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Protein and Peptide Letters - Online First
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Neuropeptide Network of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome – A Review
Available online: 11 September 2024More LessBackgroundPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the ubiquitous reproductive disorder, has been documented as highly prevalent (6-9%) in India. 10% of women globally are predicted to have the disease. The highly mutable endocrinopathy, with differential clinical criteria for each diagnosis of PCOS, can mask the severity of the syndrome by influencing the incidence and occurrence of PCOS.
Area CoveredWhen there is a solid theoretical hypothesis between the neuroendocrine origin and ovarian origin of PCOS, recent evidence supports the neuroendocrine derivation of the pathology. It is considered of neuroendocrine basis – as it controls the ovarian axis and acts as a delicate target because it possesses receptors for various gonadal hormones, neurotransmitters & neuropeptides. Can these neuroendocrine alterations, variations in central brain circuits, and neuropeptide dysregulation be the tie that would link the pathophysiology of the disorder, the occurrence of all the 1˚ and 2˚ symptoms like polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, obesity, insulin resistance, etc., in PCOS?
ConclusionThis review anticipates providing a comprehensive overview of how neuropeptides such as Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, Dynorphin A, β-Endorphin, Nesfatin, Neuropeptide Y, Phoenixin, Leptin, Ghrelin, Orexin, and Neudesin influence PCOS, the understanding of which may help to establish potential drug candidates against precise targets in these central circuits.
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Insights into the Evolutionary Dynamics: Characterization of Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Proteins in the Venom Gland Transcriptome of the Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion
Authors: Abbas Rami, Benjamin Damizadeh, Mahdi Behdani and Fatemeh Kazemi-LomedashtAvailable online: 04 September 2024More LessBackgroundThe Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, also known as the metalloproteinase/disintegrin/cysteine-rich (MDC) proteins, includes both secreted and transmembrane molecules involved in critical biological processes, such as cell migration, adhesion, and signaling. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary relationships and structural characteristics of disintegrin and metalloproteinase proteins identified in the venom gland transcriptome of the scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus .
MethodsUsing bioinformatics tools, we analyzed the open reading frame, conserved motifs, and primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of these proteins. Five proteins, named HLDisMet1, HLDisMet2, HLDisMet3, HLDisMet4, and HLDisMet5, were identified. Their predicted 3-D structures were within normal ranges (Z-score between -4 to -9).
ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed that HLDisMet1 shares similarities with proteins from various spider species ( Nephila pilipes , Argiope bruennichi , Araneus ventricosus , and Trichonephila inaurata madagascar iensis), HLDisMet2 with the scorpionCentruroides sculpturatus, HLDisMet4 with the scorpionTityus serrulatus , and HLDisMet5 with several snake species ( Python bivittatus , Vipera anatolica senliki, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus , and Naja naja ).
ConclusionThese findings highlight the significant similarities between HLDisMet proteins and those found in other venomous species, suggesting a complex and diverse evolutionary pathway for venom components. The cross-species conservation observed may indicate a convergent evolutionary strategy, where different species independently develop similar venom components to adapt to similar ecological niches or prey types. This study highlights the evolutionary significance of venom diversification and its potential applications in understanding venom biology across different species.
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Investigation of the Expression and Regulation of SCG5 in the Context of the Chromogranin-Secretogranin Family in Malignant Tumors
Authors: Weisong Zhang, Rui Wang, Zhongquan Yi, Rongqi Guo, Yangyang Li, Yanhan Xu, Xia Li and Jianxiang SongAvailable online: 04 September 2024More LessThe SCG5 gene has been demonstrated to play an essential role in the development and progression of a range of malignant neoplasms. The regulation of SCG5 expression involves multiple biological pathways. According to relevant studies, SCG5 is differentially expressed in different cancers, and its up- or down-regulation may even affect tumour growth, invasion, and migration, which caught our attention. Therefore, we summarise the regulatory roles played by the SCG5 gene in a variety of cancers and the biological regulatory mechanisms associated with its possible promotion or inhibition of tumour biological behavior, to further explore the potential of SCG5 as a new tumour marker and hopefully provide theoretical guidance for subsequent disease research and treatment.
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