Anatomy & Physiology
Exploring the Role of Unconventional Post-Translational Modifications in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy
Unconventional Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) have gained increasing attention as crucial players in cancer development and progression. Understanding the role of unconventional PTMs in cancer has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis prognosis and therapeutic interventions. These modifications which include O-GlcNAcylation glutathionylation crotonylation including hundreds of others have been implicated in the dysregulation of critical cellular processes and signaling pathways in cancer cells. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of unconventional PTMs in cancer as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. The paper includes reviewing the current knowledge on the functional significance of various conventional and unconventional PTMs in cancer biology. Furthermore the paper highlights the advancements in analytical techniques such as biochemical analyses mass spectrometry and bioinformatic tools etc. that have enabled the detection and characterization of unconventional PTMs in cancer. These techniques have contributed to the identification of specific PTMs associated with cancer subtypes. The potential use of Unconventional PTMs as biomarkers will further help in better diagnosis and aid in discovering potent therapeutics. The knowledge about the role of Unconventional PTMs in a vast and rapidly expanding field will help in detection and targeted therapy of cancer.
Exploring the Potential Role of Phytopharmaceuticals in Alleviating Toxicities of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Background: Chemotherapy is the mainstay of cancer treatment bringing patients optimism about recurrence and survival. However the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs is frequently jeopardized by their intrinsic toxicity resulting in side effects affecting the quality of life of cancer patients. This analysis explores the ethnopharmacological impact of phytopharmaceuticals highlighting their traditional use in many cultures. The present study which takes its cues from indigenous knowledge aims to close the knowledge gap between traditional medicine and modern medicine in reducing the toxicities of chemotherapy treatments. Aim: The present in-depth study aims to highlight the current research and upcoming developments in phytopharmaceuticals for reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. Further we address the mechanisms through which phytopharmaceuticals may reduce chemotherapy-induced side effects that include nausea vomiting myelosuppression nephropathy neuropathy and cardiotoxicity using data from a variety of preclinical and clinical investigations. Materials and Methods: The literature search was carried out by employing search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar with keywords such as cancer chemotherapy CNS toxicity hematopoietic toxicity renal toxicity GI toxicity CNS toxicity and phytopharmaceuticals. Results: Bioactive chemicals found in plants such as fruits vegetables herbs and spices are being studied for their capacity to improve the safety and acceptability of chemotherapy regimens. The current review also dives into the investigation of phytopharmaceuticals as adjuvant medicines in cancer treatment which is a viable path for addressing the pressing need to lessen chemotherapy-induced toxicities. Conclusion: The present review revealed that the potential of phytopharmaceuticals in alleviating chemotherapeutic drug toxicities would pave the way for better cancer treatment and patient outcomes harmonizing with the larger trend towards personalized and holistic approaches to chemotherapy.
Pt(IV) Prodrug Photoactivation: A Promising Strategy for Cancer Therapy
Platinum (II) drugs including cisplatin carboplatin and oxaliplatin have achieved significant clinical success in cancer treatment. However their clinical application has been greatly hindered by various adverse factors such as non-specific activation and drug resistance. Compared with Pt(II) drugs the axial ligands within Pt(IV) compounds can improve the pharmacokinetic properties selectivity and biological activity implementing alternative cytotoxic mechanisms beyond DNA cross-linking and partially overcoming drug resistance. The controlled conversion of Pt(IV) prodrugs into Pt(II) agents at the tumor site has been extensively explored internationally. In this review Pt(IV) prodrug modification strategies are first summarized and the development of the predominant external and internal photosensitizers is listed. Finally three representative photoreduction mechanisms and strategies for developing corresponding Pt(IV) prodrugs are discussed. This work provides constructive instruction for the subsequent molecular design of Pt(IV) prodrugs.
