Materials Science and Nanotechnology
Polymeric Nanoparticles: Targeted Delivery in Breast Cancer - A Review
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting the female population worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease mainly classified into three subtypes based on the status of the molecular markers for the hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and epidermal growth factor (HER-2) receptors. Hormone receptor positive breast cancer shows a good prognosis while tumors that do not show any of these receptors (triple negative breast cancer) are highly invasive. Despite all the conventional therapies for the treatment of breast cancer it remains the leading cause of cancer deaths of women worldwide.
Chemical grafting of nanoparticles (NPs) with polymers and surface modifiers as a targeted ligand can become an alternative for active targeting. Hence these polymeric NPs can control drug release with pH-responsive stimuli and the high selectivity of these NPs allows them to accumulate more inside the cancer cells that overexpress these receptors leaving normal cells unaffected.
Formulation incorporates various polymers solvents drug and stabilizing agents in the aqueous phase. Various techniques discussed in this review are employed for synthesis resulting in a dry NP formulation.
In this context we shall discuss the development of NPs against distinct forms of cancer malignancies. From here we know that polymeric NPs can produce a system with good characteristics effectiveness and active targeting of different cancer cells.
This system is a striking candidate for the targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy anticipating that NPs could be further developed for various breast cancer therapy applications.
Recent Advances in Creating 3D-interconnected Networks within Thermally Conductive Aluminum Nitride Polymer Composites: A Review
The demand for efficient heat dissipation in advanced electronic devices necessitates the development of polymer composites with exceptional thermal conductivity. Over the course of the last few years a great deal of research has been conducted to augment the thermal management of polymer composites through the incorporation of fillers possessing exceptionally high thermal conductivity. Among these fillers aluminum nitride (AlN) has emerged as an exemplary choice for enhancing the thermal conductivity properties of polymer composites. Nevertheless the substantial thermal resistance that exists at the interface of the filler and polymer matrix as well as between fillers themselves significantly impedes heat conduction thereby limiting the improvement in thermal conductivity. The concise review endeavors to illustrate the recent advancements in the production techniques of polymer/AlN composites that exhibit high thermal conductivity by creating a three-dimensional interconnected filler network. The review begins with an introduction to the proposed mechanisms of heat conductivity in polymer composites followed by a brief discussion of the various factors influencing the thermal conductivity of these composites. Subsequently the different methods for fabricating three-dimensional interconnected AlN networks in polymer/AlN composites all aimed at enhancing thermal conductivity are presented. The review aims to present novel methods for improving the thermal conductivity of polymer composites by building complex three-dimensional filler networks.
Experimental and Statistical Assessment of the Interaction of Ether and Naphthalene-based Superplasticizers with Concrete
The significant concerns surrounding the interaction between cement and superplasticizers have led to several challenges in the performance of concrete in real-world applications. This study investigates the interaction between different types of cement and superplasticizers and presents findings on their compatibility. Additionally various interactions between cement and superplasticizers are utilized to assess the strength and durability properties of concrete.
Three distinct types of superplasticizers were utilized: sulfonated naphthalene (SNF) polycarboxylic ether (PCE) and polymeric ether (PME) based superplasticizers in combination with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). Multiple concrete mixes with varying addition times of these superplasticizers were prepared and evaluated for their fresh and hardened concrete characteristics including workability strength and sorptivity among others. Moreover statistical analyses concerning different combinations of superplasticizers and cement as well as varying addition times were conducted to assess their respective impacts on concrete qualities.
The findings of the hypothesis testing indicated a substantial correlation between the delayed addition time of PPC mixes and variables such as compressive strength and workability with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.95 to 0.98. Conversely the correlation between these variables and OPC mixes was not found to be entirely significant (r; 0.85-0.89).
The established relationship indicated an improvement in the properties of fresh concrete due to enhanced compatibility between different superplasticizers and cement potentially aiding in the selection of optimal superplasticizer-cement combinations and addition times for superplasticizers.
In the present study numerous interactions between cement and superplasticizer are utilized to assess the strength and durability characteristics of the concrete.
Marine Polysaccharides for Gene Delivery: Approaches and Prospective
Polysaccharides from marine sources have been increasingly used in recent research due to their availability affordability biocompatibility and biodegradability. These features make them promising candidates for use in nanotechnology in a wide variety of drug delivery systems including those for gene therapy tissue engineering cancer therapy wound dressing biosensors and water purification. Marine polysaccharides are of particular interest due to their distinct physicochemical and biological properties like chitin alginate carrageenan fucoidan and chitosan has inspired an array of nanostructures. This article summarizes the history chemical composition biological functions and nanomedical uses of these marine polysaccharides. Marine polysaccharides are the topic of this review due to their potential utility in gene transfer.
