Skip to content
2000
Volume 25, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 1389-2002
  • E-ISSN:

Abstract

Background

The global obese population is rapidly increasing, urgently requiring the development of effective and safe weight-loss medications. The classic Chinese medicine formulation Lingguizhugan Decoction has exerted a significant anti-obesity effect. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of LGZGD in the treatment of obesity based on the gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Methods

Three different dosages of LGZGD were gavaged to ob/ob mice for 8 weeks. Body mass and visceral fat mass were evaluated. Additionally, the changes in gut microbiota, fecal and plasma metabolites in mice after LGZGD treatment were analyzed by metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics.

Results

The results demonstrated a significant anti-obesity effect of LGZGD treatment in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis revealed that LGZGD reduced the ratio of ( to ) in the gut, restored gut microbiota diversity, and identified 3 enriched KEGG pathways, including energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy production and conversion pathways. Based on non-targeted metabolomics analysis, 20 key metabolites in the feces and 30 key metabolites in the plasma responding to LGZGD treatment were identified, and the levels of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Myristoleic acid (MA) might be the metabolites related to gut microbiota after LGZGD treatment. Their biological functions were mainly related to the metabolism pathway.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that LGZGD had therapeutic potential for obesity. The mechanism of LGZGD alleviating obesity was associated with improving dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. LDZGD affected gut microbiota-derived metabolites of EPA and MA and may act on energy metabolism pathways.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdm/10.2174/0113892002289388240705113755
2024-05-01
2024-11-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. WaddenT.A. TronieriJ.S. ButrynM.L. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults.Am. Psychol.202075223525110.1037/amp0000517 32052997
    [Google Scholar]
  2. NovelliG. CassadonteC. SbracciaP. BiancolellaM. Genetics: A starting point for the prevention and the treatment of obesity.Nutrients20231512278210.3390/nu15122782 37375686
    [Google Scholar]
  3. KoS.H. JungY. Energy metabolism changes and dysregulated lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women.Nutrients20211312455610.3390/nu13124556 34960109
    [Google Scholar]
  4. LustigR.H. CollierD. KassotisC. RoepkeT.A. KimM.J. BlancE. BaroukiR. BansalA. CaveM.C. ChatterjeeS. ChoudhuryM. GilbertsonM. Lagadic-GossmannD. HowardS. LindL. TomlinsonC.R. VondracekJ. HeindelJ.J. ObesityI. Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms.Biochem. Pharmacol.202219911501210.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012 35393120
    [Google Scholar]
  5. PichéM.E. TchernofA. DesprésJ.P. Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.Circ. Res.2020126111477150010.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101 32437302
    [Google Scholar]
  6. FaulknerJ.L. Obesity-associated cardiovascular risk in women: Hypertension and heart failure.Clin. Sci. (Lond.)2021135121523154410.1042/CS20210384 34160010
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Powell-WileyT.M. PoirierP. BurkeL.E. DesprésJ.P. Gordon-LarsenP. LavieC.J. LearS.A. NdumeleC.E. NeelandI.J. SandersP. St-OngeM.P. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the american heart association.Circulation202114321e984e101010.1161/CIR.0000000000000973 33882682
    [Google Scholar]