Emerging Role of Sorting Nexin 17 in Human Health and Disease
The distortion of the cellular membrane transport pathway has a profound impact on cell dynamics and can drive serious physiological consequences during the process of cell sorting. SNX17 is a member of the Sorting Nexin (SNX) family and plays a crucial role in protein sorting and transport in the endocytic pathway. SNX17 SNX27 and SNX31 belong to the SNX-FERM subfamily and possess the FERM domain which can assist in endocytic transport and lysosomal degradation. The binding partners of SNX27 have been discovered to number over 100 and SNX27 has been linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease progression tumorigenesis cancer progression and metastasis. However the role and potential mechanisms of SNX17 in human health and disease remain poorly understood and the function of SNX17 has not been fully elucidated. In this review we summarize the structure and basic functions of SNX protein focusing on providing current evidence of the role and possible mechanism of SNX17 in human neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases.
Evaluation of Novel HLM Peptide Activity and Toxicity against Planktonic and Biofilm Bacteria: Comparison to Standard Antibiotics
Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the main concerns of public health and the whole world is trying to overcome such a challenge by finding novel therapeutic modalities and approaches. This study has applied the sequence hybridization approach to the original sequence of two cathelicidin natural parent peptides (BMAP-28 and LL-37) to design a novel HLM peptide with broad antimicrobial activity. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of the newly designed peptide were determined. As well the new peptide's antimicrobial activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Minimum Bacterial Eradication Concentration (MBEC) and antibiofilm activity) was tested on two control (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) and two resistant (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC BAA41 New Delhi metallo-beta- lactamase-1 Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-2452) bacterial strains. Furthermore synergistic studies have been applied to HLM-hybridized peptides with five conventional antibiotics by checkerboard assays. Also the toxicity of HLM-hybridized peptide was studied on Vero cell lines to obtain the IC50 value. Besides the percentage of hemolysis action the peptide was tested in freshly heparinized blood. Results: The MIC values for the HLM peptide were obtained as 20 10 20 and 20 μM respectively. Also the results showed no hemolysis action with low to slightly moderate toxicity action against mammalian cells with an IC50 value of 10.06. The Biomatik corporate labs where HLM was manufactured determined the stability results of the product by Mass Spectrophotometry (MS) and High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods. The HLM-hybridized peptide exhibited a range of synergistic to additive antimicrobial activities upon combination with five commercially available different antibiotics. It has demonstrated the biofilm-killing effects in the same concentration required to eradicate the control strains. Conclusion: The results indicated that HLM-hybridized peptide displayed a broad-spectrum activity toward different bacterial strains in planktonic and biofilm forms. It showed synergistic or additive antimicrobial activity upon combining with commercially available different antibiotics.
A Comprehensive Review on the Significance of Cysteine in Various Metabolic Disorders; Particularly CVD, Diabetes, Renal Dysfunction, and Ischemic Stroke
Metabolic disorders have long been a challenge for medical professionals and are a leading cause of mortality in adults. Diabetes cardiovascular disorders (CVD) renal dysfunction and ischemic stroke are the most prevalent ailments contributing to a high mortality rate worldwide. Reactive oxygen species are one of the leading factors that act as a fundamental root cause of metabolic syndrome. All of these disorders have their respective treatments which to some degree sabotage the pathological worsening of the disease and an inevitable death. However they pose a perilous health hazard to humankind. Cysteine a functional amino acid shows promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders such as CVD Diabetes mellitus renal dysfunction and ischemic stroke. In this review we explored whether cysteine can eradicate reactive oxygen species and subsequently prevent and treat these diseases.