Characterization of Ceria Powders as a Continuous Search for New Rare-earth Based Materials for Radiation Dosimetry
Ceria (CeO2) belongs to rare-earth series and due to its profitable properties presents a wide commercial use such as catalysis energy biological biomedical and pharmaceutical. The features of the starting materials in the form of free powders influence notably the processing formation as well as characteristics of the final structures\bodies obtained by colloidal processing. This study aims to characterize CeO2 powders. The results obtained are worthwhile data to advance toward new rare-earth based materials for radiation dosimetry.
CeO2 powders were evaluated by the following techniques: PCS SEM XRD FT-IR EPR IPC and pycnometric density (ρ). The stability of particles in aqueous solvent was evaluated by zeta potential (ζ) determination.
CeO2 powders exhibited cubic C-type form Fm-3m space group a mean particle size (d50) of 19.3 nm and a pycnometric density (ρ) of 7.01g.cm-3. Based on the results of zeta potential determination CeO2 powders exhibited high stability at pH 6.4 with ζ-value of |34.0|mV.
The evaluation of CeO2 powders was reported. The results presented and discussed in this study contribute to advance in the search of new rare-earth based materials for radiation dosimetry.
Effects of Environment-friendly Polymer Composite Modifiers on the Modulus and Pavement Performance of Asphalt Mixtures
In the current context of low-carbon environment it is particularly important to use waste plastics to prepare modifiers that increase the modulus of the bituminous mixture.
The study aimed to find out the influence of environment-friendly polymer composite modifier (E-FPCM) on modulus and pavement performance of bituminous mixture.
The influence of the optimum component E-FPCM on the dynamic modulus (DM) has been explored. The E-FPCM content’s effect on the rheological properties of bitumen has been analyzed. Also the influence of E-FPCM on pavement performance has been analyzed.
The degree of influence on SR of bituminous mixture has been in the order of recycled low-density polyethene (R-LDPE) > aromatic oil > lignin fiber. The optimum composition of E-FPCM has been found to be 10% aromatic oil 4.8% C9 62% R-LDPE 7.0% lignin fiber 0.2% antioxidant 1076 2% silane coupling agent and 14% mineral powder. By using E-FPCM with the optimum components the SBS bituminous mixture or 90# bituminous mixture has been found to meet the standard of a high-modulus bituminous mixture (HMBM). E-FPCM has been found to reduce the phase angle (δ) of bitumen and increase the complex shear modulus (G*) and rutting factor [G*/sin(δ)] which may help improve the rutting resistance (RR).
E-FPCM is beneficial for improving the RR of the bituminous mixture and reasonable content of E-FPCM has a great role in improving the water stability (WS) and low-temperature crack resistance (LTCR) of the bituminous mixture.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Porous Carbide-derived Carbon from SiC in Molten Salt
In this paper we aimed to prepare SiC-CDC with porous structure from SiC precursor by using simple molten salt electrochemical etching method at 900 ºC in argon at an applied constant voltage of 3.0 V.
Nanoporous materials include carbon materials silica or alumina gel and zeolite which have been known since ancient times. Among all these materials carbon materials are particularly outstanding. In recent years carbide-derived carbon (CDC) a type of unconventional carbon material produced by selectively extracting metal elements from the lattice of carbides has attracted increasing attention from researchers. Many different methods have now been proposed to prepare CDC among these methods currently the preparation of mesoporous carbide-derived carbon (CDCs) materials mainly relies on chlorination. The main problems with chlorination are the corrosion of chlorine gas and the treatment of secondary products (MClx). Therefore the search for environmentally friendly strategies for the production of CDC is still ongoing.
This article proves that we can successfully prepare SiC-CDC with porous structure from SiC precursor by using simple molten salt electrochemical etching method at 900ºC in argon at an applied constant voltage of 3.0 V.
The SiC-CDC with porous structure has been prepared from SiC precursor by using simple molten salt electrochemical etching method at 900ºC in argon at an applied constant voltage of 3.0 V.
The results show that the nanoporous SiC-CDC was successfully synthesized from the silicon carbide microspheres powder via by electrolysis in molten CaCl2 at 3.0 V 900°C for 15 h.