  8. PhelpsN.H. SingletonR.K. ZhouB. HeapR.A. MishraA. BennettJ.E. PaciorekC.J. LhosteV.P.F. Carrillo-LarcoR.M. StevensG.A. Rodriguez-MartinezA. BixbyH. BenthamJ. Di CesareM. DanaeiG. RaynerA.W. Barradas-PiresA. CowanM.J. SavinS. RileyL.M. Aguilar-SalinasC.A. BakerJ.L. BarkatA. BhuttaZ.A. BrancaF. CaixetaR.B. CuschieriS. FarzadfarF. GanapathyS. IkedaN. IotovaV. KengneA.P. KhangY-H. LaxmaiahA. LinH-H. MaJ. MbanyaJ.C.N. MirandaJ.J. PradeepaR. Rodríguez-ArtalejoF. SorićM. TurleyM. WangL. Webster-KerrK. AarestrupJ. Abarca-GómezL. Abbasi-KangevariM. AbdeenZ.A. AbdrakhmanovaS. Abdul GhaffarS. Abdul RahimH.F. AbdurrahmonovaZ. Abu- RmeilehN.M. Abubakar GarbaJ. Acosta-CazaresB. AdamI. AdamczykM. AdamsR.J. Adu-AfarwuahS. AekplakornW. AfsanaK. AfzalS. AgborV.N. AgdeppaI.A. Aghazadeh-AttariJ. ÅgrenÅ. AguenaouH. AgyemangC. AhmadM.H. AhmadN.A. AhmadiA. AhmadiN. AhmadiN. AhmedI. AhmedS.H. AhrensW. AitmurzaevaG. AjlouniK. Al-HazzaaH.M. Al-HinaiH. Al-LahouB. Al-LawatiJ.A. Al-RaddadiR. Al AsfoorD. Al HouraniH.M. Al QaoudN.M. AlaroujM. Al- BuhairanF. AlDhukairS. AldwairjiM.A. AlexiusS. AliM.M. AlievaA.V. AlkandariA. AlkerwiA. AlkhatibB.M. AllinK. AlomaryS.A. AlomirahH.F. AlshangitiA.M. Alvarez- PedrerolM. AlyE. AmarapurkarD.N. Amiano EtxezarretaP. AmoahJ. AmougouN. AmouyelP. AndersenL.B. AnderssenS.A. AndroutsosO. ÄngquistL. AnjanaR.M. Ansari-MoghaddamA. AnufrievaE. Aounallah-SkhiriH. AraújoJ. AriansenI. ArisT. ArkuR.E. ArlappaN. AryalK.K. AssefaN. AspelundT. AssahF.K. AssembekovB. AssunçãoM.C.F. AungM.S. Aurélio de ValoisC.J.M. AuvinenJ. AvdičováM. AviS. AzadK. AzevedoA. Azimi-NezhadM. AziziF. BabuB.V. BacopoulouF. Bæksgaard JørgensenM. BaharudinA. BahijriS. BajramovicI. BakacsM. BalakrishnaN. BalanovaY. BamoshmooshM. BanachM. BanegasJ.R. BaranJ. BaranR. BarbagalloC.M. Barbosa FilhoV. BarcelóA. BaretićM. BarnoyaJ. BarreraL. BarretoM. BarrosA.J.D. BarrosM.V.G. BartosiewiczA. BasitA. BastosJ.L. BataI. BatiehaA.M. BatistaA.P. BatistaR.L. BattakovaZ. BaurL.A. BayauliP.M. BeagleholeR. Bel-SerratS. BelavendraA. Ben RomdhaneH. BenedekT. BenedicsJ. BenetM. Benitez RolandiG.E. BenzevalM. BereE. BergerN. BerghI.H. BerhaneY. BerkinbayevS. Bernabe-OrtizA. BernotieneG. Berrios CarrasolaX. BettiolH. BeutelM.E. BeybeyA.F. BezerraJ. BhagyalaxmiA. BharadwajS. BhargavaS.K. BiH. BiY. BiaD. BiaschK. Bika LeleE.C. BikbovM.M. BistaB. BjelicaD.J. BjerregaardA.A. BjerregaardP. BjertnessE. BjertnessM.B. BjörkelundC. BlochK.V. BlokstraA. Blychfeld MagnazuM. BoS. BobakM. BoddyL.M. BoehmB.O. BoerJ.M.A. BoggiaJ.G. BogovaE. BoissonnetC.P. BojesenS.E. BonaccioM. BongardV. Bonilla-VargasA. BoppM. BorghsH. BotombaS. BourneR.R.A. BovetP. BoymatovaK. BraeckeveltL. BraeckmanL. BragtM.C.E. BraithwaiteT. BrajkovichI. BreckenkampJ. BredaJ. BrennerH. BrewsterL.M. BrianG.R. BriceñoY. BrinduseL. Bringolf-IslerB. BritoM. BrophyS. BrugJ. BrunoG. BuggeA. BuoncristianoM. BurazeriG. BurnsC. Cabrera de LeónA. CacciottoloJ. CaiH. CamaT. CameronC. CamolasJ. CanG. CândidoA.P. CañeteF. CapanzanaM.V. ČapkováN. CapuanoE. CapuanoR. CapuanoV. CardolM. CardosoV.C. CarlssonA.C. CarmuegaE. CarvalhoJ. CasajúsJ.A. CasanuevaF.F. CasasM. CelikcanE. CensiL. Cervantes-LoaizaM. CesarJ.A. ChamnanP. ChamukuttanS. ChanA. ChanQ. CharcharF.J. CharlesM-A. ChaturvediH.K. ChaturvediN. Che Abdul RahimN. CheeM.L. ChenC-J. ChenF. ChenH. ChenL-S. ChenS. ChenZ. ChengC-Y. ChengY.J. CheraghianB. ChetritA. Chikova-IscenerE. ChinapawM.J.M. ChinnockA. ChioleroA. ChiouS-T. Chirita-EmandiA. ChirlaqueM-D. ChoB. ChristensenK. ChristofaroD.G. ChudekJ. CifkovaR. CiliaM. CintezaE. CirilloM. ClaessensF. ClareP. ClarkeJ. ClaysE. CohenE. CojocaruC.R. Colorado-YoharS. Compañ- GabucioL-M. ConcinH. ConfortinS.C. CooperC. CoppingerT.C. CorpeleijnE. CortésL.Y. CostanzoS. CottelD. CowellC. CraigC.L. CrampinA.C. CrossA.J. CrujeirasA.B. CruzJ.J. CsányiT. CsillaS. CucuA.M. CuiL. CureauF.V. Czenczek-LewandowskaE. D’ArrigoG. d’OrsiE. da SilvaA.G. DacicaL. DahmC.C. DallongevilleJ. DamascenoA. DamsgaardC.T. DanknerR. DantoftT.M. DasguptaP. DastgiriS. DauchetL. DavletovK. de Assis Guedes de VasconcelosF. de AssisM.A.A. De BackerG. De BacquerD. De BacquerJ. de BontJ. De