An Overview of the Deubiquitinase USP53: A Promising Diagnostic Marker and Therapeutic Target
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are important mechanisms to maintain normal physiological activities and their disorders or imbalances can lead to various diseases. As a subgroup of deubiquitinases (DUBs) the ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP) family is closely related to many biological processes. USP53 one of the family members is widely expressed in human tissues and participates in a variety of life activities such as cell apoptosis nerve transmission and bone remodeling. Mutations in the USP53 gene can cause cholestasis and deafness and may also be a potential cause of schizophrenia. Knockout of USP53 can alleviate neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury. Loss of USP53 up-regulates RANKL expression promotes the cytogenesis and functional activity of osteoclasts and triggers osteodestructive diseases. USP53 plays a tumor-suppressive role in lung cancer renal clear cell carcinoma colorectal cancer liver cancer and esophageal cancer but reduces the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer and esophageal cancer to induce radioresistance. Through the in-depth combination of literature and bioinformatics this review suggested that USP53 may be a good potential biomarker or therapeutic target for diseases.
Recent Developments of Hybrid Fluorescence Techniques: Advances in Amyloid Detection Methods
Amyloid fibrils are formed from various pathological proteins. Monitoring their aggregation process is necessary for early detection and treatment. Among the available detection techniques fluorescence is simple intuitive and convenient due to its sensitive and selective mode of detection. It has certain disadvantages like poor photothermal stability and detection state limitation. Research has focused on minimising the limitation by developing hybrid fluorescence techniques. This review focuses on the two ways fluorescence (intrinsic and extrinsic) has been used to monitor amyloid fibrils. In intrinsic/label free fluorescence: i) The fluorescence emission through aromatic amino acid residues like phenylalanine (F) tyrosine (Y) and tryptophan (W) is present in amyloidogenic peptides/protein sequence. And ii) The structural changes from alpha helix to cross-β-sheet structures during amyloid formation contribute to the fluorescence emission. The second method focuses on the use of extrinsic fluorophores to monitor amyloid fibrils i) organic dyes/small molecules ii) fluorescent tagged proteins iii) nanoparticles iv) metal complexes and v) conjugated polymers. All these fluorophores have their own limitations. Developing them into hybrid fluorescence techniques and converting it into biosensors can contribute to early detection of disease.
Emicizumab as a Promising Form of Therapy for Type A Hemophilia - A Review of Current Knowledge from Clinical Trials
Hemophilia is a plasma bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of certain blood clotting factors. The most common forms of this disease i.e. type A and type B affect approximately 400000 people worldwide. Without appropriate treatment ensuring the proper coagulation cascade this disease may lead to serious disability. Minimizing patient discomfort is possible via replacement therapy consisting of the substitution of a missing coagulation factor via intravenous administration. Frequent medication and the risk related to factor inhibitors are significant disadvantages necessitating the improvement of current therapies or the development of novel ones. This review examines the humanized bispecific antibody Emicizumab which ensures hemostasis by mimicking the action of the coagulation factor VIII a deficiency of which causes type A hemophilia. The paper outlines the topic and then summarizes available clinical trials on Emicizumab in type A hemophilia. Several interventional clinical trials have found Emicizumab to be effective in decreasing bleeding episodes and raising patient satisfaction among various hemophilia A populations. Current Emicizumab-related trials are forecast to be completed between 2024 and 2030 and in addition to congenital hemophilia A the trials cover acquired hemophilia A and patients playing sports. Providing a more comprehensive understanding of Emicizumab may revolutionize the management of hemophilia type A and improve quality of life. Conclusively Emicizumab is a gentler therapy owing to subcutaneous delivery and fewer injections which reduces injection-site reactions and makes therapy less burdensome ultimately decreasing hospital visits and indirect costs.
Revolutionizing Infertility Management through Novel Peptide-based Targets
Around 48 million couples and 186 million people worldwide have infertility; of these approximately 85% have an identifiable cause the most common being ovulatory dysfunctions male infertility polycystic ovary syndrome and tubule disease. The remaining 15% have infertility for unknown reasons including lifestyle and environmental factors. The regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is crucial for the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which are essential for female reproductive functions. GnRH is the primary reproductive axis regulator. The pattern of GnRH FSH and LH release is determined by its pulsatile secretion which in turn controls endocrine function and gamete maturation in the gonads. Peptides called Kisspeptin (KP) Neurokinin-B (NKB) and Orexin influence both positive and negative feedback modulation of GnRH FSH and LH secretion in reproduction. This review article mainly focuses on the historical perspective isoform and signaling pathways of KP NKB and Orexin novel peptide-based targets including clinical and preclinical studies and having a promising effect in the management of infertility.