The nanoporous SiC-CDC was successfully synthesized from the silicon carbide microspheres powder via by electrolysis in molten CaCl2 at 3.0 V 900°C for 15 h and their microstructure specifc surface area and pore size were analyzed. The SiC-CDC obtained in this experiment mainly consisted of amorphous carbon and maintained the shape of SiC particles. The SiC-CDC is a mixture of amorphous carbon and ordered graphite phase with a highly degree of graphitization. The SiC-CDC displays a BET specific surface area of 561.39 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.39 cm3/g. This method to produce SiC-CDC is very attractive because it will not only pave a new way for the preparation of SiC-CDC but also for mass production of high-quality carbon material.
Packaging Materials Design And Developing Trend
Packaging materials design is related to economic and social development. At the same time it also reflects human aesthetic and emotional expression. With the continuous maturity of consumer psychology people have a new understanding of packaging design and the past packaging materials design concepts can no longer meet the various needs of customers. As is known packaging plays a very important role in promoting products to customers. Therefore attractive packaging materials design is essential. In this work the developing history of packing materials design was reviewed in detail. Both the advantages and disadvantages of the packing materials were discussed. Packaging materials experienced the process from paper plastic and metal to composite materials. The functions of packaging materials have gone from single to comprehensive. Driven by the commercialization of fierce competition although humans have made great achievements in packaging material design there is still greater room for development in packaging material design to meet the needs of future society. For a long time from now to the future the balance between practicality and aesthetics will still be the basic principle of material packaging design. In addition the human experience such as the friction coefficient of packaging materials has begun to be considered. The artistic combination of materials shapes colors and characters combined with artificial intelligence has gradually become the frontier of packaging material design. By learning from nature it can be concluded that smart packaging eco-friendly and sustainable development in packaging materials design combining practicality and aesthetics are the developing trend for the future.
Impacts of Cavity Thickness and Insulating Material on Dielectric Modulated Trench Junction-less Double Gate Field Effect Transistor for Biosensing Applications
This work represents the influence of gate dielectric and the nano-cavity gap of a dielectric modulated trench gate Junction-less Double Gate Field Effect Transistor (JL-DGFET) on the different performance indicators is investigated considering the Low-Frequency Noise.
It is noted that the gate dielectric and the nanogap both parameters have a substantial influence on the sensing capacity and performance of noise of the device.
A double gate suitable dielectric material and cavity thickness can effectively improve the biosensor’s sensitivity with a minimum amount of noise.
The sensitivity is found to increase up to 9.5 for dielectric constant k = 3.57 and 6.5 for dielectric constant k = 2.1.
Static and Dynamic Analysis of Automated Car Parking Tower Systems
Our country has dramatically evolved over the decades and now we have a large number of well-connected roads public buildings and a rising number of automobiles. With the passage of time the manual car parking system in commercial spaces has become a stumbling block and wastes time. As a result it requires a solution that can address these issues. Automated car parking systems are the answer to these issues.
In this study the static and dynamic response spectrum approach was used to analyze G+13 storey automated car parking by using ETABS-2018 systems
The storey displacement storey stiffness storey shear and overturning moment of steel and Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) automated car parking tower subjected to static and dynamic load for seismic zone III and zone IV in India have been determined.
The RCC automated car parking tower was found to be not only stiffer but also lowered the displacement of construction.
Research on Stiffness Analysis and Technology of the Heavy Spidle Top
The spindle top is an important component used to withstand the shaft workpiece on machine tools so that the spindle can meet high efficiency and high precision requirements. However the selection principles under various load conditions are not stipulated in use. In addition material selection manufacturing heat treatment technology etc. are of practical significance for the production of high hardness high wear resistance and high precision spindle tops.
The spindle top type material selection principles heat treatment cold working and other manufacturing processes are given. Provide a reference for high-performance and top-notch design and manufacturing.
The model of the spindle top will be created in UG software then using ANSYS finite element analysis software to analyze stiffness of spindle top whose height-to-diameter ratios are 1:4 and 1:7 types in a variety of different load cases. The design and manufacturing process of the spindle top is analyzed and expounded from the selection and performance comparison of metal materials heat treatment of different materials cold manufacturing technology and other aspects.
The deformation laws of different types of spindle tops are obtained. According to the deformation regular find the selection principle of height to diameter ratio of spindle top. The defects that are easy to occur in the technology are obtained and the preventive and solution measures are put forward.
According to the deformation regular find the selection principle of height to diameter ratio of spindle top. The material selection heat treatment technology and other technical research on the spindle top provide the necessary basis for the production of the spindle top.
