Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-3963
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6336

Abstract

Sleep bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible during sleep, is common in children. Sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep. As such, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds.

This article aims to familiarize physicians with the diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism in children.

A search was conducted in May 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms “Bruxism” OR “Teeth grinding” AND “sleep”. The search strategy included all observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review.

According to the International classification of sleep disorders, the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism are (1) the presence of frequent or regular (at least three nights per week for at least three months) tooth grinding sounds during sleep and (2) at least one or more of the following (a) abnormal tooth wear; (b) transient morning jaw muscle fatigue or pain; (c) temporary headache; or (d) jaw locking on awaking. According to the International Consensus on the assessment of bruxism, “possible” sleep bruxism can be diagnosed based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep; “probable” sleep bruxism based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep plus clinical findings suggestive of bruxism (, abnormal tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles, or tongue/lip indentation); and “definite” sleep bruxism based on the history and clinical findings and confirmation by polysomnography, preferably combined with video and audio recording. Although polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, because of the high cost, lengthy time involvement, and the need for high levels of technical competence, polysomnography is not available for use in most clinical settings. On the other hand, since sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of sleep bruxism is often based on the history (, reports of grinding noises during sleep) and clinical findings (, tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles).

In childhood, sleep-bruxism is typically self-limited and does not require specific treatment. Causative or triggering factors should be eliminated if possible. The importance of sleep hygiene cannot be over-emphasized. Bedtime should be relaxed and enjoyable. Mental stimulation and physical activity should be limited before going to bed. For adults with frequent and severe sleep bruxism who do not respond to the above measures, oral devices can be considered to protect teeth from further damage during bruxism episodes. As the orofacial structures are still developing in the pediatric age group, the benefits and risks of using oral devices should be taken into consideration. Pharmacotherapy is not a favorable option and is rarely used in children. Current evidence on the effective interventions for the management of sleep bruxism in children is inconclusive. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for specific treatment at this time.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cpr/10.2174/1573396320666230915103716
2025-01-01
2024-11-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. CastrillonE.E. OuK.L. WangK. ZhangJ. ZhouX. SvenssonP. Sleep bruxism: An updated review of an old problem.Acta Odontol. Scand.201674532833410.3109/00016357.2015.112594326758348
    [Google Scholar]
  2. BeddisH. PembertonM. DaviesS. Sleep bruxism: An overview for clinicians.Br. Dent. J.2018225649750110.1038/sj.bdj.2018.75730237554
    [Google Scholar]
  3. BeddisH.P. DaviesS.J. Relationships between tooth wear, bruxism and temporomandibular disorders.Br. Dent. J.2023234642242610.1038/s41415‑023‑5584‑436964364
    [Google Scholar]
  4. LeungA.K.C. RobsonW.L.M. Bruxism.Postgrad. Med.1991898167171, 17110.1080/00325481.1991.117009602038589
    [Google Scholar]
  5. LeungA.K.C. Bruxism common problems in ambulatory pediatrics: Anticipatory guidance and behavioral pediatrics.New YorkNova Science Publishers, Inc2011209212
    [Google Scholar]
  6. LobbezooF. AhlbergJ. GlarosA.G. KatoT. KoyanoK. LavigneG.J. de LeeuwR. ManfrediniD. SvenssonP. WinocurE. Bruxism defined and graded: An international consensus.J. Oral Rehabil.20134012410.1111/joor.1201123121262
    [Google Scholar]
  7. CheifetzA.T. OsganianS.K. AllredE.N. NeedlemanH.L. Prevalence of bruxism and associated correlates in children as reported by parents.J. Dent. Child.2005722677316294935
    [Google Scholar]
  8. da CostaS.V. de SouzaB.K. CruvinelT. OliveiraT.M. Lourenço NetoN. MachadoM.A.A.M. Factors associated with preschool children’s sleep bruxism.Cranio20211710.1080/08869634.2021.190366333764285
    [Google Scholar]
  9. MachadoE. Dal-FabbroC. CunaliP.A. KaizerO.B. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review.Dental Press J. Orthod.2014196546110.1590/2176‑9451.19.6.054‑061.oar25628080
    [Google Scholar]
  10. ManfrediniD. RestrepoC. Diaz-SerranoK. WinocurE. LobbezooF. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review of the literature.J. Oral Rehabil.201340863164210.1111/joor.1206923700983
    [Google Scholar]
  11. RanjanS. S ChandraP. PrabhuS. Antidepressant-induced bruxism: Need for buspirone?Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.20069448548710.1017/S146114570500598516753073
    [Google Scholar]
  12. SariS. SonmezH. The relationhip between occlusal factors and bruxism in permanent and mixed dentition in Turkish children.J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent.200125319119410.17796/jcpd.25.3.84m695q65062256812049076
    [Google Scholar]
