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- Volume 10, Issue 18, 2004
Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 10, Issue 18, 2004
Volume 10, Issue 18, 2004
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Preface [Hot Topic: Current Status of Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury (Executive Editors: Maria Mataro and Juan Sahuquillo)]
Authors: Maria Mataro and Juan SahuquilloTraumatic brain injury triggers a series of secondary or delayed damage known to exacerbate the initial injury and deficits. In recent years many therapeutic strategies have been proposed and studied in traumatic brain injury in order to inhibit these mechanisms and prevent further damage. Although experimental studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of some of these neuroprotection approaches, no effective or ben Read More
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Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Severe Head Injury
Authors: Enriquez P and Bullock R.The pathophysiological process following traumatic brain injury is extremely complex and not fully understood. Recent developments have further advanced our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause this damage. The excitotoxic damage, alterations in calcium homeostasis and free radical induced damage are thought to be the key pathways in this process. It is believed that the final target of al Read More
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Microdialysis in Neurointensive Care
Authors: Urban Ungerstedt and Elham RostamiMicrodialysis is a technique for sampling the chemistry of the interstitial fluid of tissues and organs in animal and man. It is minimally invasive and simple to perform in a clinical setting. Although microdialysis samples essentially all small molecular substances present in the interstitial fluid the use of microdialysis in neurointensive care has focused on markers of ischemia and cell damage. The lactate / pyruvate ratio is a well-kn Read More
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Importance of Aquaporins in the Physiopathology of Brain Edema
Authors: Jose L. Venero, Alberto Machado and Josefina CanoAquaporins (AQPs) are water channels that mediate the efficient movement of water across the membrane. Among different AQPs, AQP4 is the predominant water channel in the brain and is thought to play a significant role in the physiopathology of brain edema. Brain edema is a major clinical problem since it largely accounts for the cause of death in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury or cerebrovascular acci Read More
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Arterial Hyperoxia in Severe Head Injury: A Useful or Harmful Option?
Authors: O. L. Alves, W. P. Daugherty and M. RiosThere is mounting evidence both from experimental and clinical studies that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a reduction of aerobic metabolism. This results from a variable combination of impaired substrate delivery and mitochondrial failure. Mitochondria, which are responsible for the production of 95% of cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP), may become compromised after TBI. On the other hand, in the very earl Read More
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Cannabinoids as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury
By Anat BiegonThe name “Cannabinoid” applies to a large and diverse family of compounds including plant derived, synthetic and endogenously produced chemicals, some but not all of which are psychotropic. Cannabinoids of all classes have the ability to protect neurons from a variety of insults that are believed to underlie delayed neuronal death after traumatic brain injury (TBI), including excitotoxicity, calcium influx, free radical for Read More
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Endothelins and the Role of Endothelin Antagonists in the Management of Posttraumatic Vasospasm
More LessIncreasing evidence implicates endothelin in the pathophysiological development of cerebral vasospasm. This review summarizes background topics such as the structures and biosynthesis of endothelins, the types of endothelin and their receptors, as well as their biological effects. Basic science and clinical observations supportive of the role of endothelins in the spasm associated with stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhag Read More
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Moderate Hypothermia in the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Good Idea Proved Ineffective?
