Current Pharmaceutical Analysis - Volume 5, Issue 2, 2009

Frustration currently observed in most of the pharmaceutical companies as a result of the high attriction rate of finally selected drug leads and optimized drug candidates would be also be related to challenges and limitations of available analytical protocols in the development of any new drug. For example, typical detection limits reported in the pharmaceutical literature are 10 ppm of the label-free analyte or a biological Read More

The sequencing of the human genome at the dawn of the twenty-first century marked the beginning of an ongoing race to make genome sequencing affordable enough to be incorporated into routine patient care. Genome sequencing is still prohibitively expensive, and while the next generation of sequencing techniques will no doubt have a substantial impact on genome sequencing, they have not been shown to be c Read More

Microfluidic devices on chip-based systems are becoming increasingly popular, because of many advantages, like low mobile phase consumption and greatly reduced analysis times. The ultimate goal is to design all-including labon- a-chip tools that can be employed in the field and that integrate all elements necessary for an analysis, e.g. one or more separation channels, (multiple) detectors, mixing chambers and samp Read More

Identification of biomolecule interactions is crucial in understanding biological and biochemical processes. This review presents a brief outline of the advances in microfluidic chips devoted to biomolecule interactions. Various separation modes used for biomolecule interactions are discussed first, in which microchip isoelectric focusing, microchip zone electrophoresis, microchip electrophoresis frontal analysis, and T-sensor microfl Read More

The miniaturization of potentiometric sensors is developing only slowly. ISFET technology has not yet brought great breakthroughs in this respect. Potentiometric microelectrode arrays are developed however for DNA analysis. As potentiometry moves into new and unexpected applications such as biomolecules, multiply charged molecules, DNA, marker proteins, viruses and bacteria, dissolution testing..., the need for miniat Read More

A review of the applications, principles, advantages of stripping voltammetric techniques, namely anodic, cathodic, abrasive, adsorptive stripping voltammetry and potentiometric stripping analysis is presented. Stripping voltammetric methods in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed and the generally applicable procedure is given. The use and advantages and disadvantages of these techniques at different electrodes are disc Read More

This minireview summarized several examples to illustrate the application of electrochemical methods for pharmaceutical and drug analysis. Special attentions were devoted to the voltermmetric and potentiometric techniques. A section dedicated to the application of the electrochemical detectors coupled with flow system was also presented. Finally, we briefly outline future trends of the electrochemical methods for drug analysis.

Aptamers, like antibodies, have high molecular recognition specificity and selectivity. Coupled with microfluidic devices, apatamers and target-aptamer complexes can be rapidly separated while only a small sample volume is required. Trace protein detection using aptamer probes on a microchip platform was demonstrated using vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) and a selective aptamer probe as a mod Read More

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an immune protein in the hematopoietins family, has been demonstrated as a prognostic indicator for survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. In this contribution, we introduced a new and high-throughput electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of IL-6 in human. The immunoassay protocol was fabricated by the immobilization of anti-IL-6 antibodies on the nanogold and partial ferrocenylte Read More

The present work illustrates possibilities of column coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE-CE) combined with fiber-based diode array detection (DAD) for the direct quantitative determination of trace drug (amlodipine, AML), in biological multicomponent ionic matrices (human urine). Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) served as an ideal injection technique in CE-CE. Moreover, ITP provided an effective on-line sample pretr Read More

Cefoperazone sodium is irreversibly oxidized at the glassy carbon electrode in various buffer systems and at different pH values using cyclic, linear sweep, differential pulse and square wave voltammetric techniques. The oxidation of cefoperazone sodium was irreversible and exhibited diffusion controlled process depending on pH. A detailed oxidation mechanism was proposed and discussed. The dependence of peak current an Read More

Cysteic acid, containing negatively charged sulfonic ligand, has been deliberately modified on the electrode by the electrochemical oxidation method. It could promote the accumulation of adenine on the electrode because of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged cysteic acid and the positively charged adenine at pH 6.0. After accumulation at the potential of 0.2 V for 300 s, adenine produced well- Read More

Cefotaxime sodium has an antibacterial effect and it is classified as a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. It is irreversible, oxidized at the glassy carbon electrode in various buffer systems and at different pH values. The detailed mechanism of the oxidation process is described in this manuscript. Differential pulse and square wave voltammetric methods were developed for its determination in pharma Read More