CurtisA. de Fragas HinnigP. de GaetanoG. De HenauwS. De Miguel-EtayoP. De NeveJ-W. Duarte de OliveiraP. De RidderD. De RidderK. de RooijS.R. de SáA.C.M.G.N. De SmedtD. DeepaM. DeevA.D. DeGennaroV.J. DelisleH. DelpeuchF. DemarestS. DennisonE. DereńK. DeschampsV. DevrishovR.D. DhimalM. Di CastelnuovoA. Dias-da-CostaJ.S. Díaz-SánchezM.E. DiazA. Díaz FernándezP. Díez RipollésM.P. DikaZ. DjalaliniaS. DjordjicV. DoH.T.P. DobsonA.J. DominguezL. DonatiM.B. DonfrancescoC. DongG. DongY. DonosoS.P. DöringA. DorobantuM. DorostyA.R. DörrM. DouaK. DraganoN. DrygasW. DuS. DuanJ.L. DuanteC.A. DubozP. DulevaV.L. DulskieneV. DumithS.C. DushpanovaA. DwyerT. DyussupovaA. DzerveV. Dziankowska-ZaborszczykE. EbrahimiN. EcheverríaG. EddieR. EftekharE. EfthymiouV. EgbagbeE.E. EggertsenR. EghtesadS. EibenG. EkelundU. El- KhateebM. El AmmariL. El AtiJ. Eldemire-ShearerD. ElliottP. EnangO. EndeveltR. Engle-StoneR. ErasmusR.T. EremC. ErgorG. EriksenL. ErikssonJ.G. Escobedo-de la PeñaJ. EslamiS. EsmaeiliA. EvansA. EvansR.G. FaehD. FagherazziG. FakhradiyevI. FakhretdinovaA.A. FallC.H. FaramarziE. FarjamM. Farrugia Sant’AngeloV. FarziY. FattahiM.R. FawwadA. FawziW.W. Felix-RedondoF.J. FergusonT.S. FernandesR.A. Fernández-BergésD. FerranteD. FerraoT. FerrariG. FerrariM. FerrarioM.M. FerreccioC. FerreiraH.S. FerrerE. FerrieresJ. FigueiróT.H. FijalkowskaA. FinkG. FisbergM. FischerK. FooL.H. ForsnerM. FottrellE.F. FouadH.M. FrancisD.K. FrancoM.C. FrasZ. FraserB. FronteraG. FuchsF.D. FuchsS.C. FujiatiI.I. FujitaY. FumihikoM. FurdelaV. FurusawaT. GabrielaS.A. GaciongZ. GafencuM. Galán CuestaM. GalbarczykA. GalchevaS.V. GalenkampH. GaleoneD. GalfoM. GalvanoF. GaoJ. GaoP. Garcia-de-la-HeraM. García MéridaM.J. García SolanoM. GaretaD. GarnettS.P. GaspozJ-M. GasullM. GayaA.C.A. GayaA.R. GazzinelliA. GehringU. GeigerH. GeleijnseJ.M. GeorgeR. GerdtsE. GhaderiE. GhamariS-H. GhanbariA. GhasemiE. Gheorghe-FroneaO-F. GialluisiA. GiampaoliS. GianfagnaF. GiegerC. GillT.K. GiovannelliJ. GironellaG. GiwercmanA. GkiourasK. GlushkovaN. GodaraR. GodosJ. GogenS. GoldbergM. GoltzmanD. GómezG. Gómez GómezJ.H. GomezL.F. GómezS.F. GomulaA. Gonçalves Cordeiro da SilvaB. GonçalvesH. GonçalvesM. González-AlvarezA.D. Gonzalez-ChicaD.A. González-GilE.M. Gonzalez-GrossM. González-LeonM. González-RivasJ.P. González-VillalpandoC. González-VillalpandoM-E. GonzalezA.R. GottrandF. GraçaA.P. GrafnetterD. GrajdaA. GrammatikopoulouM.G. GreggE.W. GregorR.D. GregórioM.J. GrøholtE.K. GrøntvedA. GrossoG. GrudenG. GuD. GuajardoV. Gualdi-RussoE. Guallar-CastillónP. GualtieriA. GudmundssonE.F. GudnasonV. GuerchetM. GuerreroR. GuessousI. GuimaraesA.L. GujralU.P. GullifordM.C. GunnlaugsdottirJ. GunterM.J. GuoX-H. GuoY. GuptaP.C. GuptaR. GurejeO. GurinovićM.A. Gutiérrez GonzálezE. GutierrezL. GutzwillerF. GweeX. HaS. HadaeghF. HadjigeorgiouC.A. HaghshenasR. HakimiH. HalkjærJ. HambletonI.R. HamzehB. HanekomW.A. HangeD. HanifA.A.M. HantunenS. HaoJ. HardmanC.M. HardyL. Hari KumarR. Harmer LassenT. HarooniJ. Hashemi-ShahriS.M. HassapidouM. HataJ. HaugsgjerdT. HayesA.J. HeJ. HeY. HeY. Heidinger-FelsőR. HeierM. HeinenM. HejgaardT. HendriksM.E. HenriqueR.S. HenriquesA. Hernandez CadenaL. HerralaS. Herrera- CuencaM. HerreraV.M. Herter-AeberliI. HerzigK-H. HeshmatR. HeudeB. HillA.G. HoS.Y. HoS.C. HobbsM. HöfelmannD.A. HoldsworthM. HomayounfarR. HomsC. HoogendijkE. HopmanW.M. HorimotoA.R.V.R. HormigaC.M. HortaB.L. HoutiL. HowittC. HtayT.T. HtetA.S. HtikeM.M.T. HuY. HuertaJ.M. HuhtaniemiI.T. HuiartL. Huidumac PetrescuC. HusseiniA. HuuC.N. HuybrechtsI. HwallaN. HyskaJ. IacovielloL. IakupovaE.M. IbarluzeaJ. IbrahimM.M. Ibrahim WongN. IglandJ. IjomaC. IkramM.A. IñiguezC. IrazolaV.E. IshidaT. IsiguzoG.C. IslamM. IslamS.M.S. IslekD. IttermannT. Ivanova-PandourskaI.Y. IwasakiM. JääskeläinenT. JacksonR.T. JacobsJ.M. JadoulM. JafarT. JallowB. JamesK. JamilK.M. JamrozikK. JanN. JanssonA. JanszkyI. JanusE. JaraniJ. JarnigG. JarvelinM-R. JasienskaG. JelakovićA. JelakovićB. JenningsG. JiangC.Q. JimenezR.O. JöckelK-H. JoffresM. JokelainenJ.J. JonasJ.B. JonnagaddalaJ. Jøran