COVID-19 Induces Cytokine Storm and Dysfunctional Hemostasis

Background: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to COVID-19 which can manifest in various ways from asymptomatic or mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The occurrence of dysregulated inflammatory responses in the form of a cytokine storm has been reported in patients with severe COVID-19. Infection can also lead to dysfunctional hemostasis reflected in elevated circulating D-dimer and fibrin degradation products. Components of hemostasis and the immune system during infection can result in a procoagulation and/or proinflammatory state. The interplay between coagulation and inflammation has been elucidated in a number of diseases. Objective: In this article, we discuss the occurrence of cytokine storms and dysfunctional hemostasis induced in COVID-19. Methods: This review was written using literature from the past two to three years investigating coagulation and inflammation in COVID-19. Additional literature, both clinical and basic research, related to pathogen infection and host responses were also considered in this review. Results/Conclusions: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to dysregulated inflammatory responses that may be detrimental to the host. The increased expression of various inflammatory factors can ultimately create an environment that promotes thrombosis.