Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation by Transforming Growth Factor Beta Superfamily

The ability to differentiate into cells of different lineage, such as muscle, bone, cartilage and fat, is the chief value of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which can be used with the final aim to regenerate damaged tissue. Due to potential use, as well as importance in tissue development, a number of questions have been raised regarding the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation. As one of the crucial mediators in organism development, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily directs MSCs commitment in the selection of differentiation pathways. In this review we aim to give an overview of the current knowledge on the mechanisms of MSCs differentiation, on the involvement of TGF-β superfamily in MSCs differentiation with additional insight into the mutual regulation of microRNAs and TGF-β in MSCs differentiation. Particular focus has been given to the signaling and transcriptional networks governing the differentiation processes.