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- Volume 20, Issue 36, 2014
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 20, Issue 36, 2014
Volume 20, Issue 36, 2014
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Editorial (Thematic Issue: Novel Insights into the Role of Anesthetics and Opioids in Organ or Tissue Protection)
More LessEvidence is accumulating that anesthetics as well as opioids demonstrate some protective effects toward several organs including the heart and brain. However, in the field of anesthesiology, a wide range of reviews regarding such topics is scarce. Therefore, it has been difficult for clinicians as well as scientists to obtain crucial information about anesthetics and opioids from one issue of a journal. In this context, a series of re Read More
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Anesthetic Cardioprotection in Relation to Mitochondria: Basic Science
Authors: Yasushi Mio, Shoichi Uezono and Hiroshi KitahataAnesthetic pre- and postconditioning pharmacologically reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mitochondria play a central role in these myocardial protective salvage effects. In the preconditioning, low levels of reactive oxygen species, which are produced by anesthetics in the mitochondria, act as a trigger to prevent cardiomyocytes death and modify intracellular signaling mechanisms. In the postconditioning, decreased mitoch Read More
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Signaling Epicenters: The Role of Caveolae and Caveolins in Volatile Anesthetic Induced Cardiac Protection
Authors: Yousuke T. Horikawa, Yasuo M. Tsutsumi, Hemal H. Patel and David M. RothCaveolae are flask-like invaginations of the cell surface that have been identified as signaling epicenters. Within these microdomains, caveolins are structural proteins of caveolae, which are able to interact with numerous signaling molecules affecting temporal and spatial dimensions required in cardiac protection. This complex moiety is essential to the mechanisms involved in volatile anesthetics. In this review we will outline a ge Read More
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Anesthetic Cardioprotection: The Role of Adenosine
Authors: Stephanie Bonney, Kelly Hughes and Tobias EckleBrief periods of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion exert a protective effect against subsequent longer ischemic periods, a phenomenon coined ischemic preconditioning. Similarly, repeated brief episodes of coronary occlusion and reperfusion at the onset of reperfusion, called post-conditioning, dramatically reduce infarct sizes. Interestingly, both effects can be achieved by the administration of any volatile anestheti Read More
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Opioid-induced Cardioprotection
Authors: Katsuya Tanaka, Judy R. Kersten and Matthias L. RiessIschemic heart disease and myocardial infarction continue to be leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Activation of opioid, adenosine, bradykinin, adrenergic and other G-protein coupled receptors has been found to be cardioprotective. κ- and/or δ-opioid receptor activation is involved in direct myocardial protection, while the role of µ-opioid receptors seems less clear. In addition, differential affiniti Read More
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Anesthetic Cardioprotection in Clinical Practice From Proof-of-Concept to Clinical Applications
Authors: Michael Zaugg, Eliana Lucchinetti, Saeid Behmanesh and Alexander S. ClanachanIn 2007, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommended (class IIa, level of evidence B) in their guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery volatile anesthetics as first choice for general anesthesia in hemodynamically stable patients at risk for myocardial ischemia. This recommendation was based on results from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surg Read More
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Protective Effects of Anesthetics on Vascular Function Related to K+ Channels
K+ channels play an essential role in the membrane potential of arterial smooth muscle, and also in regulating contractile tone. Especially, in vascular smooth muscle, the opening of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels leads to membrane hyperpolarization, resulting in muscle relaxation and vasodilation. This activation also plays a role in tissues during pathophysiologic events such as ischemia, hypoxi Read More
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Spinal Cord Ischemia/Injury
Authors: Ishikawa T., Suzuki H., Ishikawa K., Yasuda S., Matsui T., Yamamoto M., Kakeda T., Yamamoto S., Owada Y. and Yaksh T.L.A spinal cord injury leads to disturbances of sensory and motor signals due to the damage to white matter and myelinated fiber tracts. Moreover, the damage to gray matter causes segmental loss of interneurons of dorsal horn and motoneurons and restricts the therapeutic options. Neuroprotective strategies have the potential to improve the neurological outcome of patients. To achieve this, concerns to anesthetics Read More
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Protective Effects of Anesthetics on the Spinal Cord
More LessSince several clinical data have suggested that the incidence of neurological deficit after aortic surgery has not changed appreciably over the last 50 years, anesthesiologists as well as vascular surgeons have attempted to resolve this clinically important issue by employing various strategies to prevent ischemic spinal cord injury. With respect to inhalational anesthetics, it is thought that isoflurane as well as sevoflurane preconditi Read More
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Anesthetic Neuroprotection: Antecedents and An Appraisal of Preclinical and Clinical Data Quality
Authors: Kazuyoshi Ishida, Miles Berger, Jacob Nadler and David S. WarnerAnesthetics have been studied for nearly fifty years as potential neuroprotective compounds in both perioperative and resuscitation medicine. Although anesthetics present pharmacologic properties consistent with preservation of brain viability in the context of an ischemic insult, no anesthetic has been proven efficacious for neuroprotection in humans. After such effort, it could be concluded that anesthetics are simp Read More
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Alert Cell Strategy: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Response and Organ Protection
Authors: Noboru Hatakeyama and Naoyuki MatsudaSystemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is triggered by various factors such as surgical operation, trauma, burn injury, ischemia, pancreatitis and bacterial translocation. Sepsis is a SIRS associated with bacterial infection. SIRS and sepsis tend to trigger excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory molecules and induce multiple organ failure, such as acute lung injury, acute kidney inju Read More
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Mechanisms of Action of Anesthetics for the Modulation of Perioperative Thrombosis: Evidence for Immune Mechanisms from Basic and Clinical Studies
Thrombotic events occurring in either arteries or veins are the primary causes of fatal perioperative cardiovascular events. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis, several of which are evidently associated with specific surgical procedures, are quite different from those for arterial thrombosis (e.g., aging or atherosclerotic diseases). Thrombus formed in arteries consists mainly of platelets coated with fibrin (i.e., white thrombus Read More
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Cardioprotection with opioids– Trusted old friends -Clinical Science –
More LessOpioids i.e., compounds with morphine–like actions, and their receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in cardioprotection, at least in scientific studies, which makes sense as cardiomyocytes express most of the known opioid receptors and their agonists. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the opioid system plays various important roles in maintaining cardiac function; i.e., it influences cardiac rhyth Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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