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Volume 13, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2211-7385
  • E-ISSN: 2211-7393

Abstract

Aims

This research aimed to study the potential of PDEN from fruits (PENC) for regenerating and remodeling HDF.

Background

Large wounds are dangerous and require prompt and effective healing. Various efforts have been undertaken, but have been somewhat ineffective. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDEN) are easily sampled, relatively cost-effective, exhibit high yields, and are non-immunogenic.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to isolate and characterize PDEN from (PENC), and determine PENC’s internalization and toxicity on HDF cells, PENC's ability to regenerate HDF (proliferation and migration), and PENC ability’s to remodel HDF (collagen I and MMP-1 production).

Methods

PENC was isolated using gradual filtration and centrifugation, followed by sedimentation using PEG6000. Characterization was done using a particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, TEM, and BCA assay. Internalization was done using PKH67 staining. Toxicity and proliferation assays were conducted using MTT assay; meanwhile, migration assay was carried out by employing the scratch assay. Collagen I production was performed using immunocytochemistry and MMP-1 production was conducted using ELISA.

Results

MTT assay showed a PENC concentration of 2.5 until 500 µg/mL and being non-toxic to cells. PENC has been found to induce cell proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. PENC at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 µg/mL, also accelerated HDF migration using the scratch assay in two days. In remodeling, PENC upregulated collagen-1 expression from day 7 to 14 compared to control. MMP-1 declined from day 2 to 7 in every PENC concentration and increased on day 14. Overall, PENC at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 µg/mL induced HDF proliferation and migration, upregulated collagen I production, and decreased MMP-1 levels.

Conclusion

Isolated PENC was 190-220 nm in size, circular, covered with membrane, and its zeta potential was -6.7 mV; it could also be stored at 4°C for up to 2 weeks in aqua bidest. Protein concentration ranged between 170-1,395 µg/mL. Using PKH67, PENC could enter HDF within 6 hours. PENC was non-toxic up to a concentration of 500 µg/mL. Using MTT and scratch assay, PENC was found to elevate HDF proliferation and migration, and reorganize actin. Using immunocytochemistry, collagen I was upregulated by PENC, whereas MMP-1 concentration was reduced.

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2024-01-11
2025-06-21

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/content/journals/pnt/10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106
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Potential of Plant-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Physalis peruviana Fruit for Human Dermal Fibroblast Regeneration and Remodeling
Pharm. Nanotechnol. 13, 358 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106
/content/journals/pnt/10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106
/content/journals/pnt/10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): fibroblast; human dermal fibroblast; PENC; Physalis peruviana; regeneration; remodeling

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