KjerpesethL. JørgensenT. JoshiP. JoshiR. JosipovićJ. JoukarF. JóźwiakJ.J. JudgeD.S. JuoleviA. JurakG. Jurca SiminaI. JuresaV. KaaksR. KaducuF.O. KadvanA.L. KafatosA. KajM. KajantieE.O. KakutiaN. KállayováD. KalmatayevaZ. Kalter-LeiboviciO. KameliY. KanalaK.R. KannanS. KapantaisE. KaraglaniE. KarakostaA. KårhusL.L. KarkiK.B. KarlssonO. Kassi AnicetA. KatchungaP.B. KatibehM. KatzJ. KatzmarzykP.T. KauhanenJ. KaurP. KavousiM. KazakbaevaG.M. KazeF.F. KazembeB.M. KeC. KeilU. Keinan BokerL. Keinänen- KiukaanniemiS. KelishadiR. KelleherC. KemperH.C.G. KeramatiM. KerimkulovaA. KerstingM. KeyT. KhaderY.S. KhaledifarA. KhaliliD. KheiriB. KheradmandM. KhosraviA. KhouwI.M.S.L. Kiechl-KohlendorferU. KiechlS.J. KiechlS. KillewoJ. KimH.C. KimJ. KindblomJ.M. KingstonA. KlakkH. KlanarongS. KlanovaJ. KlimekM. KlimontJ. KlumbieneJ. KnoflachM. KobelS. KoiralaB. KolleE. KoloS.M. KolsterenP. KönigJ. KorpelainenR. KorrovitsP. KorzyckaM. KosJ. KoskinenS. KoudaK. Koussoh SimoneM. KovácsÉ. KovacsV.A. KovalskysI. KowlessurS. KozielS. KratenovaJ. KratzerW. KriaucionieneV. KriemlerS. KristensenP.L. KrizanH. Kroker-LobosM.F. KrokstadS. KromhoutD. KrugerH.S. KrugerR. KrystŁ. KubinovaR. KucieneR. KujalaU.M. KujundzicE. KulagaZ. KulimbetM. KulothunganV. KumarR.K. KumariM. KunešováM. KurjataP. KusumaY.S. KutsenkoV. KuulasmaaK. KyobutungiC. LaQ.N. LaamiriF.Z. LaatikainenT. LabadariosD. LachatC. LacknerK.J. LaiD. LaidY. LallL. LamT.H. Landaeta JimenezM. LandaisE. LankilaT. LanskaV. LappasG. LarijaniB. LarissaS.P. LatevaM.P. LattT.S. LaurenziM. LauriaL. Lazo-PorrasM. Le CorollerG. Le Nguyen BaoK. Le PortA. LeT.D. LeeJ. LeeJ. LeeP.H. LehtimäkiT. LemogoumD. LeongE. LeskošekB. LeszczakJ. Leth-MøllerK.B. LeungG.M. LevittN.S. LiY. LiivakM. LillyC.L. LimC. LimWY. Lima-CostaM.F. LinX. LindL. LingamV. LinkohrB. LinnebergA. LissnerL. LitwinM. LiuJ. LiuL. LiuL. LiuX. LoW-C. LoitH-M. LongK.Q. Longo AbrilG. LopesL. LopesM.S.S. LopesO. Lopez-GarciaE. LopezT. LotufoP.A. LozanoJ.E. LukrafkaJ.L. LuksieneD. LundqvistA. LunetN. LunogeloC. LustigováM. ŁuszczkiE. M’Buyamba-KabanguJ-R. MaG. MaX. Machado-CoelhoG.L.L. Machado-RodriguesA.M. MaciaE. MacieiraL.M. MadarA.A. MadraisauS. MadsenA.L. MaestreG.E. MaggiS. MaglianoD.J. MagnaccaS. MagriplisE. MahasampathG. MaireB. MajerM. MakdisseM. MäkiP. MalekpourM-R. MalekzadehF. MalekzadehR. MalhotraR. Mallikharjuna RaoK. MaltaD.C. MalyutinaS.K. ManiegoL.V. ManiosY. MannJ.I. MannixM.I. Mansour-GhanaeiF. ManyangaT. ManzatoE. MapatanoM.A. MarcilA. MargozziniP. Maria-MagdalenaR. MariñoJ. MarkakiA. MarkeyO. Markidou IoannidouE. Marques-VidalP. MarquesL.P. MarrugatJ. Martin-PrevelY. MartinR. MartorellR. MartosE. MarufF.A. MaruszczakK. MarventanoS. MasalaG. MascarenhasL.P. MasinaeiM. MasoodiS.R. MathiesenE.B. MathurP. MatijasevichA. MatłoszP. MatshaT.E. MatsudoV. MatteoG. MaulikP.K. MavrogianniC. MazurA. McFarlaneS.R. McGarveyS.T. McKeeM. McLeanR.M. McLeanS.B. McNairyM.L. McNultyB.A. Mediene BenchekorS. MedzionieneJ. MehligK. MehrparvarA.H. MeirhaegheA. MeisfjordJ. MeisingerC. MelgarejoJ.D. MelkumovaM. MelloJ. MéndezF. MendivilC.O. MenezesA.M.B. MenonG.R. MensinkG.B.M. MenzanoM.T. MeshramI.I. MetoD.T. MeyerH.E. MiJ. MichaelsenK.F. MichelsN. MikkelK. MiłkowskaK. MillerJ.C. MilushkinaO. MindericoC.S. MiniG.K. MiquelJ.F. MirjaliliM.R. MirkopoulouD. MirrakhimovE. Mišigoj-DurakovićM. MistrettaA. MocanuV. ModestiP.A. MoghaddamS.S. MohamedS.F. MohammadK. MohammadiM.R. MohammadiZ. MohammadifardN. MohammadpourhodkiR. MohanV. MohannaS. Mohd YusoffM.F. MohebbiI. MoitryM. MøllehaveL.T. MøllerN.C. MolnárD. MomenanA. MondoC.K. Monroy- ValleM. Montenegro MendozaR.A. Monterrubio-FloresE. MonyekiK.D.K. MoonJ.S. MoosazadehM. MopaH.T. MoradpourF. MoreiraL.B. MorejonA. MorenoL.A. MoreyF. MorganK. MorinS.N. MortensenE.L. MoschonisG. MoslemA. MosqueraM. MossakowskaM. MostafaA. MostafaviS-A. Mota-PintoA. MotaJ. MotlaghM.E. MottaJ. Moura-dos-SantosM.A. MovsesyanY. MridhaM.K. MsyambozaK.P. MuT.T. MucM. MucaF. MugošaB. MuiesanM.L. Müller-NurasyidM. MünzelT. MursuJ. MurtaghE.M. MusaK.I. Musić