A Proteomic Analysis of the Virulence Factors of Three Common Bacterial Species Involved in Periodontitis and Consequent Possible Atherosclerosis: A Narrative Review

The incidence of cardiovascular disorders, especially coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis, is increasing alarmingly. Clarifying the underlying causes is of the utmost importance and should be elucidated in order to reduce this growing trend. Periodontitis is known as a chronic destructive disease with sophisticated pathophysiological mechanisms that slowly impose negative effects not only on the oral tissues but also on distant organs. Additionally, it has been shown in many studies that atherosclerosis and periodontitis utilized common inflammatory signaling pathways and mediators. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated the signatures of periodontitis-related bacteria in atherosclerotic plaque specimens. It is proposed that virulent proteins of these bacteria probably accelerate the initiation or development of plaque formation on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. Proteomics techniques are very sensitive and have a global point of view. They can help to discover host factors and pathogenrelated biomarkers. This review summarizes the studies focused on the three most important bacterial species involved in both diseases and presents recent findings about the proteomic evaluation of virulence factors of these bacteria. The known mechanisms of action of the virulence factors are also described.