  13. ShettyS. PittiV. Satish BabuC.L. Surendra KumarG.P. DeepthiB.C. Bruxism: A literature review.J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc.201010314114810.1007/s13191‑011‑0041‑521886404
    [Google Scholar]
  14. BarbosaT.S. MiyakodaL.S. PocztarukR.L. RochaC.P. GaviãoM.B.D. Temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in childhood and adolescence: Review of the literature.Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.200872329931410.1016/j.ijporl.2007.11.00618180045
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Vieira-AndradeR.G. DrumondC.L. Martins-JúniorP.A. Corrêa-FariaP. GonzagaG.C. MarquesL.S. Ramos-JorgeM.L. Prevalence of sleep bruxism and associated factors in preschool children.Pediatr. Dent.2014361465024717709
    [Google Scholar]
  16. WetselaarP. VermaireE.J.H. LobbezooF. SchullerA.A. The prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adolescent population.J. Oral Rehabil.202148214314910.1111/joor.1311733070349
    [Google Scholar]
  17. OhayonM.M. LiK.K. GuilleminaultC. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population.Chest20011191536110.1378/chest.119.1.5311157584
    [Google Scholar]
  18. ManfrediniD. WinocurE. Guarda-NardiniL. PaesaniD. LobbezooF. Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: A systematic review of the literature.J. Orofac. Pain20132729911010.11607/jop.92123630682
    [Google Scholar]
  19. CastrillonE.E. ExpostoF.G. Sleep bruxism and pain.Dent. Clin. North Am.201862465766310.1016/j.cden.2018.06.00330189988
    [Google Scholar]
  20. GerstnerR.E. Sleep-related bruxism (tooth grinding).UpToDate. PostT.W. Waltham, MA2023
    [Google Scholar]
  21. BulandaS. Ilczuk-RypułaD. Nitecka-BuchtaA. NowakZ. BaronS. Postek-StefańskaL. Sleep bruxism in children: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment - A literature review.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20211818954410.3390/ijerph1818954434574467
    [Google Scholar]
  22. KlasserG.D. ReiN. LavigneG.J. Sleep bruxism etiology: The evolution of a changing paradigm.J. Can. Dent. Assoc.201581f225633110
    [Google Scholar]
  23. KuhnM. TürpJ.C. Risk factors for bruxism.Swiss Dent. J.2018128211812429533049
    [Google Scholar]
  24. ManfrediniD. Serra-NegraJ. CarbonciniF. LobbezooF. Current concepts of bruxism.Int. J. Prosthodont.201730543743810.11607/ijp.521028806429
    [Google Scholar]
  25. RangarajanP. MuraliR.V. MounissamyA. Bruxism: Conceptual discussion and review.J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci.201575Suppl. 126510.4103/0975‑7406.15594826015729
    [Google Scholar]
  26. WieckiewiczM. Paradowska-StolarzA. WieckiewiczW. Psychosocial aspects of bruxism: The most paramount factor influencing teeth grinding.BioMed Res. Int.201420141710.1155/2014/46918725101282
    [Google Scholar]
  27. AlvesA.C. AlchieriJ.C. BarbosaG.A. Bruxism. Masticatory implications and anxiety.Acta Odontol. Latinoam.2013261152224294819
    [Google Scholar]
  28. AntonioA.G. PierroV.S. MaiaL.C. Bruxism in children: A warning sign for psychological problems.J. Can. Dent. Assoc.200672215516016545178
    [Google Scholar]
  29. CavalloP. CarpinelliL. SavareseG. Perceived stress and bruxism in university students.BMC Res. Notes20169151410.1186/s13104‑016‑2311‑028003024
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ChemeloV.S. NéY.G.S. FrazãoD.R. Souza-RodriguesR.D. FagundesN.C.F. MagnoM.B. SilvaC.M.T. MaiaL.C. LimaR.R. Is there association between stress and bruxism? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front. Neurol.20201159077910.3389/fneur.2020.59077933424744
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ferreira-BacciA.V. CardosoC.L.C. Díaz-SerranoK.V. Behavioral problems and emotional stress in children with bruxism.Braz. Dent. J.201223324625110.1590/S0103‑6440201200030001122814694
    [Google Scholar]
  32. GouwS. de WijerA. BronkhorstE.M. KalaykovaS.I. CreugersN.H.J. Association between self-reported bruxism and anger and frustration.J. Oral Rehabil.201946210110810.1111/joor.1272730298526
    [Google Scholar]
  33. OliveiraM.T. BittencourtS.T. MarconK. DestroS. PereiraJ.R. Sleep bruxism and anxiety level in children.Braz. Oral Res.20152911510.1590/1807‑3107BOR‑2015.vol29.002425627888
    [Google Scholar]
  34. PrzystańskaA. JasielskaA. ZiarkoM. Pobudek-RadzikowskaM. Maciejewska-SzaniecZ. Prylińska-CzyżewskaA. Wierzbik-StrońskaM. GorajskaM. Czajka-JakubowskaA. Psychosocial predictors of bruxism.BioMed Res. Int.201920191810.1155/2019/206971631737656
    [Google Scholar]
  35. RennerA.C. da SilvaA.A.M. RodriguezJ.D.M. SimõesV.M.F. BarbieriM.A. BettiolH. ThomazE.B.A.F. da Conceição SaraivaM. Are mental health problems and depression associated with bruxism in children?Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol.201240327728710.1111/j.1600‑0528.2011.00644.x22049927
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SaczukK. LapinskaB. WilmontP. PawlakL. Lukomska-SzymanskaM. Relationship between sleep bruxism, perceived stress, and coping strategies.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20191617319310.3390/ijerph1617319331480550
    [Google Scholar]
  37. SutinA.R. TerraccianoA. FerrucciL. CostaP.T.Jr Teeth grinding: Is emotional stability related to bruxism?J. Res. Pers.201044340240510.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.00620835403
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Themessl-HuberM. Bruxism in children appears to be associated with emotional problems but not depression.J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract.201212423123310.1016/j.jebdp.2012.09.00223177509
    [Google Scholar]
  39. TürkoğluS. AkçaÖ.F. TürkoğluG. AkçaM. Psychiatric disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents with sleep bruxism.Sleep Breath.201418364965410.1007/s11325‑013‑0928‑y24371001