MilanovićS. MusilV. MusinguziG. MuyerM.T. NabipourI. NagelG. NajafiF. NakamuraH. NaleczH. NámešnáJ. NangE.E.K. NangiaV.B. NankapM. NarakeS. NarayanK.M.V. NardoneP. NaseriT. NathalieM. NealW.A. NeelapaichitN. NejatizadehA. NekkanttiC. NelisK. NenkoI. NeoviusM. NerviF. NgT.P. NguyenC.T. NguyenN.D. NguyenQ.N. NiM.Y. NicolescuR. NieP. Nieto-MartínezR.E. NikitinY.P. NingG. NinomiyaT. NishiN. NishtarS. NoaleM. NoboaO.A. NogueiraH. NordendahlM. NordestgaardB.G. NortonK.I. NotoD. Nowak-SzczepanskaN. NsourM.A. NuhoğluI. NunesB. NurkE. NuwahaF. NyirendaM. O’NeillT.W. O’ReillyD. ObrejaG. OchimanaC. Ochoa-AvilésA.M. OdaE. OdiliA.N. OhK. OharaK. OhlssonC. OhtsukaR. OlafssonÖ. OldenburgB. OlintoM.T.A. OliveiraI.O. OmarM.A. OmarS.M. OnatA. OngS.K. Onland-MoretN.C. OnoL.M. OnodugoO. OrdunezP. OrnelasR. OrtizA.P. OrtizP.J. OslerM. OsmondC. OstojicS.M. OstovarA. OteroJ.A. OttendahlC.B. OtuA. OvervadK. Owusu-DaboE. OyeyemiA.Y. OyeyemiA.L. PaccaudF.M. PadezC.P. PagkalosI. PahomovaE. de PaivaK.M. PająkA. PajulaN. PalloniA. PalmieriL. PanW-H. Panda-JonasS. PandeyA. PangZ. PanzaF. PaoliM. PapadopoulouS.K. PapandreouD. ParejaR.G. ParkS-W. ParkS. ParnellW.R. ParsaeianM. PascanuI.M. PasquetP. PatelN.D. PattussiM. PavlyshynH. PechlanerR. PećinI. PednekarM.S. PedroJ.M. PeerN. PeixotoS.V. PeltonenM. PereiraA.C. PeresM.A. Perez-LondoñoA. PérezC.M. PeterkovaV. PetersA. PetkevicieneJ. PetrauskieneA. Petrovna KovtunO. PettenuzzoE. PeykariN. PfeifferN. PhallM.C. PhamS.T. PhiriF.P. PichardoR.N. PierannunzioD. Pierre- MarieP. PigeotI. PikhartH. PilavA. PilerP. PilottoL. PistelliF. PitakakaF. PiwonskaA. PizarroA.N. Plans-RubióP. PlatonovaA.G. PohB.K. PohlabelnH. PolkaN.S. PopR.M. PopkinB.M. PopovicS.R. PortaM. PoschG. PoudyalA. PoulimeneasD. PouraramH. PourfarziF. PourshamsA. PoustchiH. PriceA.J. PriceJ.F. PristaA. ProvidenciaR. PuderJ.J. PuduleI. PuhakkaS. PuiuM. PunabM. QadirM.S. QasrawiR.F. QiaoQ. QorbaniM. QuintanaH.K. Quiroga-PadillaP.J. Quoc BaoT. RachS. RadicI. RadisauskasR. RahimikazerooniS. RahmanM. RahmanM. RaitakariO. RajM. RajabovT. RakhmatulloevS. RakovacI. Ramachandra RaoS. RamachandranA. RamadanO.P.C. RamiresV.V. Ramirez- ZeaM. RamkeJ. RamosE. RamosR. RampalL. RampalS. RamsayS.E. RangelovaL.S. RarraV. Rascon-PachecoR.A. RashidiM-M. RechC.R. RedonJ. ReganitP.F.M. RegecováV. RennerJ.D.P. RepasyJ.A. ReuterC.P. RevillaL. ReynoldsA. RezaeiN. RezaianzadehA. RhoY. Ribas-BarbaL. RibeiroR. RiboliE. RigoF. RigottiA. RinaldoN. Rinke de WitT.F. RisérusU. RitoA.I. Ritti-DiasR.M. RiveraJ.A. RoaR.G. RobinsonL. RoccaldoR. RodriguesD. Rodriguez-PerezM.C. Rodríguez-VillamizarL.A. RodríguezA.Y. RoggenbuckU. RohloffP. RohnerF. Rojas-MartinezR. RojroongwasinkulN. RomagueraD. RomeoE.L. RosarioR.V. RosengrenA. RouseI. RouzierV. RoyJ.G.R. RuanoM.H. RubinsteinA. RühliF.J. RuidavetsJ-B. Ruiz-BetancourtB.S. Ruiz-CastellM. Ruiz MorenoE. RusakovaI.A. RusekW. Russell JonssonK. RussoP. RustP. RutkowskiM. SaamelM. SaarC.G. SabanayagamC. SabbaghiH. SacchiniE. SachdevH.S. SadjadiA. SafarpourA.R. SafiS. SafiriS. SaghiM.H. SaidiO. SaievaC. SakataS. SakiN. ŠalajS. SalanaveB. Salazar MartinezE. SalhanovaA. SalmerónD. SalomaaV. SalonenJ.T. SalvettiM. SamoutianM. Sánchez-AbantoJ. Sánchez RodríguezI. Sandjaja SansS. Santa-MarinaL. SantacruzE. SantosD.A. SantosI.S. SantosL.C. SantosM.P. SantosO. SantosR. SantosT.R. SaramiesJ.L. SardinhaL.B. SarrafzadeganN. SathishT. SaumK-U. SavvaS. SavyM. SawadaN. SbarainiM. ScazufcaM. SchaanB.D. Schaffrath