Anti-Infective Agents - Current Issue

Background: Gingivitis, commonly known as gum disease, refers to several types of inflammatory diseases that impact the connective tissues that surround the teeth. Gingivitis causes swelling, redness, and bleeding of the gums in its early stages. Objective: This article aims to describe the standard gingivitis medication. It emphasizes recent advancements in the initial therapy, treatment, and healing mechanisms of gingivitis for achievement in the clinical testing of medicines that promise to enable disease modification in patients. Also, it aims to review recent advancements and emerging therapeutic developments in the management of gingivitis, including gene-based therapies, nanotherapies, anti-cytokine therapies, stem cell-based therapies, and probiotic therapies. Methods: The information for the review articles was acquired by using Google Scholar and PubMed as search engines, as well as a number of publishers, including Springer Nature, Bentham Science, Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, and Frontier. Result and Discussion: Gingivitis is a gum disease and scaling root planning (SRP) is now the most common kind of periodontitis therapy available. It has the potential to deliver significant therapeutic success, but it can also have substantial problems that reduce the quality of life of a patient. Stem cell therapies, gingivitis genetic engineering, nuclear-based medicines, and other advances have given people hope that a wide range of illnesses, especially genetic disorders, can be cured. Conclusion: The current gingivitis therapies are successful and continually evolving, with several drugs currently in clinical trials. These innovative medicines, when combined, may alter gingivitis treatment in the next few years. Finally, gingivitis therapy requires professional dental care and patient education on oral hygiene. Nonetheless, further research and clinical studies are necessary to validate the efficacy, safety, and long-term benefits of these novel treatment modalities.

Background: The classical drug discovery approach demands more than a decade of strenuous exploration and substantial monetary or economic support, which is difficult in pandemic conditions, such as COVID-19. Methods: The main purpose of this work was to ascertain the best inhibitors to combat the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7) target. To achieve this, we conducted a molecular docking screening of 35 phytochemicals from eight different medicinal plants. Using a structurebased drug design of molecular docking, we studied the binding affinities and found 35 molecules that showed greater or identical affinity towards the target than the N3 inhibitor. Additionally, we conducted MD simulations for the 6LU7-schaftoside complex. Results: The docking analysis has identified several promising phytochemicals with great binding attraction towards the key target. The phytoconstituent, schaftoside (-8.7 kcal/mol), demonstrated the most binding attraction with the target via 6 conventional hydrogen bonds. Additionally, 2'-O-methyl cajanone (-8.3 kcal/mol), isoschaftoside (-8.0 kcal/mol), cajaflavonone (-8.0 kcal/mol), and co-crystal N3 inhibitor (-7.8 kcal/mol) also displayed significant binding affinity. Interestingly, schaftoside and 2'-O-methyl cajanone showed the most promising activities with their low binding energies. Conclusion: After thorough analysis, some compounds were found on elite docking sites that resembled drugs and had a harmless ADMET profile. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the compounds mentioned earlier possess the ability to be reused as potent inhibitors against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Helicobacter pylori is the primary bacterium in the development of gastric cancer; thus, its eradication for the prevention and management of peptic ulcers is of utmost importance. Most primary or unexplained peptic ulcers are brought on by Helicobacter pylori infection, which also causes chronic inflammation. The lack of therapeutic compliance, antibiotic resistance, and the breakdown of antibiotics at gastric pH all contribute to the current eradication rates. Therefore, a recent area of focus is the hunt for novel therapeutics with great selectivity against H. pylori. This review focuses on elucidating the landscape of anti-H. pylori compounds derived from both synthetic drug design programs and natural sources. Emphasis is placed on understanding the structure-activity relationships of these compounds and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the potential of drug repurposing strategies to combat H. pylori infection is explored. By providing a comprehensive overview of major classes of anti-H. pylori compounds, this study aims to guide the development of new medications for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ultimately, this review highlights promising avenues for future research and therapeutic interventions in the management of H. pylori -associated gastric cancer.