    [Google Scholar]
  40. VlăduțuD. PopescuS.M. MercuțR. IonescuM. ScrieciuM. GlodeanuA.D. StănușiA. RîcăA.M. MercuțV. Associations between bruxism, stress, and manifestations of temporomandibular disorder in young students.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2022199541510.3390/ijerph1909541535564810
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Serra-NegraJ.M. PaivaS.M. Flores-MendozaC.E. Ramos-JorgeM.L. PordeusI.A. Association among stress, personality traits, and sleep bruxism in children.Pediatr. Dent.2012342e30e3422583874
    [Google Scholar]
  42. ClarkG.T. RughJ.D. HandelmanS.L. Nocturnal masseter muscle activity and urinary catecholamine levels in bruxers.J. Dent. Res.198059101571157610.1177/002203458005901003016932413
    [Google Scholar]
  43. SeraidarianP. SeraidarianP.I. das Neves CavalcantiB. MarchiniL. Claro NevesA.C. Urinary levels of catecholamines among individuals with and without sleep bruxism.Sleep Breath.2009131858810.1007/s11325‑008‑0193‑718516634
    [Google Scholar]
  44. VanderasA.P. MenenakouM. KouimtzisT.H. PapagiannoulisL. Urinary catecholamine levels and bruxism in children.J. Oral Rehabil.199926210311010.1046/j.1365‑2842.1999.00341.x10080306
    [Google Scholar]
  45. De Luca CantoG. SinghV. ContiP. DickB.D. GozalD. MajorP.W. Flores-MirC. Association between sleep bruxism and psychosocial factors in children and adolescents: A systematic review.Clin. Pediatr.201554546947810.1177/000992281455597625385932
    [Google Scholar]
  46. BornhardtT. IturriagaV. Sleep bruxism.Sleep Med. Clin.202116237338010.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.01033985661
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Kazubowska-MachnowskaK. JodkowskaA. Michalek-ZrabkowskaM. WieckiewiczM. PorebaR. DominiakM. GacP. MazurG. KanclerskaJ. MartynowiczH. The effect of severity of obstructive sleep apnea on sleep bruxism in respiratory polygraphy study.Brain Sci.202212782810.3390/brainsci1207082835884635
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Michalek-ZrabkowskaM. WieckiewiczM. MacekP. GacP. SmardzJ. WojakowskaA. PorebaR. MazurG. MartynowiczH. The relationship between simple snoring and sleep bruxism: A polysomnographic study.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20201723896010.3390/ijerph1723896033276496
    [Google Scholar]
  49. CastroflorioT. BargelliniA. RossiniG. CugliariG. RainoldiA. DeregibusA. Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children: A systematic literature review.Arch. Oral Biol.201560111618162410.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.01426351743
    [Google Scholar]
  50. BurkeD.J. SeitzA. AladesuruO. RobbinsM.S. Ch’angJ.H. Bruxism in acute neurologic illness.Curr. Pain Headache Rep.20212564110.1007/s11916‑021‑00953‑433837858
    [Google Scholar]
  51. ElsayedR. HasaneinB. SayyahH. El-AuotyM. TharwatN. BelalT. Sleep assessment of children with cerebral palsy: Using validated sleep questionnaire.Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol.2013161626510.4103/0972‑2327.10770823661965
    [Google Scholar]
  52. KammerP.V. MoroJ.S. SoaresJ.P. MassignanC. PhadraigC.M.G. BolanM. Prevalence of tooth grinding in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Oral Rehabil.202249667168510.1111/joor.1331535218239
    [Google Scholar]
  53. MiamotoC.B. PereiraL.J. Ramos-JorgeM.L. MarquesL.S. Prevalence and predictive factors of sleep bruxism in children with and without cognitive impairment.Braz. Oral Res.201125543944510.1590/S1806‑8324201100050001122031058
    [Google Scholar]
  54. ChangJ.P.C. WuC.C. SuK.P. A case of venlafaxine-induced bruxism alleviated by duloxetine substitution.Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry201135130710.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.02521111016
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Souto-SouzaD. MourãoP.S. BarrosoH.H. Douglas-de-OliveiraD.W. Ramos-JorgeM.L. FalciS.G.M. GalvãoE.L. Is there an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents and the occurrence of bruxism? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Sleep Med. Rev.20205310133010.1016/j.smrv.2020.10133032554210
    [Google Scholar]
  56. EllaB. GhorayebI. BurbaudP. GuehlD. Bruxism in movement disorders: A comprehensive review.J. Prosthodont.201726759960510.1111/jopr.1247927077925
    [Google Scholar]
  57. MasukoA.H. VillaT.R. Pradella-HallinanM. MoszczynskiA.J. de Souza CarvalhoD. TufikS. do PradoG.F. CoelhoF.M.S. Prevalence of bruxism in children with episodic migraine: A case–control study with polysomnography.BMC Res. Notes20147129810.1186/1756‑0500‑7‑29824886343
    [Google Scholar]
  58. ČalićA. PeterlinB. Epigenetics and bruxism: Possible role of epigenetics in the etiology of bruxism.Int. J. Prosthodont.201528659459910.11607/ijp.412626523718
    [Google Scholar]
  59. LuconiE. TogniL. MascittiM. TeseiA. NoriA. BarlattaniA. ProcacciniM. SantarelliA. Bruxism in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A comprehensive review.Medicina202157322410.3390/medicina5703022433804484
    [Google Scholar]
  60. AguileraS.B. BrownL. PericoV.A. Aesthetic treatment of bruxism.J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.2017105495528670358
    [Google Scholar]
  61. GuoH. WangT. NiuX. WangH. YangW. QiuJ. YangL. The risk factors related to bruxism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Arch. Oral Biol.201886183410.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.11.00429149621
    [Google Scholar]
  62. IerardoG. MazurM. LuzziV. CalcagnileF. OttolenghiL. PolimeniA. Treatments of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Cranio2021391586410.1080/08869634.2019.158147030806589