RosarioA. SchargrodskyH. SchienkiewitzA. SchindlerK. SchipfS. SchmidtB. SchmidtC.O. SchmidtI.M. SchneiderA. SchnohrP. SchöttkerB. SchrammS. SchrammS. SchröderH. SchultszC. SchultzG. SchulzeM.B. SchutteA.E. SebertS. SedaghattalabM. SelamatR. SemberV. SenA. SenbanjoI.O. SepanlouS.G. SequeraG. Serra-MajemL. ServaisJ. ŠevčíkováĽ. SewpaulR. ShalnovaS. Shamah-LevyT. ShamshirgaranS.M. ShanthiraniC.S. SharafkhahM. SharmaS.K. SharmanA. ShawJ.E. ShayanradA. ShayestehA.A. ShengeliaL. ShiZ. ShibuyaK. Shimizu-FurusawaH. ShimonyT. ShiriR. ShresthaN. Si-RamleeK. SianiA. SiantarR. SibaiA.M. SidossisL.S. SilitrariN. SilvaA.M. SilvaC.R.M. SilvaD.A.S. SilvaK.S. SimX. SimonM. SimonsJ. SimonsL.A. SjöbergA. SjöströmM. SkoblinaE.V. SkoblinaN.A. SlazhnyovaT. Slowikowska-HilczerJ. SlusarczykP. SmeethL. SoH-K. SoaresF.C. SobekG. SobngwiE. SodemannM. SöderbergS. SoekatriM.Y.E. SoemantriA. SofatR. SolfrizziV. SolovievaY.V. SomiM.H. SonestedtE. SongY. SoofiS. SørensenT.I.A. SørgjerdE.P. Sossa JéromeC. Soto-RojasV.E. SoumaréA. Sousa-PozaA. SovicS. Sparboe-NilsenB. SparrenbergerK. SpencerP.R. SpinelliA. SpiroskiI. StaessenJ.A. StammH. StangA. StarcG. StaubK. StavreskiB. Steene-JohannessenJ. StehleP. SteinA.D. SteinsbekkS. StergiouG.S. StessmanJ. StevanovićR. StieberJ. StöcklD. StokwiszewskiJ. StoyanovaE. StrattonG. StronksK. StrufaldiM.W. SturuaL. Suárez-MedinaR. Suarez-OrtegónM.F. SuebsamranP. SugiyamaM. SukaM. SuloG. SunC-A. SunL. SundM. SundströmJ. SungY-T. SunyerJ. SuriyawongpaisalP. SweisN.W.G. SwinburnB.A. SyR.G. SylvaR.C. SzponarL. TaboneL. TaiE.S. TakuroF. TambalisK.D. TammesooML. TamosiunasA. TanE.J. TangX. TanrygulyyevaM. TanserF. TaoY. TarawnehM.R. TarpJ. Tarqui-MamaniC.B. Taxová BraunerováR. TaylorA. TaylorJ. TchibindatF. Te VeldeS. TebarW.R. TellG.S. TelloT. TessemaM. ThamY.C. ThankappanK.R. TheobaldH. TheodoridisX. ThomasN. ThorandB. ThriftA.G. TicháĽ. TimmermansE.J. TjandrariniD.H. TjonnelandA. TolonenH.K. TolstrupJ.S. TomaszewskiM. TopbasM. Topór-MądryR. TorheimL.E. TornaritisM.J. TorrentM. Torres-ColladoL. ToselliS. TouloumiG. TraissacP. TranT.T-H. TremblayM.S. TriantafyllouA. TrichopoulosD. TrichopoulouA. TrinhO.T.H. TrivediA. TshepoL. TsiggaM. TsintavisP. TsuganeS. TuiteleJ. TuliakovaA.M. Tulloch- ReidM.K. TulluF. TuomainenT-P. TuomilehtoJ. TwigG. TyneliusP. TzalaE. TzotzasT. TzourioC. UdojiN. UedaP. UgelE. UkoliF.A.M. UlmerH. UnalB. UsupovaZ. UusitaloH.M.T. UysalN. VaitkeviciuteJ. ValdiviaG. ValeS. ValviD. van DamR.M. van den BornB-J. Van der HeydenJ. van der SchouwY.T. Van HerckK. Van LippeveldeW. Van MinhH. Van SchoorN.M. van ValkengoedI.G.M. VanderschuerenD. VanuzzoD. VarboA. Varela-MoreirasG. VargasL.N. Varona- PérezP. VasanS.K. VasquesD.G. VatasescuR. VegaT. VeidebaumT. Velasquez-MelendezG. VelikaB. VerloigneM. VeronesiG. VerschurenW.M.M. VictoraC.G. ViegiG. VietL. VikF.N. VilarM. VillalpandoS. VioqueJ. ViriyautsahakulN. VirtanenJ.K. VisserM. Visvikis-SiestS. ViswanathanB. VladulescuM. VlasoffT. VocanecD. VollenweiderP. VölzkeH. VourliG. VoutilainenA. VrijheidM. VrijkotteT.G.M. VuletićS. WadeA.N. WaldhörT. WaltonJ. WambiyaE.O.A. Wan BebakarW.M. Wan MohamudW.N. Wanderley JúniorR.S. WangC. WangH. WangM-D. WangN. WangQ. WangX. WangY.X. WangY-W. WannametheeS.G. WarehamN. WarthaO. WeberA. WedderkoppN. WeghuberD. WeiW. WeresA. WernerB. WestburyL.D. WhincupP.H. WichstrømL. WickramasingheK. WidhalmK. WidyaheningI.S. WięcekA. WildP.S. WilksR.J. WilleitJ. WilleitP. WilliamsJ. WilsgaardT. WirthJ.P. WojtyniakB. WoldeyohannesM. WolfK. Wong-McClureR.A. WongA. WongE.B. WongJ.E. WongT.Y. WooJ. WoodwardM. WuF.C. WuH-Y. WuJ. WuL.J. WuS. WyszyńskaJ. XuH. XuL. YaacobN.A. YamborisutU. YanL. YanW. YangL. YangX. YangY. YardimN. YasuharuT. Yépez GarcíaM. YiallourosP.K. YngveA. YoosefiM. YoshiharaA. YotovY. YouQ.S. YouS-L. Younger-ColemanN.O. YuY-L. YuY. YusofS.M. YusoffA.F. ZaccagniL. ZafiropulosV. ZainuddinA.A. ZakaviS.R. ZamaniF. ZambonS. ZampelasA. ZamrazilováH. ZapataM.E. ZargarA.H. ZawK.K. ZayedA.A. ZdrojewskiT. ŻegleńM. ZejglicovaK. Zeljkovic VrkicT. ZengY. ZentaiA. ZhangB. ZhangL. ZhangZ-Y. ZhaoD. ZhaoMH. ZhaoW. ZhechevaY.V. ZhenS. ZhengW. ZhengY. ZholdinB. ZhouM. ZhuD. ZimmetP. ZinsM. ZittE. ZocaloY. ZoghlamiN. Zuñiga CisnerosJ. ZuziakM. EzzatiM. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults.Lancet2024403104311027105010.1016/S0140‑6736(23)02750‑2 38432237
    [Google Scholar]