A Study on the Rationality of Baicalein in the Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Narrative Review
Baicalein (BN) is an active ingredient naturally present in Chinese herbs such as Scutellaria baicalein Coptis chinensis and Dendrobium officinale. It has a variety of pharmacological activities including antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Therefore Baicalein (BN) is widely used in the field of medicine and is considered a potential natural medicine. Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone metabolic disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density and bone structure destruction which is mainly caused by decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. With the continuous development of molecular biology the signaling pathways and gene targets of bone metabolism are also expanding. Recent studies have shown that baicalein may affect the function of osteoblasts osteoclasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through MAPK/ERK and MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways so as to have a therapeutic effect on OP. However the specific mechanism of baicalein in the treatment of OP is still unclear. This article reviews the literature analyzes and summarizes the mechanism of action of baicalein and discusses its potential in the prevention and treatment of OP so as to provide a basis for the clinical application of baicalein.
Unveiling the Interplay: Antioxidant Enzyme Polymorphisms and Oxidative Stress in Preterm Neonatal Renal and Hepatic Functions
To explore the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) alongside notable liver function disturbances in preterm neonates.
Given the immaturity of kidneys and incomplete liver development in preterm neonates oxidative stress poses a considerable threat to their renal and hepatic health.
To find out the association between various oxidative stress biomarkers and polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes with renal and live functions.
In this cross-sectional study we gathered umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood samples for assessing oxidative stress biomarkers and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant enzymes. Utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits we quantified these oxidative stress biomarkers. Receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis was employed to ascertain the predictive capacity of these biomarkers denoted by the area-under-the-curve (AUC).
Our findings revealed that umbilical cord heat-shock proteins emerged as robust predictors of neonatal AKI (AUC: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.8-1) with a defined cut-off concentration of 1.8 ng/mL. Likewise umbilical cord 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine demonstrated significant predictability for liver function alterations (AUC: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9) at a cut-off concentration of 2487.6 pg/mL.
We observed significant associations between SNPs in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and catalase with both AKI and impaired liver functions. Prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings with a particular focus on exploring potential antioxidant interventions aimed at mitigating AKI and liver function abnormalities.
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: An Exclusive Guide into Latest Research in Pharmaco-genetic Dynamics in Arab Countries
Drug metabolizing enzymes play a crucial role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic drugs influencing their efficacy and safety. This review explores the impact of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing genes on drug response within Arab populations. We examine the genetic diversity specific to Arab countries focusing on the variations in key drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP450 GST and UGT families. The review highlights recent research on polymorphisms in these genes and their implications for drug metabolism including variations in allele frequencies and their effects on therapeutic outcomes. Additionally the paper discusses how these genetic variations contribute to the variability in drug response and adverse drug reactions among individuals in Arab populations. By synthesizing current findings this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacogenetic landscape in Arab countries and offer insights into personalized medicine approaches tailored to genetic profiles. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating pharmacogenetic data into clinical practice to enhance drug efficacy and minimize adverse effects ultimately paving the way for more effective and individualized treatment strategies in the region.
Quality by Design Approach for the Development of Cariprazine Hydrochloride Loaded Lipid-Based Formulation for Brain Delivery via Intranasal Route
Cariprazine (CPZ) is a third-generation antipsychotic medication that has been approved for treating schizophrenia. This study aimed to develop a cariprazine-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (CPZ-NLCs) to prevent first-pass metabolism and improve bioavailability and site-specific delivery from nose to the brain.