    [Google Scholar]
  63. MeloG. DuarteJ. PaulettoP. PorporattiA.L. Stuginski-BarbosaJ. WinocurE. Flores-MirC. De Luca CantoG. Bruxism: An umbrella review of systematic reviews.J. Oral Rehabil.2019467joor.1280110.1111/joor.1280130993738
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Simões-ZenariM. BitarM.L. Factors associated to bruxism in children from 4-6 years.Pro Fono201022446547210.1590/S0104‑5687201000040001821271101
    [Google Scholar]
  65. FeuD. CatharinoF. QuintãoC.C.A. AlmeidaM.A.O. A systematic review of etiological and risk factors associated with bruxism.J. Orthod.201340216317110.1179/1465313312Y.000000002123794697
    [Google Scholar]
  66. HesselbacherS. SubramanianS. RaoS. CasturiL. SuraniS. Self-reported sleep bruxism and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: relationship to gender and ethnicity.Open Respir. Med. J.201481344010.2174/187430640140801003425352924
    [Google Scholar]
  67. LiY. YuF. NiuL. LongY. TayF.R. ChenJ. Association between bruxism and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case-control study.J. Dent.201877515810.1016/j.jdent.2018.07.00530017936
    [Google Scholar]
  68. LiY. YuF. NiuL. HuW. LongY. TayF. ChenJ. Associations among bruxism, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and tooth wear.J. Clin. Med.201871141710.3390/jcm711041730404150
    [Google Scholar]
  69. MiyawakiS. TanimotoY. ArakiY. KatayamaA. FujiiA. Takano-YamamotoT. Association between nocturnal bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux.Sleep200326788889210.1093/sleep/26.7.88814655925
    [Google Scholar]
  70. NotaA. PittariL. PaggiM. AbatiS. TeccoS. Correlation between bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux disorder and their effects on tooth wear. A systematic review.J. Clin. Med.2022114110710.3390/jcm1104110735207380
    [Google Scholar]
  71. AkbarzadehF. BehravanG. ModaresiF. EslamzadehM. Citalopram-induced sleep bruxism in a breastfed infant: A case report.Front. Psychiatry202314105134610.3389/fpsyt.2023.105134636816404
    [Google Scholar]
  72. AkbaşB. BilgiçA. Fluoxetine-induced sleep bruxism rapidly treated with once-nightly dosing of buspirone in a 6-year-old girl.Clin. Neuropharmacol.201841519719810.1097/WNF.000000000000029329979192
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Çolak SivriR. AkçaÖ.F. Buspirone in the treatment of fluoxetine-induced sleep bruxism.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.201626876276310.1089/cap.2016.007527315110
    [Google Scholar]
  74. HazaraR. Depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bruxism.Dent. Update2015421097910.12968/denu.2015.42.10.979a26856008
    [Google Scholar]
  75. IskandarJ.W. WoodB. AliR. WoodR.L. Successful monitoring of fluoxetine-induced nocturnal bruxism: a case report.J. Clin. Psychiatry201273336610.4088/JCP.11cr0732122490260
    [Google Scholar]
  76. GarrettA.R. HawleyJ.S. SSRI-associated bruxism.Neurol. Clin. Pract.20188213514110.1212/CPJ.000000000000043329708207
    [Google Scholar]
  77. MilanlıogluA. Paroxetine-induced severe sleep bruxism successfully treated with buspirone.Clinics201267219119210.6061/clinics/2012(02)1722358247
    [Google Scholar]
  78. RajaM. RajaS. Two cases of sleep bruxism associated with escitalopram treatment.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.201434340340510.1097/JCP.000000000000012224743724
    [Google Scholar]
  79. RajanR. SunY.M. Reevaluating antidepressant selection in patients with bruxism and temporomandibular joint disorder.J. Psychiatr. Pract.201723317317910.1097/PRA.000000000000022728492455
    [Google Scholar]
  80. UcaA.U. UğuzF. KozakH.H. GümüşH. AksoyF. SeyithanoğluA. KurtH.G. Antidepressant-induced sleep bruxism: Prevalence, incidence, and related factors.Clin. Neuropharmacol.201538622723010.1097/WNF.000000000000010826536018
    [Google Scholar]
  81. UvaisN.A. SreerajV.S. Sathish KumarS.V. Sertraline induced mandibular dystonia and bruxism.J. Family Med. Prim. Care20165488288410.4103/2249‑4863.20116828349014
    [Google Scholar]
  82. WallemA. Felipe-SpadaN. Tomàs-AliberasJ. Influence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the development of bruxism.Cranio2022 Sep131710.1080/08869634.2022.212027736101968
    [Google Scholar]
  83. AlbayrakY. EkinciO. Duloxetine-induced nocturnal bruxism resolved by buspirone: Case report.Clin. Neuropharmacol.201134413713810.1097/WNF.0b013e318222773621768799
    [Google Scholar]
  84. BahaliK. YalcinO. AvciA. Atomoxetine-induced wake-time teeth clenching and sleep bruxism in a child patient.Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry201423121233123510.1007/s00787‑014‑0607‑y25159091
    [Google Scholar]
  85. BilacO. PercinelI. KavurmaC. Atomoxetine-related bruxism in a 7-year-old boy: A case report.Indian J. Psychiatry202062110410510.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_566_1832001942
    [Google Scholar]
  86. JoseS.P. Venlafaxine-induced severe sleep bruxism in a patient with generalized anxiety disorder.Indian J. Psychol. Med.201537224925010.4103/0253‑7176.15567925969621
    [Google Scholar]
  87. KulogluM. EkinciO. CaykoyluA. Venlafaxine-associated nocturnal bruxism in a depressive patient successfully treated with buspirone.J. Psychopharmacol.201024462762810.1177/026988110910261219264817
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Guler AksuG. BozdumanS. Aripiprazole-induced bruxism in a child: A case report.Asia-Pac. Psychiatry2020123e1238910.1111/appy.1238932367695
    [Google Scholar]
  89. YapA.J. ChuaA. Sleep bruxism: Current knowledge and contemporary management.J. Conserv. Dent.201619538338910.4103/0972‑0707.19000727656052
    [Google Scholar]
