979310.1016/S0731‑7085(01)00584‑212008159
    [Google Scholar]
  69. VinodhM. VinayakM. RahulK. PankajP. Development and validation of a HPLC method for the determination of lacidipine in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form.Malaysian J. Analy. Sci.2012163213219
    [Google Scholar]
  70. GengY. ZhaoL. ZhaoJ. GuoB. MaP. LiY. ZhangT. Development of a supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of lacidipine in beagle dog plasma and its application to a bioavailability study.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.2014945-94612112610.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.02924333769
    [Google Scholar]
  71. RavichandranV. RaghuramaniS. SankarV. KalaiselvanV. DharumanJ. DharamsiA. Spectrophotometricmethod for determination of lacidipine in tablets.Indian J. Pharm. Sci.2004797799
    [Google Scholar]
  72. KharadS.L. TiwariR.N. Development and validation of HPLC method for nicardipine hydrochloride.J. Pharm. Res.20114722262227
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Al-GhannamS.M. Al-OlayanA.M. Stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of nicardipine in capsules and spiked human plasma. Identification of degradation products using HPLC/MS.Arab. J. Chem.20191281983199310.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.044
    [Google Scholar]
  74. QiM. WangP. JinX. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of nicardipine in human plasma.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.20068301818510.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.03516280265
    [Google Scholar]
  75. UbaleM.B. DhakaneV.D. ChaudhariV.R. A validated stability-indicating HPLC assay method for nicardipine hydrochloride in bulk drug and dosage form.Elixir Appl. Chem.201154158675870
    [Google Scholar]
  76. MatetiA. AarellyK. ThimmarajuM.K. RaghunandanN. Method development and validation of nicardipine hydrochloride in bulk and formulation using UV spectrophotometric method.J. Chem. Pharm. Res.20124736883694
    [Google Scholar]
  77. QiuF. ChenX. LiX. ZhongD. Determination of nimodipine in human plasma by a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.2004802229129710.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.00115018790
    [Google Scholar]
  78. HeZ. ZhongD. ChenX. LiuX. TangX. ZhaoL. Development of a dissolution medium for nimodipine tablets based on bioavailability evaluation.Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.200421448749110.1016/j.ejps.2003.11.00914998579
    [Google Scholar]
  79. ShaikhL.B. PandeV.V. MusmadeD.S. PatilP.P. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of process related impurity in nimodipine bulk and formulation.Der Pharma. Lett.201573287290
    [Google Scholar]
  80. BarmpalexisP. KanazeF.I. GeorgarakisE. Developing and optimizing a validated isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of nimodipine and impurities in tablets using experimental design methodology.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.20094951192120210.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.00319369025
    [Google Scholar]
  81. RavinchandranV. SultanaM.T. ShameemA. BalaakumarM. RaghuramanS. SankarV. Spectrophotometric method for determination of nimodipine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci.201635425427
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X250401231010114247
Loading
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X250401231010114247
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keyword(s): Azelnidipine; Calcium channel blockers (CCBs); Cilnidipine; Diabetes; Efonidipine; HPLC
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test