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- Volume 22, Issue 8, 2016
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 22, Issue 8, 2016
Volume 22, Issue 8, 2016
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Depression, Serotonin and Tryptophan
Authors: Liliana Dell128;™Osso, Claudia Carmassi, Federico Mucci and Donatella MarazzitiDepression is a major cause of worldwide disability. Although its etiology is unclear, for over sixty years the study of its pathophysiology has focused mainly on serotonin (5-HT) and serotonergic neurotransmission. Generally, the study of the pathophysiological processes underpinning depression have led to the appreciation of its complexity, although such study continues to support the role of 5-HT in this disorder. The aim of this Read More
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Cognition and Emotions in Recurrent Depressive Disorders - The Role of Inflammation and the Kynurenine Pathway
Authors: Monika Talarowska and Piotr GaleckiSeparating emotions from cognition seems impossible in everyday experiences of a human being. Emotional processes have an impact on the ability of planning and solving problems, or decision-making skills. They are a valuable source of information about ourselves, our partners in interactions and the surrounding world. Recent years have shown that axial symptoms of depression are caused by emotion regulation Read More
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The Many Neuroprogressive Actions of Tryptophan Catabolites (TRYCATs) that may be Associated with the Pathophysiology of Neuro-Immune Disorders
Authors: Gerwyn Morris, André F. Carvalho, George Anderson, Piotr Galecki and Michael MaesMany, if not all, chronic medical, neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive illnesses are characterised by chronic immune activation, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O) and systemic inflammation. These factors, notably elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) leading to an upregulated tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway of tryptophan degradation in the periphery and in Read More
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Melatonin in Pregnancy: Effects on Brain Development and CNS Programming Disorders
Melatonin is an important neuroprotective factor and its receptors are expressed in the fetal brain. During normal pregnancy, maternal melatonin level increases progressively until term and is highly transferred to the fetus, with an important role in brain formation and differentiation. Maternal melatonin provides the first circadian signal to the fetus. This indolamine is also produced de novo and plays a protective role in the hu Read More
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Bipolar Disorder: The Role of the Kynurenine and Melatonergic Pathways
Authors: George Anderson, Aude Jacob, Frank Bellivier and Pierre Alexis GeoffroyBipolar disorder (BD) is a long-recognized severe and common psychiatric disorder, with a complex and often diverse range of presentations. BD is a heterogenous disorder that has traditionally, if rather simply, been defined by the recurrences of manic and depressive episodes, and presents with numerous immune-inflammatory and circadian/sleep abnormalities. A number of different lines of research have investigated the b Read More
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Tryptophan Catabolites and Migraine
Authors: Zsuzsanna Bohár, æ#129;rpád Párdutz and László VécseiMigraine is a highly disabling neurological condition affecting around 15% of the population worldwide. Decades of intensive research shed some light on diseases pathomechanism, but information is still missing about the initiation of the attack. In the past century, serotonin emerged as the main target of both basic and therapeutic research. As a result, the triptans, the only approved migraine specific drugs were developed. Read More
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Melatonin Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity
Authors: Pawaris Wongprayoon and Piyarat GovitrapongMethamphetamine (METH), an illegal psycho-stimulant, is widely known as a recreational drug. In addition to its addictive effect, METH induces neurotoxicity via multiple mechanisms. The major contributors to METH-induced neurotoxicity are reactive oxygen species, which lead to cell death through apoptotic pathway and disturbances in mitochondria, the generation of neuroinflammation, and autophagy. Melatonin, a neuroh Read More
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Glioma: Tryptophan Catabolite and Melatoninergic Pathways Link microRNA, 14-3- 3, Chromosome 4q35, Epigenetic Processes and other Glioma Biochemical Changes
Authors: Timothy V. Beischlag, George Anderson and Gianluigi MazzoccoliPrimary glioma, as well as secondary metastases, provide significant treatment challenges. An understanding of the biological underpinnings of glioma is likely to provide new pharmaceutical targets that will improve patient survival. Here, we look at the role that the kynurenine pathways and associated tyrptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) play in glioma, linking this to changes in oxidative and nitrosative stress (O), immuneinflam Read More
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Tryptophan Catabolites and Their Impact on Multiple Sclerosis Progression
Authors: Jens O. Watzlawik, Bharath Wootla and Moses RodriguezAccumulating evidence demonstrates involvement of tryptophan metabolites and in particular activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in neurocognitive disorders under CNS inflammatory conditions. The KP is involved in several brain-associated disorders including Parkinson’s disease, AIDS dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, and brain tumors. Our review is Read More
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The Kynurenine Pathway in the Acute and Chronic Phases of Cerebral Ischemia
Kynurenines are a wide range of catabolites which derive from tryptophan through the “Kynurenine Pathway” (KP). In addition to its peripheral role, increasing evidence shows a role of the KP in the central nervous system (CNS), mediating both physiological and pathological functions. Indeed, an imbalance in this route has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer´s and Huntington´s diseases. A Read More
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Overlapping the Tryptophan Catabolite (TRYCAT) and Melatoninergic Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Michael Maes and George AndersonActivation of the trptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathways by oxidative and nitrosative stress and proinflammatory cytokine-driven indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) leads to the synthesis of a number of neuroregulatory TRYCATs, such as kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. Such TRYCATs have significant impacts on neuronal functioning and survival contributing to the changes seen in Alzh Read More
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Melatonin and Synthetic Melatoninergic Agonists in Psychiatric and Age-associated Disorders: Successful and Unsuccessful Approaches
More LessMelatonin and the following approved or investigational synthetic melatoninergic agonists are compared with regard to half-life, receptor affinity, metabolism and additional properties: TIK-301, piromelatine, GG-012, AH-001, AH-017, agomelatine, ramelteon, GR 196429, MA-2, tasimelteon, UCM765, and UCM924. Apart from restrictions from the respective approvals, theoretical limits of treatment are outlined as they result f Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
- Issue 46
- Issue 45
- Issue 44
- Issue 43
- Issue 41
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- Issue 11
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- Issue 9
- Issue 8
- Issue 7
- Issue 6
- Issue 5
- Issue 4
- Issue 33
- Issue 3
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- Issue 1
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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