Current Pediatric Reviews - Volume 21, Issue 1, 2025

Background Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis in children and adolescents worldwide. Objective This article aims to familiarize clinicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of GABHS pharyngitis. Methods A search was conducted in December 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term “group A β-hemolytic streptococcal Read More

There is evidence that few trace elements in the environment work as hazardous materials in terms of their exposure in the perinatal period, causing autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, and avoiding these exposures in the environment can reduce the number of new cases. This perspective study provides preliminary evidence to consider a few trace elements as culprits for ASD. More studies with larger cohorts a Read More

Sleep bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible during sleep, is common in children. Sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep. As such, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. This article aims to familiarize physicians with the diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism in children. A Read More

Introduction Current guidelines for neonatal resuscitation suggest the use of a laryngeal mask when ventilation with both facemask and endotracheal tube has failed in newborns weighing >2000 g or delivered ≥ 34 weeks of gestation age. Paediatric I-gel® is one of the latest supraglottic airway management devices suitable for children and newborns. I-gel® use was effective in guaranteeing adequate ventilat Read More

Introduction Submaximal field walking tests are easy to apply and low cost, but it is necessary to standardize their application, especially in the pediatric population. The feasibility and its use in patients with congenital heart disease have been studied. The goal of this study was to verify which are the submaximal field walking tests applied in the cardiopulmonary assessment of children and adolescents with CHD and to v Read More

Background Antibiotic de-escalation therapy plays a vital role in reducing the risk of bacterial resistance across the globe. This study elucidates the significance, determinants, and outcomes pertaining to Antibiotic De-escalation (ADE). The ADE is acknowledged as a crucial component within Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs). The proliferation of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria arises as an anticipated outcome of the Read More

Introduction Appendicitis is a common childhood condition that can be diagnostically challenging. Severe cases may necessitate support in the critical or intensive care unit. These “critical appendicitis diagnoses” have rarely been described. Case Description We retrospectively reviewed the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) database of the Hong Kong Children’s Hospital and identified cases of suspected and confirmed ap Read More

Background Riga-Fede disease (RFD) presents as oral mucosal ulceration in anatomical juxtaposition to sharp dental surfaces. Case Presentation A 7-month-old healthy male presented to the pediatric dentist for an emergency appointment. His mother was concerned about episodic, recurrent, and excessive bleeding from his mouth for three weeks. She reported that her son would often wake up in “a pool of blood”. The pediatr Read More

Background This interventional study aimed to assess the impact of combining probiotics with phototherapy compared to using phototherapy alone on bilirubin reduction in term neonates hospitalized in neonatal wards in a pediatric hospital in western Iran. Methods This clinical trial study included 150 term neonates with a gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks, birth weight of more than 2500 g, and diagnosed with neonatal ja Read More

Background Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) that are essential for optimal health and development. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maternal fish oil (containing omega-3 LCPUFA) intake from 21th week of pregnancy to 30 days postpartum for neurodevelopment and growth of infants at 9 and 12 months. Methods This was a follow- Read More