Authors: J. Sahuquillo, M. P. Mena, A. Vilalta and M. A. PocaMany drugs with proven efficacy in the preclinical stage have failed to show any benefit in improving the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) when tested in controlled clinical trials. Hypothermia is still the most powerful neuroprotective method in experimental models of TBI. Its ability to influence the multiple biochemical cascades that are set in motion after TBI is quite unique. In experimental models hypotherm Read More
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Drug Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: J. Ananth, S. Parameswaran and B. HaraOver 40 different antipsychotic medications have been introduced around the world, 21 of which are available in the United States. The conventional antipsychotic drugs introduced in late 50s have two major groups of disadvantages, efficacy and safety. All of the atypical antipsychotic agents have higher 5-HT2 blocking than D2 blocking. Atypical antipsychotic agents differ in their receptor action and side e Read More
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Side Effects of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: J. Ananth, S. Parameswaran and S. GunatilakeRecently there has been increased concern over the side effects of the atypical antipsychotic drugs, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity. The relationship between diabetes and antipsychotic drugs requires a careful analysis. Patients with schizophrenia are known to suffer from diabetes more often than the general population. In addition, a number of case reports indicate that the conventional antipsychotic as w Read More
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Antipsychotic Polypharmacy
Authors: J. Ananth, S. Parameswaran and GunatilakeThe administration of more than one drug for a single medical condition is considered to be polypharmacy. There are many possible reasons for polypharmacy: (1) psychosis is a chronic disease that cannot be cured; (2) expectations to improve patients' quality of life beyond what drugs can actually do is high; (3) the lack of side effects and interactions can cause physicians to be more daring in terms of potential complication Read More
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The Use of Antiparkinsonian Agents in the Management of Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms
Authors: K. Burgyone, K. Aduri, J. Ananth and S. ParameswaranAntipsychotic drugs induce extrapyramidal symptoms such as dystonia, akathisia and parkinsonian symptoms early in treatment, and tardive dyskinesia later in treatment. With the advent of atypical antipsychotic drugs, the incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms has decreased, but the danger still exists. There are many reasons that extrapyramidal symptoms are still a problem. Most often, psychiatrists use doses higher Read More
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Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse Disorders
Authors: John Tsuang and Timothy W. FongApproximately half of patients with schizophrenia have a lifetime diagnosis of substance abuse disorders. These dual diagnosis patients are more likely to have poorer outcomes, including more severe psychiatric symptoms with increased hospitalizations, higher utilization of services and frequent homelessness. Assessment and treatment of dually diagnosed patients has evolved over the last twenty years. To date, the str Read More
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Treatment Considerations in the Forensic Patient with Schizophrenia
Authors: David C. Stone and David O. NizResearch in new treatments for schizophrenia continues. At the same time, increasing numbers of persons with schizophrenia receive their treatment almost exclusively in correctional settings. Though the literature continues to describe this phenomenon in clearer detail, many questions regarding the characteristics of these mentally disordered offenders and their unique treatment needs remain. Research targeting this Read More
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Cognitive Therapy for Schizophrenia: Treatment and Dissemination
Authors: L. Marcinko and M. ReadAlthough medication is the treatment of choice for schizophrenia, most patients continue to experience exhibit residual symptoms despite compliance. Recent studies suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is useful in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders [1]. Results of previous studies suggest that patients treated with CBT, in conjunction with medication, exhibit decreased frequ Read More
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Rehabilitation of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: S. Gunatilake, J. Ananth, S. Parameswaran, S. Brown and W. SilvaSchizophrenia is a maldevelopmental disorder of the brain that manifests in positive, negative, cognitive and affective symptoms. Currently, the mainstay of treatment involves pharmacotherapy. The limitations of antipsychotic treatment are that they can only control symptoms and cannot cure the illness, and 20% of patients do not respond, thus leading to the requirement of maintenance treatment. Patients that do respon Read More
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 31 (2025)
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Volume 30 (2024)
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Volume 29 (2023)
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Volume 28 (2022)
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Volume 27 (2021)
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Volume 26 (2020)
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Volume 25 (2019)
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Volume 24 (2018)
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Volume 23 (2017)
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Volume 22 (2016)
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Volume 21 (2015)
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Volume 20 (2014)
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Volume 19 (2013)
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Volume 18 (2012)
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Volume 17 (2011)
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Volume 16 (2010)
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Volume 15 (2009)
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Volume 14 (2008)
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Volume 13 (2007)
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Volume 12 (2006)
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Volume 11 (2005)
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Volume 10 (2004)
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Volume 9 (2003)
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Volume 8 (2002)
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Volume 7 (2001)
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Volume 6 (2000)
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