The CPZ-NLCs were prepared using melt emulsification. The formulation was optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD); where the influence of independent variables on critical quality attributes such as particle size and entrapment efficiency was studied.
The optimized batch (F6) had a particle size of 173.3 ± 0.6 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 96.1 ± 0.57% respectively. The in vitro release showed >96% release of CPZ from NLC within 30 min. The optimized formulation's ex vivo studies revealed significantly increased CPZ permeability (>75%) in sheep nasal mucosa compared to the CPZ suspension (~26%). The ciliotoxicity study of the nasal mucosa revealed that the CPZ-NLC formulation did not affect the nasal epithelium. The intranasal administration of the formulation achieved 76.14±6.23 µg/ml concentration in the brain which was significantly higher than the oral CPZ suspension administration (30.46±7.24 µg/ml). The developed formulation was stable for 3 months.
The study concluded that the developed CPZ-NLC could significantly improve the bioavailability with quick delivery to the brain.
Influences of Ipomoea batatas Anti-Cancer Peptide on Tomato Defense Genes
Aims: This study investigates the impact of IbACP (Ipomoea batatas anti-cancer peptide) on defense-related gene expression in tomato leaves focusing on its role in plant defense mechanisms. Background: Previously IbACP was isolated from sweet potato leaves and it was identified as a peptide capable of inducing an alkalinization response in tomato suspension culture media. Additionally IbACP was found to regulate the proliferation of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Objective: Elucidate IbACP's molecular influence on defense-related gene expression in tomato leaves using next-generation sequencing analysis. Methods: To assess the impact of IbACP on defense-related gene expression transcriptome data were analyzed encompassing various functional categories such as photosynthesis metabolic processes and plant defense. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to verify transcription levels of defense-related genes in tomato leaves treated with IbACP for durations ranging from 0 h (control) to 24 h. Results: IbACP induced jasmonic acid-related genes (LoxD and AOS) at 2 h with a significant up-regulation of salicylic acid-dependent gene NPR1 at 24 h. This suggested a temporal antagonistic effect between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid during the early hours of IbACP treatment. Downstream ethylene-responsive regulator genes (ACO1 ETR4 and ERF1) were consistently down-regulated by IbACP at all times. Additionally IbACP significantly up-regulated the gene expressions of suberization-associated anionic peroxidases (TMP1 and TAP2) at all time points indicating enhanced suberization of the plant cell wall to prevent pathogen invasion. Conclusion: IbACP enhances the synthesis of defense hormones and up-regulates downstream defense genes improving the plant's resistance to biotic stresses.
Structural Insights of PD-1/PD-L1 Axis: An In silico Approach
Background: Interaction of PD-1 protein (present on immune T-cell) with its ligand PD-L1 (over-expressed on cancerous cell) makes the cancerous cell survive and thrive. The association of PD-1/PD-L1 represents a classical protein-protein interaction (PPI) where receptor and ligand binding through a large flat surface. Blocking the PD-1/PDL-1 complex formation can restore the normal immune mechanism thereby destroying cancerous cells. However the PD-1/PDL1 interactions are only partially characterized. Objective: We aim to comprehend the time-dependent behavior of PD-1 upon its binding with PD-L1. Methods: The current work focuses on a molecular dynamics simulation (MDs) simulation study of apo and ligand bound PD-1. Results: Our simulation reveals the flexible nature of the PD-1 both in apo and bound form. Moreover the current study also differentiates the type of strong and weak interactions which could be targeted to overcome the complex formation. Conclusion: The current article could provide a valuable structural insight about the target protein (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) which could open new opportunities in developing small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) targeting either PD-1 or PD-L1.
