In-depth Chemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis: A Critical Review of Recent Developments

Background: One of the most popular beekeeping products is propolis. The word "propolis," which alludes to a beehive, has Greek sources and implies "defense for the community." Propolis is a resinous material that honey worker bees (Apis mellifera L.) and other bee species make for a variety of uses. Since 300 BC, propolis has been used as a traditional remedy. Various pharmacological effects of distinct propolis extracts as well as those of its ingredients, including antioxidant, antiulcer, anticancer, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal characteristics, have recently been identified. Objective: In this review article, we focus on the origin, recent advances in the chemical constituents, and new therapeutic potential of propolis. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive analysis of the literature search was conducted. The standard keywords "propolis," "origin," "chemical constituents," "pharmacological activity," "recent advances," and "traditional uses" have been used to search a variety of the standard databases, such as Scopus and Elsevier, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Science Web, for research and review articles published between 1998 and 2023. Results: This review article included over 150 articles (research and reviews) that were appraised and researched. Conclusion: Since 2012, more than 300 substances have been shown to have pharmacological action against a variety of illnesses, including cancer, inflammation, ulcers, wound healing, diabetes, bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, hepatic disorders, dental problems, brain diseases, etc. Overall, propolis may be considered a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical development. Future studies should consider plant types, regional conditions, bee subspecies, and variations.