  90. ItalianoD. BramantiP. MilitiD. MondelloS. CalabroR.S. Ketotifen-induced nocturnal bruxism.Eur. J. Pediatr.2014173121585158610.1007/s00431‑013‑2138‑923949121
    [Google Scholar]
  91. SivriR.Ç. BilgiçA. Methylphenidate-induced awake bruxism: A case report.Clin. Neuropharmacol.2015382606110.1097/WNF.000000000000006825768854
    [Google Scholar]
  92. NaguyA. ElsoriD. AlamiriB. Methylphenidate-induced nocturnal bruxism alleviated by adjunctive clonidine.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.2019291757610.1089/cap.2018.011430575406
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Dinis-OliveiraR.J. CaldasI. CarvalhoF. MagalhãesT. Bruxism after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) abuse.Clin. Toxicol.201048886386410.3109/15563650.2010.48990320515398
    [Google Scholar]
  94. FalisiG. RastelliC. PantiF. MaglioneH. Quezada ArcegaR. Psychotropic drugs and bruxism.Expert Opin. Drug Saf.201413101319132610.1517/14740338.2014.94726225195948
    [Google Scholar]
  95. TeohL. MosesG. DumaS. FungV. Letters to the Editor: Drug-induced bruxism.Aust. Prescr.201942412010.18773/austprescr.2019.04831427840
    [Google Scholar]
  96. MontaldoL. MontaldoP. CareddaE. D’ArcoA. Association between exposure to secondhand smoke and sleep bruxism in children: A randomised control study.Tob. Control201221439239510.1136/tobaccocontrol‑2011‑05021722246780
    [Google Scholar]
  97. CarraM.C. HuynhN. LavigneG. Sleep bruxism: A comprehensive overview for the dental clinician interested in sleep medicine.Dent. Clin. North Am.201256238741310.1016/j.cden.2012.01.00322480810
    [Google Scholar]
  98. de BaatC. VerhoeffM.C. AhlbergJ. ManfrediniD. WinocurE. ZweersP. RozemaF. VissinkA. LobbezooF. Medications and addictive substances potentially inducing or attenuating sleep bruxism and/or awake bruxism.J. Oral Rehabil.202148334335410.1111/joor.1306132716523
    [Google Scholar]
  99. CastroflorioT. BargelliniA. RossiniG. CugliariG. DeregibusA. Sleep bruxism and related risk factors in adults: A systematic literature review.Arch. Oral Biol.201783253210.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.07.00228692828
    [Google Scholar]
  100. LobbezooF. VisscherC.M. AhlbergJ. ManfrediniD. Bruxism and genetics: A review of the literature.J. Oral Rehabil.201441970971410.1111/joor.1217724762185
    [Google Scholar]
  101. KhouryS. CarraM.C. HuynhN. MontplaisirJ. LavigneG.J. Sleep bruxism: Tooth grinding prevalence, characteristics and familial aggregation: A large cross-sectional survey and polysomnographic validation.Sleep201639112049205610.5665/sleep.624227568807
    [Google Scholar]
  102. HublinC. KaprioJ. PartinenM. KoskenvuoM. Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort.J. Sleep Res.199871616710.1046/j.1365‑2869.1998.00091.x9613429
    [Google Scholar]
  103. HublinC. KaprioJ. Genetic aspects and genetic epidemiology of parasomnias.Sleep Med. Rev.20037541342110.1053/smrv.2001.024714573377
    [Google Scholar]
  104. RintakoskiK. HublinC. LobbezooF. RoseR.J. KaprioJ. Genetic factors account for half of the phenotypic variance in liability to sleep-related bruxism in young adults: a nationwide Finnish twin cohort study.Twin Res. Hum. Genet.201215671471910.1017/thg.2012.5422953759
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Calvano KüchlerE. AridJ. PalinkasM. Ayumi OmoriM. de LaraR.M. Napolitano GonçalvesL.M. Hallak RegaloS.C. Paes Torres MantovaniC. Rezende VieiraA. Diaz-SerranoK. Genetic polymorphisms in ACTN3 contribute to the etiology of bruxism in children.J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent.202044318018410.17796/1053‑4625‑44.3.832552448
    [Google Scholar]
  106. OportoG.H.V BornhardtT. IturriagaV. SalazarL.A. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes of dopaminergic pathways are associated with bruxism.Clin. Oral Investig.201822133133710.1007/s00784‑017‑2117‑z28451935
    [Google Scholar]
  107. ChandwaniB. CenevizC. MehtaN. ScrivaniS. Incidence of bruxism in TMD population.N. Y. State Dent. J.2011775545722029117
    [Google Scholar]
  108. LeeY.H. Relationship analogy between sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorders in children: A narrative review.Children2022910146610.3390/children910146636291402
    [Google Scholar]
  109. ManfrediniD. LobbezooF. Sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: A scoping review of the literature.J. Dent.202111110371110.1016/j.jdent.2021.10371134090993
    [Google Scholar]
  110. OhlmannB. WaldeckerM. LeckelM. BömickeW. BehnischR. RammelsbergP. SchmitterM. Correlations between sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorders.J. Clin. Med.20209261110.3390/jcm902061132102466
    [Google Scholar]
  111. SmardzJ. MartynowiczH. Michalek-ZrabkowskaM. WojakowskaA. MazurG. WinocurE. WieckiewiczM. Sleep bruxism and occurrence of temporomandibular disorders-related pain: A polysomnographic study.Front. Neurol.20191016810.3389/fneur.2019.0016830915015
    [Google Scholar]
  112. GhafourniaM. Hajenourozali TehraniM. Relationship between bruxism and malocclusion among preschool children in Isfahan.J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect.20126413814210.5681/joddd.2012.02823277860
    [Google Scholar]
  113. LobbezooF. AhlbergJ. ManfrediniD. WinocurE. Are bruxism and the bite causally related?J. Oral Rehabil.201239748950110.1111/j.1365‑2842.2012.02298.x22489928
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Brignardello-PetersenR. Systematic review does not find trustworthy evidence to support an association between malocclusion and bruxism.J. Am. Dent. Assoc.202015111e9910.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.02632888628