Dominant Circulating Cell-free Mycobacterial Proteins in In-use Machining Fluid and their Antigenicity Potential
Background: Occupational exposure to industrial Metalworking Fluid (MWF) colonized by Mycobacterium immunogenum (MI) has been associated with immune lung disease hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in machinists. This warrants regular fluid monitoring for early detection of mycobacterial proteins especially those with antigenic potential. Objective: To detect and identify dominant MI proteins and antigens directly from the field-drawn in-use MWF using an integrated immunoproteomic-immunoinformatic approach. Methods: An MI-positive MWF selected by DNA-based screening of several field-drawn MWF samples was cultured to isolate the colonizing strain and profiled for dominant circulating cell-free (ccf) MI proteins including antigens using an integrated immunoproteomic (1D- and 2Dgel fractionation of seroreactive proteins combined with shotgun proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS) and immunoinformatic strategy. Results: A new MI strain (MJY-27) was identified. The gel fractionated MI protein bands (1Dgel) or spots (2D-gel) seroreactive with anti-MI sera probes (Rabbit and Patient sera) yielded 86 MI proteins 29 of which showed peptide abundance. T-cell epitope analysis revealed high (90-100%) binding frequency for HLA-I & II alleles for 13 of the 29 proteins. Their antigenicity analysis revealed the presence of 6 to 37 antigenic determinants. Interestingly one of the identified candidates corresponded to an experimentally validated strong B- and T-cell antigen (AgD) from our laboratory culture-based studies. Conclusion: This first report on dominant proteins including putative antigens of M. immunogenum prevalent in field in-use MWF is a significant step towards the overall goal of developing fluid monitoring for exposure and disease risk assessment for HP development in machining environments.
Carboxylic Group Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots inhibit Hen Egg White Lysozyme Amyloidogenesis, leading to the Formation of Spherical Aggregates with Reduced Toxicity and ROS Generation
Introduction: Proteinopathies are a group of diseases where the protein structure has been altered. These alterations are linked to the production of amyloids which are persistent organized clumps of protein molecules through inter-molecular interactions. Several disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's have been related to the presence of amyloids. Highly ordered beta sheets or beta folds are characteristic of amyloids; these structures can further self- assemble into stable fibrils. Methods: Protein aggregation is caused by a wide variety of environmental and experimental factors including mutations high pH high temperature and chemical modification. Despite several efforts a cure for amyloidosis has yet to be found. Due to its advantageous semi-conducting characteristics unique optical features high surface area-to-volume ratio biocompatibility etc. carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have lately emerged as key instruments for a wide range of biomedical applications. To this end we have investigated the effect of CQDs with a carboxyl group on their surface (CQD-CA) on the in vitro amyloidogenesis of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Results: By generating a stable compound that is resistant to fibrillation our findings show that CQD-CA can suppress amyloid and disaggregate HEWL. In addition CQD-CA caused the creation of non-toxic spherical aggregates which generated much less reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusion: Overall our results show that more research into amyloidosis treatments including surface functionalized CQDs is warranted.
Recent Advancement in Novel Wound Healing Therapies by Using Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Humans and Amphibians
The skin is the biggest organ in the human body. It is the first line of protection against invading pathogens and the starting point for the immune system. The focus of this review is on the use of amphibian-derived peptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the treatment of wound healing. When skin is injured a chain reaction begins that includes inflammation the formation of new tissue and remodelling of existing tissue to aid in the healing process. Collaborating with non-immune cells resident and recruited immune cells in the skin remove foreign invaders and debris then direct the repair and regeneration of injured host tissues. Restoration of normal structure and function requires the healing of damaged tissues. However a major issue that slows wound healing is infection. AMPs are just one type of host-defense chemicals that have developed in multicellular animals to regulate the immune response and limit microbial proliferation in response to various types of biological or physical stress. Therefore peptides isolated from amphibians represent novel therapeutic tools and approaches for regenerating damaged skin. Peptides that speed up the healing process could be used as therapeutic lead molecules in future research into novel drugs. AMPs and amphibian-derived peptides may be endogenous mediators of wound healing and treat non-life-threatening skin and epithelial lesions. Thus the present article was drafted with to incorporate different peptides used in wound healing their method of preparation and routes of administration.