Current Nanomedicine - Volume 12, Issue 3, 2022

One of the major limitations to drug delivery at mucosal administration sites is the limited retention of the dose at the tissue surface. Bioadhesive delivery systems increase the residence time/retention of the dosage form at the application site. To retain the drug at the site of administration for improved absorption and ease of administration, the identification of polymer systems based on site-specific physiological conditions is important. This review outlines diverse kinds of polymer systems and their mechanism of mucoadhesion. This review presents a brief description of bioadhesive strategies for the formulation and development of a buccal and esophageal delivery system based on its site-specific physiological considerations.

Nanoformulations are a novel method of administration of the drug, approved by the USFDA. These formulations are able to deliver the drug molecules to the target site more effectively and efficiently. So, this technology has found a vital role in cancer therapy. The nanoformulations can be of many types: Liposomes, Micelles, Nano-emulsions, Dendrimers, etc. Many studies have been done on nanoformulations and it is revealed that a number of natural products like curcumin, thymoquinone and papaverine, which contain anti-cancer activity, are more effective in nanoformulation form. This review discusses the nanoformulations, their applications, uses and advantages in cancer therapy along with the anti-cancer drugs that are administered as nanoformulations.

Successful drug delivery with a carrier into the targeted organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.) is vital for achieving effective disease treatment. Nanoparticle (NP) based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) depend on targeted delivery and are mainly focused on cellmembrane targeting. In this review, we summarize research on multifunctional NPs with organellespecific drug delivery. Different effective strategies are proposed for these nanoparticles functionalizing by altering their chemical composition or by functional groups grafting onto their surface for improving the ability of organelle targeting. Only when the released concentration of drugs becomes high enough will they interact with specific organelles by molecular targets to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. One of the prime goals for drug delivery research targeted is Organelle-specific delivery.

Background: The current review focuses on ophthalmic nanogels, their applications, their benefits over traditional gels, and the challenges and opportunities of nanogels. The major goal is to investigate ophthalmic nanogels from preparation through characterization and how nanogels are the future of the ophthalmic drug delivery system compared to traditional gels, eye drops, and ointments. Objective: Because of the ophthalmic bioavailability, delivery to the eye is crucial. The lacrimal fluid in the eye clears the eye surface, and the ocular sight is washed away as a result of this medicine. The limited ocular bioavailability was also due to the different obstacles present. Drug nano-gelling systems are effective in improving ocular bioavailability and corneal permeation time. Nanoparticles abound in these nanogels. Various natural polymers, such as Chitosan and Alginate, and synthetic polymers, such as PLA and PLGA, can be used to make nanogels. The use of nanotechnology improves medicine bioavailability and penetration in the eye. However, nanotechnology has some limits, such as large-scale manufacturing, restricting medicine doses, and so forth. Conclusion: Nanotechnology offers much clinical potential when it comes to treating eye issues. Although ophthalmic nanogels are suited for effective drug delivery, they must meet several requirements. First, the drug component must be encapsulated adequately in a stable polymer complex. In ocular drug delivery, nanogels are a preferable option since they can improve patient compliance and therapeutic impact. In addition, the nanogel has a faster corneal penetration time and higher bioavailability.

Background: Tobacco smoking is a major factor leading to cardiovascular diseases. About 48% of cardiovascular diseases occur due to cigarette smoking. Bupropion hydrochloride is a non-nicotine treatment for smoking cessation. The existing marketed formulation of bupropion has limitations, like low bioavailability and extensive first-pass metabolism. In order to boost the bioavailability and increase the brain biodistribution of the drug, a colloidal drug delivery system, like nanostructured lipid carriers, is employed. Methods: NLC formulation was prepared using the microemulsion technique and an optimized formula was developed using a three-level factorial design. Results: The particle size of the optimized formulation was 162 nm, the polydispersity index was 12.2%, and the zeta potential was -29.0mV. Entrapment efficiency was found to be 41.2%. SEM images show that these NLCs are spherical. In vitro drug release study was conducted, and at the end of 72 hours, 50% of the drug was released, indicating the sustained release of the drug. Histopathological studies were conducted using goat nasal mucosa, and results indicated the NLC formulation as non-toxic for intranasal administration. Conclusion: Thus, through the intra-nasal route, an increased concentration of drug can be delivered to the brain via the olfactory pathway, thereby improving the therapeutic effect and exhibiting better patient compliance in smoking cessation.