  9. WangY.C. McPhersonK. MarshT. GortmakerS.L. BrownM. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK.Lancet2011378979381582510.1016/S0140‑6736(11)60814‑3 21872750
    [Google Scholar]
  10. WithrowD. AlterD.A. The economic burden of obesity worldwide: A systematic review of the direct costs of obesity.Obes. Rev.201112213114110.1111/j.1467‑789X.2009.00712.x 20122135
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ChristouG.A. KatsikiN. BlundellJ. FruhbeckG. KiortsisD.N. Semaglutide as a promising antiobesity drug.Obes. Rev.201920680581510.1111/obr.12839 30768766
    [Google Scholar]
  12. JinZ. MengW. XiaoT. DengJ. WangJ. WenJ. ChenK. WangL. LiuJ. LiQ. HeJ. WangZ. LiuW. LiuF. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy-derived gut metabolite licoricidin activates beige fat thermogenesis to combat obesity.Theranostics20231393103311610.7150/thno.81893 37284437
    [Google Scholar]
  13. YoshinoM. YoshinoJ. SmithG.I. SteinR.I. BittelA.J. BittelD.C. ReedsD.N. SinacoreD.R. CadeW.T. PattersonB.W. ChoK. PattiG.J. MittendorferB. KleinS. Worksite-based intensive lifestyle therapy has profound cardiometabolic benefits in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Cell Metab.2022341014311441.e510.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.012 36084645
    [Google Scholar]
  14. JamshedH. StegerF.L. BryanD.R. RichmanJ.S. WarrinerA.H. HanickC.J. MartinC.K. SalvyS.J. PetersonC.M. Effectiveness of early time-restricted eating for weight loss, fat loss, and cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity.JAMA Intern. Med.2022182995396210.1001/jamainternmed.2022.3050 35939311
    [Google Scholar]
  15. PilitsiE. FarrO.M. PolyzosS.A. PerakakisN. Nolen-DoerrE. PapathanasiouA.E. MantzorosC.S. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: Available medications and drugs under investigation.Metabolism20199217019210.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.010 30391259
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KellyA.S. AuerbachP. Barrientos-PerezM. GiesI. HaleP.M. MarcusC. MastrandreaL.D. PrabhuN. ArslanianS.A. Randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity.N. Engl. J. Med.2020382222117212810.1056/NEJMoa1916038 32233338
    [Google Scholar]
  17. TamborlaneW.V. Barrientos-PérezM. FainbergU. Frimer-LarsenH. HafezM. HaleP.M. JalaludinM.Y. KovarenkoM. LibmanI. LynchJ.L. RaoP. ShehadehN. TuranS. WeghuberD. BarrettT. Liraglutide in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.N. Engl. J. Med.2019381763764610.1056/NEJMoa1903822 31034184
    [Google Scholar]
  18. KheraR. MuradM.H. ChandarA.K. DulaiP.S. WangZ. ProkopL.J. LoombaR. CamilleriM. SinghS. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events.JAMA2016315222424243410.1001/jama.2016.7602 27299618
    [Google Scholar]
  19. ArterburnD.E. TelemD.A. KushnerR.F. CourcoulasA.P. Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults.JAMA2020324987988710.1001/jama.2020.12567 32870301
    [Google Scholar]
  20. FelsenreichD.M. BichlerC. LangerF.B. GachabayovM. PragerG. Sleeve gastrectomy: Surgical technique, outcomes, and complications.Surg. Technol. Int.2020366369 32359172
    [Google Scholar]
  21. ChaoA.M. QuigleyK.M. WaddenT.A. Dietary interventions for obesity: Clinical and mechanistic findings.J. Clin. Invest.20211311e14006510.1172/JCI140065 33393504
    [Google Scholar]
  22. van BaakM.A. PramonoA. BattistaF. BeaulieuK. BlundellJ.E. BusettoL. CarraçaE.V. DickerD. EncantadoJ. ErmolaoA. Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta-analyses.Obes. Rev.202122S4e1323910.1111/obr.13239
    [Google Scholar]
  23. SuiY. ZhaoH.L. WongV.C.W. BrownN. LiX.L. KwanA.K.L. HuiH.L.W. ZieaE.T.C. ChanJ.C.N. A systematic review on use of chinese medicine and acupuncture for treatment of obesity.Obes. Rev.201213540943010.1111/j.1467‑789X.2011.00979.x 22292480
    [Google Scholar]