Structural Behavior of Steel Structure Retrofitted with Bracing Systems and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
A steel frame system becomes structurally less efficient when subjected to large lateral loads such as a strong wind or a severe earthquake. Several techniques could enhance the structural performance against these lateral loads including single diagonal and X-bracing systems moment-resisting frames and viscous dampers.
This study aimed to compare these techniques' ability to reduce the structure's dynamic and static behavior when it faces lateral loads. The structure dynamic behavior was discussed through its lateral displacement response computed from the nonlinear dynamic analyses using different seismic and harmonic excitations. The structure static behavior was investigated based on the demand capacity curves and the plastic hinges response computed from the nonlinear static analyses (Pushover) following FEMA P-1050-1 guidelines. In this paper the viscous dampers were assumed to have a nonlinear behavior (0<α<1) and the impact of the velocity exponent α on their performance against the dynamic excitations was evaluated.
The results show that the X-braced frame performs better in reducing the structure displacement response and plastic hinges performance levels formed in the structural members than a single diagonal braced frame followed by a moment-resisting frame. The results also indicate that the X-braced frame has a larger base shear resistance capacity and a smaller deformation capacity than other structural configurations.
It was also concluded that for the same damping coefficient the performance of nonlinear viscous dampers increased as the velocity exponent decreased.
Influence of LaMnO3 Nanocrystallite Size on its Optical and Raman Spectra
In the current study nanocrystalline LaMnO3 perovskite was prepared by combustion method and annealed at different annealing temperatures. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns provided evidence that the structure formed has a Rhombohedral structure with R3 ̅c space group. The remarkable growth in the crystallite size reduction in microstrain and dislocation density were observed with annealing temperature. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the optical band gap by the Tauc-plot method. The optical band gap was found to be 3.5 ± 0.4eV and 2.9 ± 0.5eV for 600°C and 1200°C annealed samples respectively. The observed results were influenced by crystallite size. Raman spectra of the LaMnO3 nanocrystallites revealed five Raman-active modes like out-of-phase rotation modes and bending mode of MnO6 octahedra. Moreover the intensity of vibrational modes also varied significantly with annealing temperature.
Machining Performance of Ti6Al4V Nano Composites Processed at Al2O3 Nano Particles Mixed Minimum Quantity Lubrication Condition
In this research work an attempt was made to machine Ti6Al4V nano composites utilizing Al2O3 mixed nano fluid at minimum quantity lubrication condition in which experiments were designed using the L16 orthogonal array whereas Material Removal Rate Surface Roughness machining force and power were recorded as responses.
The nano composites were fabricated using the stir casting technique and the nano particles were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. the microstructure revealed that the homogeneous dispersion of particles with dendric arms. Increased cutting speed and feed lead to more tool wear which in turn causes a decrease in surface quality and an increase in surface roughness.
Larger areas of cut are often the consequence of higher feed rates which increases the amount of friction between the work piece and the cutting edge. The machining force increases when the feed rate is increased. A higher feed rate produces a large volume of the cut material in a given length of time in addition to having a dynamic impact on the cutting forces.
It also results in a corresponding increase in the typical contact stress at the tool chip interface and in the tool chip contact zone.
Hydrogenation of Benzene and Toluene by a Ruthenium(II) Quinoxaline Schiff Base Complex as Catalyst
A four-coordinate ruthenium(II) quinoxaline Schiff base complex with formula [Ru2LCl2].H2O has been synthesized and characterized. The hydrogenation of benzene and toluene using this complex as a catalyst was studied in a semi-batch reactor.
At 60ºC with 2.82 × 10-6 mol catalyst and 30 bar hydrogen pressure turnover frequencies 7362 h-1 and 5873 h-1 have been found for the reduction of benzene (0.34 mol) and toluene (0.28 mol) respectively.
Both partial and complete reduction occurs with more selectivity for the formation of completely reduced products. The initial rate approach was used to study the kinetics of benzene hydrogenation and the reaction was discovered to be first order with regard to benzene and the catalyst while following Michaelis-Menton kinetics with respect to dihydrogen.
This kinetic data proposed an intermediate hydride/dihydrogen complex as the catalytically active species which controls the overall hydrogenation rate.
Research on the Warm Mixing Effect and Evaluation Method of WMA-DSBS Modified Asphalt
Traditional SBS-modified asphalt consumes a large amount of energy during the production process. WMA-DSBS-modified asphalt can reduce the mixing temperature which is crucial for reducing energy consumption.
