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- Volume 11, Issue 8, 2005
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 11, Issue 8, 2005
Volume 11, Issue 8, 2005
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Multiple Mechanisms of Cytokine Action in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric States: Neurochemical and Molecular Substrates
Authors: Shawn Hayley and Hymie AnismanNeuroinflammatory processes appear to play a fundamental role in the pathology associated with a number of neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. In this respect, the immunocompetent brain microglia and peripheral macrophages release a host of proinflammatory cytokines that not only modulate immunological processes but also influence neuronal functioning and even survival. For instance, alterations of the cy Read More
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Cytokines as a Precipitant of Depressive Illness: Animal and Human Studies
Authors: Hymie Anisman, Zul Merali, Michael O. Poulter and Shawn HayleyCytokines whose primary function is that of acting as signaling molecules of the immune system, have been implicated in the provocation or exacerbation of mood disorders such as depression. This position has been supported by several lines of evidence; (1) proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) and bacterial endotoxins elicit sickness behaviors (e.g., fatigue, soporific effects) Read More
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Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Cytokines: A Mechanism for Neuropathology
More LessCytokines circulating in the blood affect CNS function through a variety of pathways. One of these pathways is by being transported directly across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Transport of blood-borne cytokines across the BBB is now known to be an operational pathway by which cytokines can directly affect CNS functions. Cytokine transport across the BBB, however, is a complex event. Not all cytokines are transported and Read More
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokine-Induced Neuroprotection: NFκB and Neuroplasticity
Authors: Steven W. Barger, Andrea M. Moerman and Xianrong MaoSince the first attempts to understand the mechanisms of learning, memory, development, and other instances of neuroplasticity, gene expression has been an attractive explanation for the persistence of such processes. It has been hypothesized that changes in the levels of expression of a gene, or a coordinated set of genes, would be necessary for dramatic structural changes like the growth of new neurites. And more subt Read More
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Inflammatory Process in Parkinson's Disease: Role for Cytokines
Authors: T. Nagatsu and M. SawadaParkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the resultant deficiency in the neurotransmitter DA at the nerve terminals in the striatum. We and other investigators found increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6, and decrease Read More
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Estrogen and Cytokines Production - The Possible Cause of Gender Differences in Neurological Diseases
Authors: A. Czlonkowska, A. Ciesielska, G. Gromadzka and I. Kurkowska-JastrzebskaNaturally occurring sexual dimorphism has been implicated in the risk, progression and recovery from numerous neurological disorders. These include head injury, multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulating evidence suggests that observed differences between men and women could result fr Read More
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The Changing Face of Cytokines in the Brain: Perspectives From EAE
Authors: R. D. Wheeler and T. OwensThere has been a significant increase in the number of cytokines known to exist, over the past few years. This has led to a re-examination of the established roles of cytokines, as the functions of newly identified members are characterized. In this review, we describe how the recent discovery and characterization of interleukin (IL) -23 has led to a re-evaluation of the role of interferon (IFN) γ and IFNγ-inducing factors in experi Read More
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Neural and Behavioral Responses to Systemic Immunologic Stimuli: A Consideration of Bacterial T Cell Superantigens
Authors: Alexander W. Kusnecov and Yael GoldfarbImmune responses represent a source of sytemic stress which impacts the brain and modifies various neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. Therefore, the immune system has been conceived of as a potential contributor to stress-related behavioral abnormalities, such as depression. Much of this knowledge has been gained through research focused largely on the administration of cytokines and/or bacterial endotoxin Read More
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The Beneficial Effects of Microflora, Especially Obligate Anaerobes, and Their Products on the Colonic Environment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Osamu Kanauchi, Yoshiaki Matsumoto, Masae Matsumura, Masamichi Fukuoka and Tadao BambaBecause intestinal microflora play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is currently some interest in alternating the composition of the microflora toward a potentially more remedial community. This paper summarizes the clinical and experimental efficacy of the manipulation of microflora by the use of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics in IBD. Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is Read More
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Hematotoxicity Testing by Cell Clonogenic Assay in Drug Development and Preclinical Trials
Authors: Augusto Pessina, Ilaria Malerba and Laura GribaldoIn vitro clonogenic assays have been developed and widely used since many years to investigate the proliferation and the differentiation both of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells (PHSC) and of the different progenitors of blood cell lineages: megakaryocytes (Colony Forming Unit-Mk) granulocyte -macrophage (CFU-GM), erythrocytes (BFU-E/CFU-E). As these techniques have been introduced, they appeared to be very Read More
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Genetically Engineered Bacteriocins and their Potential as the Next Generation of Antimicrobials
Authors: Osnat Gillor, Lisa M. Nigro and Margaret A. RileyThe discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1928 was an historical milestone in the fight against infectious disease. Over the following fifty years, pharmaceutical companies discovered and developed over 100 antibiotics effective against a wide range of human pathogens. More recently, the dramatic rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens has stimulated renewed efforts to identify, develop or redesign antibiotics active against t Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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