Morganella morganii, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, has gained increasing recognition as an important pathogen due to its multidrug resistance. In addition to its intrinsic resistance, it carries various resistance genes and mobile genetic elements, facilitating the spread of resistance genes. M. morganii develops its mechanisms of resistance through different genetic elements, and its pathogenicity is supported by several virulence factors. Its rate of resistance has attended high levels in a number of studies. The global prevalence of M. morganii- associated infections is observed with nosocomial and healthcare-associated infections. The spectrum of diseases caused by M. morganii is diverse, ranging from sepsis and urinary tract infections, abscess, purple urine bag syndrome, chorioamnionitis, and cellulitis to wound infections and bacteremia. Mortality rates associated with M. morganii infections remain high, emphasizing the need for effective treatment strategies. Thus, this article aimed to provide an overview of the evolving multidrug resistance, resistance genes, risk factors, spectrum diseases, and clinical significance of M. morganii, and the challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of M. morganii infections.

Aims: The creation and testing of new Schiff base-based antibacterial organotin (IV) complexes were the objectives of this investigation. Background: Due to developed resistance, antibiotics that were once often used to treat microorganisms are no longer effective against them. It is thought that organotin compounds synthesized from Schiff bases have significant pharmacological effectiveness and work well as antibacterial agents. Methods: Thiocarbohydrazide and dehydroacetic acid were condensed to create the Schiff base, followed by processing with dialkyltin (IV) dichloride to synthesize the final product. Modern analytical techniques were used to clarify the compounds' probable structural details. The crystalline nature of the produced compounds was tested using PXRD. Results: All of the compounds were thermally stable up to 300°C. All of the synthesized complexes showed potent antibacterial activity in the range of 250 to 400 μg/ml. Furthermore, the computational biology research showed that, in contrast to ligands, which had a binding energy of -7.3 to -7.4 kcal/mol, complexes interacted well with dihydropteroate synthase and DNA gyrase. Conclusion: The current study offered a unique technique for synthesizing diorganotin (IV) derivatives of N-substituted Schiff bases that are physiologically active. The results show that the chemicals created are promising antibacterial mediators against diseases that affect humans in the modern world. It might also open the door to future studies on drug-resistant microorganisms that could have biological uses.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is currently considered a major public health problem. This subject underscores the critical need for novel and enhanced antibacterial agents with a novel molecular structure and a new target to prevent cross-resistance. Copper exhibits antimicrobial properties by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and interfering with cellular processes. Copper complexes enhance these properties, offering improved stability and targeted antibacterial activity. Their ability to release copper ions can gradually enhance efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Therefore, investigating the antibacterial properties of new copper complexes is of significance. Methods: In this study, the antibacterial activity of [Cu(dimethylbpy)2Cl]PF6 complex was examined against several Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial activity of [Cu(dimethylbpy)2Cl]PF6 complex and Gentamicin (as standard compound) were determined using the microplate method. All concentrations were repeated three times. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined both using the unaided eye and absorbance at 490 nm. Results: The [Cu(dimethylbpy)2Cl]PF6 complex showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Among the assayed bacterial strains, the complex was most effective against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 100 and 250 μM, respectively. Conclusion: This complex displayed antimicrobial potential against some bacterial strains. Therefore, this complex may be used as an effective antibacterial agent in the treatment of infection caused by some bacterial strains, but further research is needed.

One of the top-listed opportunistic pathogens that are frequently found in medical devices such as ventilation systems is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria often cause infections in the lungs (pneumonia), blood after surgery, and other parts of the body. Extreme susceptibility to P. aeruginosa infection primarily exists in immunosuppressed individuals, and long-term evolution has led to the development of genetic resistance mechanisms that have high genetic flexibility against damaging antibiotics. Several lines of research evidence point to efflux as the primary reason for the organism's effectiveness against antibiotic treatment in infections caused by this bacterium. Drug Efflux pumps play a crucial role in medicine because they expulse a variety of unique and unrelated chemical structures with either antibiotics or antimicrobials before they reach the concentration necessary to kill bacteria, conferring multiple resistance to more than one class of antibiotics. Targeting this mechanism for example by blocking the most active efflux pump MexAB-orpM would probably lead to the discovery of new ways to circumvent the bacterial system of antibiotic resistance and boost treatment effectiveness.