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Ribeiro-LagesM.B. MartinsM.L. MagnoM.B. Masterson FerreiraD. Tavares-SilvaC.M. Fonseca-GonçalvesA. Serra-NegraJ.M. MaiaL.C. Is there association between dental malocclusion and bruxism? A systematic review and meta-analysis.J. Oral Rehabil.202047101304131810.1111/joor.1297132246486
    [Google Scholar]
  116. RestrepoC. SantamaríaA. ManriqueR. Sleep bruxism in children: Relationship with screen-time and sugar consumption.Sleep Medicine: X2021310003510.1016/j.sleepx.2021.10003534169271
    [Google Scholar]
  117. ToyamaN. EkuniD. FukuharaD. SawadaN. YamashitaM. KomiyamaM. NagahamaT. MoritaM. Nutrients associated with sleep bruxism.J. Clin. Med.2023127262310.3390/jcm1207262337048706
    [Google Scholar]
  118. SaulueP. CarraM.C. LaluqueJ.F. d’IncauE. Understanding bruxism in children and adolescents.Int. Orthod.201513448950610.1016/j.ortho.2015.09.00126608467
    [Google Scholar]
  119. BortolettoC.C. SalgueiroM.C.C. ValioR. FragosoY.D. MottaP.B. MottaL.J. KobayashiF.Y. FernandesK.P.S. Mesquita-FerrariR.A. DeanaA. BussadoriS.K. The relationship between bruxism, sleep quality, and headaches in schoolchildren.J. Phys. Ther. Sci.201729111889189210.1589/jpts.29.188929200617
    [Google Scholar]
  120. MatuszK. Maciejewska-SzaniecZ. GredesT. Pobudek-RadzikowskaM. GlapińskiM. GórnaN. PrzystańskaA. Common therapeutic approaches in sleep and awake bruxism: An overview.Neurol. Neurochir. Pol.202256645546310.5603/PJNNS.a2022.007336444852
    [Google Scholar]
  121. SallesC. GarofaloS. MeloA. Wake-up headache is associated with sleep bruxism: A comment.Headache2020608180510.1111/head.1389533448365
    [Google Scholar]
  122. VieiraK.R.M. FolchiniC.M. HeydeM.D.V.D. Stuginski-BarbosaJ. KowacsP.A. PiovesanE.J. Wake-up headache is associated with sleep bruxism.Headache202060597498010.1111/head.1381632323305
    [Google Scholar]
  123. VinodK. ReddyP. PillaiV. Scalloped tongue: A rare finding in nocturnal bruxism.Natl. Med. J. India201730529610.4103/0970‑258X.23440429916438
    [Google Scholar]
  124. CarraM.C. HuynhN. MortonP. RompréP.H. PapadakisA. RemiseC. LavigneG.J. Prevalence and risk factors of sleep bruxism and wake-time tooth clenching in a 7- to 17-yr-old population.Eur. J. Oral Sci.2011119538639410.1111/j.1600‑0722.2011.00846.x21896056
    [Google Scholar]
  125. GrechiT.H. TrawitzkiL.V.V. de FelícioC.M. ValeraF.C.P. Alnselmo-LimaW.T. Bruxism in children with nasal obstruction.Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.200872339139610.1016/j.ijporl.2007.11.01418234357
    [Google Scholar]
  126. AfrashtehfarK.I. AfrashtehfarC.D. HuynhN. Managing a patient with sleep bruxism.J. Can. Dent. Assoc.201480e4825675370
    [Google Scholar]
  127. LobbezooF. AhlbergJ. RaphaelK.G. WetselaarP. GlarosA.G. KatoT. SantiagoV. WinocurE. De LaatA. De LeeuwR. KoyanoK. LavigneG.J. SvenssonP. ManfrediniD. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress.J. Oral Rehabil.2018451183784410.1111/joor.1266329926505
    [Google Scholar]
  128. MaekawaK. Prospects for research and clinical medicine in sleep bruxism.J. Prosthodont. Res.2013572676810.1016/j.jpor.2013.04.00323643072
    [Google Scholar]
  129. CarraMC HuynhN FleuryB LavigneG Overview on sleep bruxism for sleep medicine clinicians.Sleep Med Clin.201510337538410.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.005
    [Google Scholar]
  130. PigozziL. RehmD. FagondesS. PellizzerE. GrossiM. Current methods of bruxism diagnosis: A short communication.Int. J. Prosthodont.201932326326410.11607/ijp.619631034542
    [Google Scholar]
  131. MinakuchiH. FujisawaM. AbeY. IidaT. OkiK. OkuraK. TanabeN. NishiyamaA. Managements of sleep bruxism in adult: A systematic review.Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev.20225812413610.1016/j.jdsr.2022.02.00435356038
    [Google Scholar]
  132. GundM.P. WrbasK.T. HannigM. RupfS. Apical periodontitis after intense bruxism.BMC Oral Health20222219110.1186/s12903‑022‑02123‑335331220
    [Google Scholar]
  133. MengattoC.M. Coelho-de-SouzaF.H. de SouzaO.B.Jnr Sleep bruxism: Challenges and restorative solutions.Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent.20168717710.2147/CCIDE.S7071527217798
    [Google Scholar]
  134. ChristensenG.J. Treating bruxism and clenching.J. Am. Dent. Assoc.2000131223323510.14219/jada.archive.2000.015210680392
    [Google Scholar]
  135. CasteloP.M. BarbosaT.S. GaviãoM.B.D. Quality of life evaluation of children with sleep bruxism.BMC Oral Health20101011610.1186/1472‑6831‑10‑1620546581
    [Google Scholar]
  136. GurunathanD. SugunaS. Quality of life of children with sleep bruxism.J. Family Med. Prim. Care20209133233610.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_820_1932110614
    [Google Scholar]
  137. AntunesL.A.A. CastilhoT. MarinhoM. FragaR.S. AntunesL.S. Childhood bruxism: Related factors and impact on oral health-related quality of life.Spec. Care Dentist.201636171210.1111/scd.1214026388123
    [Google Scholar]
  138. PhuongN.T.T. NgocV.T.N. LinhL.M. DucN.M. TraN.T. AnhL.Q. Bruxism, related factors and oral health-related quality of life among Vietnamese medical students.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20201720740810.3390/ijerph1720740833053710
    [Google Scholar]
  139. YıldırımG. ErolF. GüvenM.C. ŞakarO. Evaluation of the effects of bruxism on oral health-related quality of life in adults.Cranio20201810.1080/08869634.2020.185330833245251
    [Google Scholar]
  140. RodriguesJ.A. AzevedoC.B. ChamiV.O. SolanoM.P. LenziT.L. Sleep bruxism and oral health-related quality of life in children: A systematic review.Int. J. Paediatr. Dent.202030213614310.1111/ipd.1258631630473
    [Google Scholar]
  141. TsitadzeT. PuturidzeS. LomidzeT. MargvelashviliV. KalandadzeM. Prevalence and risk-factors of bruxism in children and adolescent population and its impact on quality of life.Georgian Med. News20213103639[review].33658406