The aim of this study was to reduce the mixing temperature as much as possible without compromising the performance of the asphalt mixture while saving energy consumption and protecting the environment. By evaluating the warm mixing effects of different warm mixing types applied to direct-to-plant SBS (DSBS) modified asphalt as well as the changes in road performance after warm mixing DSBS modified asphalt mixture reference opinions are provided for the dosage of warm mixing agents in engineering problems.
A comparison is made between DSBS-modified asphalt and warm mix DSBS-modified asphalt in terms of technical performance parameters. On the basis of the Brinell rotational viscosity test and the variable temperature compaction test an index system for evaluating the modification effect of warm-mixed asphalt was developed.
The research results indicated that three different warm mixing agents have an enhancing effect on the temperature sensitivity high-temperature performance and low-temperature plastic deformation ability of asphalt in some temperature ranges. The viscosity of DSBS modified asphalt decreases with the increase of temperature before and after the addition of the three warm mix agents. During the temperature increase process the viscosity reduction index K value changes from negative to positive; The dosage of warm mixing agent is negatively correlated with the porosity of WMA-DSBS modified asphalt mixture and as the temperature increases the porosity of the mixture will decrease. The performance value T shows an upward trend improving its road performance.
A reasonable dosage of warm mix agent can significantly reduce the mixing temperature therefore WMA-DSBS modified asphalt plays an important role in reducing energy consumption.
Science and Technology of Supercapacitor and its Applications
Super-capacitors (SCs) are significant because of their unique characteristics which include long cycle life high strength and environmental friendliness. SCs use electrode substances with high specific surface area and thinner dielectrics. Referring to the energy storage mechanism all kinds of SCs were reviewed in this review paper; a quick synopsis of the materials and technology used for SCs is provided. Materials such as conducting polymers carbon materials metal oxides and their composites are the main focus. The performance of the composites was evaluated using metrics such as energy cycle performance power capacitance and rate capability which also provides information on the electrolyte materials. To precisely appraise the state of Charge (SoC) in the super SCs cell module its identical model o is used. It is expected that this model will accurately capture the features of the cell module specifically its standing-related self-discharge behavior and the outcomes of parameter identification directly impact its accuracy. Engine downsizing is a result of the requirement to increase fuel efficiency and lower CO2 and other hazardous pollutant emissions from internal combustion engine cars. However smaller turbocharged engines have a relatively poor torque capability at low engine speeds. To solve this issue an electrical torque boost based on SCs may be used to help recover energy during regenerative braking as well as during acceleration and gear changes.
Himalayan Sheep Wool Reinforced Composite- A Novel Sustainable Material for Future
Sheep wool-reinforced composites offer a sustainable alternative with diverse applications. This study explores their properties focusing on water absorption behavior and contact angle measurements.
To investigate the properties of sheep wool-reinforced composites and evaluate their suitability for moisture-sensitive environments with potential for patent protection.
Wool fibres known for their hydrophilic nature were modified to be hydrophobic and incorporated into epoxy resin matrices. Different weaving patterns were utilized to create fibre mats reinforcing epoxy composites.
2D plane weaving reinforcements exhibited superior in-plane properties compared to other reinforcements. Utilizing environmental sources like sheep wool in epoxy composites offers advantages such as low density cost-effectiveness and sustainability potentially patentable innovations.
The study demonstrates the developed composites' excellent resistance to water absorption making them viable for moisture-sensitive applications. Contact angle measurements suggest strong interfacial adhesion between wool fibres and the epoxy matrix highlighting patent-worthy advancements. These findings underscore the potential of sheep wool-reinforced composites in sustainable and moisture-resistant applications across various industries including automotive construction and consumer goods emphasizing the importance of patent protection for innovative technologies.
3-Dimensional Printing in Healthcare: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications
3D printing and additive manufacturing are interchangeable terms. Additive manufacturing builds models layer by layer using a variety of laser-based or sophisticated printing processes. While this was one of the earliest techniques for 3D printing the field now widely uses a number of other patented methods. The objective is to analyze the success rate of 3D printing in healthcare. The medical industry has found 3D printing to be highly beneficial in recent years. The application of 3D printing technology allows for greater customization of the therapeutic process which enhances treatment safety accuracy and precision. On the other hand the disclosure of new materials for 3D printing occurs frequently. For some producers the right materials might just be a few months or years away. However printing certain materials may be difficult or impossible. Excellent results are not always possible with 3D printers. We can conclude that 3D printing represents one of the most advanced techniques in healthcare.