    [Google Scholar]
  142. AlencarN.A. FernandesA.B.N. SouzaM.M.G. LuizR.R. Fonseca-GonçalvesA. MaiaL.C. Lifestyle and oral facial disorders associated with sleep bruxism in children.Cranio201735316817410.1080/08869634.2016.119686527332737
    [Google Scholar]
  143. KimS.H. A case of bruxism-induced otalgia.J. Audiol. Otol.201620212312610.7874/jao.2016.20.2.12327626088
    [Google Scholar]
  144. TeymoortashA. HochS. WeberD. WilhelmT. GünzelT. Bruxism-induced parotitis: A retrospective case series analysis.Cranio202038211512110.1080/08869634.2018.149681130048228
    [Google Scholar]
  145. CasazzaE. GiraudeauA. PayetA. OrthliebJ.D. CamoinA. Management of idiopathic sleep bruxism in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature.Arch. Pediatr.2022291122010.1016/j.arcped.2021.11.01434955303
    [Google Scholar]
  146. GuaitaM. HöglB. Current treatments of bruxism.Curr. Treat. Options Neurol.20161821010.1007/s11940‑016‑0396‑326897026
    [Google Scholar]
  147. HardyR.S. BonsorS.J. The efficacy of occlusal splints in the treatment of bruxism: A systematic review.J. Dent.202110810362110.1016/j.jdent.2021.10362133652054
    [Google Scholar]
  148. JohanssonA. OmarR. CarlssonG.E. Bruxism and prosthetic treatment: A critical review.J. Prosthodont. Res.201155312713610.1016/j.jpor.2011.02.00421596648
    [Google Scholar]
  149. MacedoC.R. MacedoE.C. TorloniM.R. SilvaA.B. PradoG.F. Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.201410CD00557810.1002/14651858.CD005578.pub225338726
    [Google Scholar]
  150. YurttutanM.E. Tütüncüler SancakK. TüzünerA.M. Which treatment is effective for bruxism: Occlusal splints or botulinum toxin?J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg.201977122431243810.1016/j.joms.2019.06.00531302066
    [Google Scholar]
  151. SinghP.K. AlviH.A. SinghB.P. SinghR.D. KantS. JurelS. SinghK. AryaD. DubeyA. Evaluation of various treatment modalities in sleep bruxism.J. Prosthet. Dent.2015114342643110.1016/j.prosdent.2015.02.02526004173
    [Google Scholar]
  152. LalS.J. WeberD.D.S.K.K. Bruxism management.In: StatPearlsStatPearls PublishingTreasure Island2022
    [Google Scholar]
  153. DumanS. Can melatonin be used for bruxism in children?Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent.20212261107110810.1007/s40368‑021‑00629‑y34009626
    [Google Scholar]
  154. ErdenS. Sleep-related bruxism response to melatonin treatment.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.202030320110.1089/cap.2019.014331800301
    [Google Scholar]
  155. KowacsD.P. FolchiniC.M. de Moura VieiraK.R. GiraldesJ.A. KowacsP.A. Use of buspirone in the treatment of nonpharmacological bruxism: About 4 cases.Clin. Neuropharmacol.202144624724910.1097/WNF.000000000000048634767327
    [Google Scholar]
  156. LinX.L. TangS.Y. Sodium valproate may be a treatment for sleep bruxism.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.201323963663710.1089/cap.2013.001524168714
    [Google Scholar]
  157. MowlaA. SabayanB. Topiramate for Bruxism.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.201030334634710.1097/JCP.0b013e3181dbfc0b20473082
    [Google Scholar]
  158. YüceM. KarabekiroğluK. SayG.N. MüjdeciM. OranM. Buspirone use in the treatment of atomoxetine-induced bruxism.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.201323963463510.1089/cap.2013.008724206098
    [Google Scholar]
  159. ChisiniL.A. San MartinA.S. CademartoriM.G. BoscatoN. CorreaM.B. GoettemsM.L. Interventions to reduce bruxism in children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review and critical reflection.Eur. J. Pediatr.2020179217718910.1007/s00431‑019‑03549‑831858254
    [Google Scholar]
  160. GhanizadehA. Treatment of bruxism with hydroxyzine.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.201317683984123609369
    [Google Scholar]
  161. GhanizadehA. ZareS. A preliminary randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of hydroxyzine for treating sleep bruxism in children.J. Oral Rehabil.201340641341710.1111/joor.1204923550945
    [Google Scholar]
  162. KucukU. Olgun KucukH. DenizS. BaltaS. Treatment of bruxism with hydroxyzine: A possible mechanism of action.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.2013179127823690201
    [Google Scholar]
  163. LobbezooF. LavigneG.J. TanguayR. MontplaisirJ.Y. The effect of the catecholamine precursorL-Dopa on sleep bruxism: A controlled clinical trial.Mov. Disord.1997121737810.1002/mds.8701201138990057
    [Google Scholar]
  164. OhmureH. Kanematsu-HashimotoK. NagayamaK. TaguchiH. IdoA. TominagaK. ArakawaT. MiyawakiS. Evaluation of a proton pump inhibitor for sleep bruxism: A randomized clinical trial.J. Dent. Res.201695131479148610.1177/002203451666224527474257
    [Google Scholar]
  165. RahmatiM MoayediA Zakery ShahvariS GolmirzaeiJ ZahirineaM AbbasiB. The effect of hydroxyzine on treating bruxism of 2- to 14-year-old children admitted to the clinic of Bandar Abbas Children Hospital in.J Med Life.2015241244
    [Google Scholar]
  166. SakaiT. KatoT. YoshizawaS. SuganumaT. TakabaM. OnoY. YoshizawaA. YoshidaY. KuriharaT. IshiiM. KawanaF. KiuchiY. BabaK. Effect of clonazepam and clonidine on primary sleep bruxism: A double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.J. Sleep Res.2017261738310.1111/jsr.1244227485389
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Fernández-NúñezT. Amghar-MaachS. Gay-EscodaC. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of bruxism: Systematic review.Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal2019244010.4317/medoral.2292331246937
    [Google Scholar]
  168. KumarA. SpivakovskyS. Bruxism- is botulinum toxin an effective treatment?Evid. Based Dent.20181925910.1038/sj.ebd.640131129930364
    [Google Scholar]
  169. PatelJ. CardosoJ.A. MehtaS. A systematic review of botulinum toxin in the management of patients with temporomandibular disorders and bruxism.Br. Dent. J.2019226966767210.1038/s41415‑019‑0257‑z31076698
    [Google Scholar]
  170. ÅgrenM. SahinC. PetterssonM. T he effect of botulinum toxin injections on bruxism: A systematic review.J. Oral Rehabil.202047339540210.1111/joor.1291431769044
    [Google Scholar]
  171. AsutayF. AtalayY. AsutayH. AcarA.H. The evaluation of the clinical effects of botulinum toxin on nocturnal bruxism.Pain Res. Manag.201720171510.1155/2017/626414628757802
    [Google Scholar]
  172. ChenY. TsaiC.H. BaeT.H. HuangC.Y. ChenC. KangY.N. ChiuW.K. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection on bruxism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Aesthetic Plast. Surg.202347277579010.1007/s00266‑023‑03256‑836694050
    [Google Scholar]
  173. De la Torre CanalesG. Câmara-SouzaM.B. do AmaralC.F. GarciaR.C.M.R. ManfrediniD. Is there enough evidence to use botulinum toxin injections for bruxism management? A systematic literature review.Clin. Oral Investig.201721372773410.1007/s00784‑017‑2092‑428255752
    [Google Scholar]
  174. de LimaM.C. Rizzatti BarbosaC.M. Duarte GaviãoM.B. Ferreira CariaP.H. Is low dose of botulinum toxin effective in controlling chronic pain in sleep bruxism, awake bruxism, and temporomandibular disorder?Cranio202118Online ahead of print10.1080/08869634.2021.197321534488556
    [Google Scholar]
  175. ShimY.J. LeeH.J. ParkK.J. KimH.T. HongI.H. KimS.T. Botulinum toxin therapy for managing sleep bruxism: A randomized and placebo-controlled trial.Toxins202012316810.3390/toxins1203016832182879
    [Google Scholar]
  176. LeeS.J. McCallW.D.Jr KimY.K. ChungS.C. ChungJ.W. Effect of botulinum toxin injection on nocturnal bruxism: A randomized controlled trial.Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.2010891162310.1097/PHM.0b013e3181bc0c7819855255
    [Google Scholar]
  177. ChengY. YuanL. MaL. PangF. QuX. ZhangA. Efficacy of botulinum-A for nocturnal bruxism pain and the occurrence of bruxism events: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg.202260217418210.1016/j.bjoms.2021.03.00534955330
    [Google Scholar]
  178. KwonK.H. ShinK.S. YeonS.H. KwonD.G. Application of botulinum toxin in maxillofacial field: part I. Bruxism and square jaw.Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.20194113810.1186/s40902‑019‑0218‑031649901
    [Google Scholar]
  179. LongH. LiaoZ. WangY. LiaoL. LaiW. Efficacy of botulinum toxins on bruxism: An evidence-based review.Int. Dent. J.20126211510.1111/j.1875‑595X.2011.00085.x22251031
    [Google Scholar]
  180. TinastepeN. KüçükB.B. OralK. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of bruxism.Cranio201533429229910.1179/2151090314Y.000000002226715152
    [Google Scholar]
  181. AmorimC.S.M. Espirito SantoA.S. SommerM. MarquesA.P. Effect of physical therapy in bruxism treatment: A systematic review.J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther.201841538940410.1016/j.jmpt.2017.10.01430041736
    [Google Scholar]
  182. BelleriveA. MontpetitA. El-KhatibH. CarraM.C. RemiseC. DesplatsE. HuynhN. The effect of rapid palatal expansion on sleep bruxism in children.Sleep Breath.20151941265127110.1007/s11325‑015‑1156‑425790946
    [Google Scholar]
  183. EgermarkI. RönnermanA. Temporomandibular disorders in the active phase of orthodontic treatment.J. Oral Rehabil.199522861361810.1111/j.1365‑2842.1995.tb01058.x7472734
    [Google Scholar]
  184. GiannasiL.C. SantosI.R. AlfayaT.A. BussadoriS.K. Leitão-FilhoF.S. de OliveiraL.V.F. Effect of a rapid maxillary expansion on snoring and sleep in children: A pilot study.Cranio201533316917310.1179/2151090314Y.000000002925323221
    [Google Scholar]
  185. RestrepoC.C. AlvarezE. JaramilloC. VélezC. ValenciaI. Effects of psychological techniques on bruxism in children with primary teeth.J. Oral Rehabil.200128435436010.1046/j.1365‑2842.2001.00663.x11350589
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Fonseca-GonçalvesA. SilvaC.T. PrimoL.G. MangabeiraA. MaiaL.C. Homeopathic therapy for sleep bruxism in a child: Findings of a 2-year case report.J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent.201735438138310.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_49_1728914254
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Tavares-SilvaC. HolandinoC. HomsaniF. LuizR.R. ProdestinoJ. FarahA. LimaJ.P. SimasR.C. CastilhoC.V.V. LeitãoS.G. MaiaL.C. Fonseca-GonçalvesA. Homeopathic medicine of Melissa officinalis combined or not with Phytolacca decandra in the treatment of possible sleep bruxism in children: A crossover randomized triple-blinded controlled clinical trial.Phytomedicine20195815286910.1016/j.phymed.2019.15286930831467
    [Google Scholar]
  188. WangL.F. LongH. DengM. XuH. FangJ. FanY. BaiD. HanX.L. Biofeedback treatment for sleep bruxism: A systematic review.Sleep Breath.201418223524210.1007/s11325‑013‑0871‑y23756884
    [Google Scholar]
  189. CerónL. PachecoM. Delgado GaeteA. Bravo TorresW. Astudillo RubioD. Therapies for sleep bruxism in dentistry: A critical evaluation of systematic reviews.Dent. Med. Probl.2022 Nov28.10.17219/dmp/15640036441158
    [Google Scholar]
  190. ScarpiniS. LiraA.O. GimenezT. RaggioD.P. ChambroneL. SouzaR.C. FlorianoI. MorimotoS. TedescoT.K. Associated factors and treatment options for sleep bruxism in children: An umbrella review.Braz. Oral Res.202337e00610.1590/1807‑3107bor‑2023.vol37.000636629590
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cpr/10.2174/1573396320666230915103716
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test