  24. ChangC.J. LinC.S. LuC.C. MartelJ. KoY.F. OjciusD.M. TsengS.F. WuT.R. ChenY.Y.M. YoungJ.D. LaiH.C. Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota.Nat. Commun.201561748910.1038/ncomms8489 26102296
    [Google Scholar]
  25. DengZ. MengC. HuangH. SongS. FuL. FuZ. The different effects of psyllium husk and orlistat on weight control, the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and non-alcohol fatty liver disease in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet.Food Funct.202213178829884910.1039/D2FO01161A 35920178
    [Google Scholar]
  26. XuY. WangN. TanH.Y. LiS. ZhangC. ZhangZ. FengY. Panax notoginseng saponins modulate the gut microbiota to promote thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction via leptin-mediated AMPKα/STAT3 signaling in diet-induced obesity.Theranostics20201024113021132310.7150/thno.47746 33042284
    [Google Scholar]
  27. DaiL. XuJ. LiuB. DangY. WangR. ZhuangL. LiD. JiaoL. WangJ. ZhangL. ZhongL.L.D. ZhouW. JiG. Lingguizhugan Decoction, a chinese herbal formula, improves insulin resistance in overweight/obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A translational approach.Front. Med.202216574575910.1007/s11684‑021‑0880‑3 35471471
    [Google Scholar]
  28. YangY. LiQ. ChenS. KeB. HuangY. QinJ. Effects of modified lingguizhugan decoction combined with weekend fasting on metabolic syndrome.J. Tradit. Chin. Med.2014341485110.1016/S0254‑6272(14)60053‑4 25102690
    [Google Scholar]
  29. ChakrabortyS. LullaA. ChengX. YeoJ.Y. MandalJ. YangT. MeiX. SahaP. GolonkaR.M. YeohB.S. MellB. JiaW. PutluriV. PiyarathnaD.W.B. PutluriN. SreekumarA. MeyerK. Vijay-KumarM. JoeB. Conjugated bile acids are nutritionally re-programmable antihypertensive metabolites.J. Hypertens.202341697999410.1097/HJH.0000000000003423 37071431
    [Google Scholar]
  30. CaoL. XuE. ZhengR. ZhangchenZ. ZhongR. HuangF. YeJ. SunH. FanY. XieS. ChenY. XuY. CaoJ. CaoW. LiuC. Traditional chinese medicine lingguizhugan decoction ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic-lipid deposition in mice by inhibiting STING-mediated inflammation in macrophages.Chin. Med.2022171710.1186/s13020‑021‑00559‑3 34983596
    [Google Scholar]
  31. LiuM.T. HuangY.J. ZhangT.Y. TanL.B. LuX.F. QinJ. Lingguizhugan decoction attenuates diet-induced obesity and hepatosteatosis via gut microbiota.World J. Gastroenterol.201925273590360610.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3590 31367159
    [Google Scholar]
  32. NingY. GongY. ZhengT. XieY. YuanS. DingW. Lingguizhugan decoction targets intestinal microbiota and metabolites to reduce insulin resistance in high-fat diet rats.Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.2022152427244210.2147/DMSO.S370492 35971521
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Van HulM. CaniP.D. The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: Microbes as friends or foe?Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.202319525827110.1038/s41574‑022‑00794‑0 36650295
    [Google Scholar]
  34. ChengZ. ZhangL. YangL. ChuH. The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)202213102570610.3389/fendo.2022.1025706 36339448
    [Google Scholar]
  35. ChenY. ZhouJ. WangL. Role and mechanism of gut microbiota in human disease.Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.20211162591310.3389/fcimb.2021.625913 33816335
    [Google Scholar]
  36. ScheithauerT.P.M. RampanelliE. NieuwdorpM. VallanceB.A. VerchereC.B. van RaalteD.H. HerremaH. Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes.Front. Immunol.20201157173110.3389/fimmu.2020.571731 33178196
    [Google Scholar]
  37. AnhêF.F. NachbarR.T. VarinT.V. TrottierJ. DudonnéS. Le BarzM. FeutryP. PilonG. BarbierO. DesjardinsY. RoyD. MaretteA. Treatment with camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) prevents obesity by altering the gut microbiota and increasing energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice.Gut201968345346410.1136/gutjnl‑2017‑315565 30064988
    [Google Scholar]
  38. WangY. YaoW. LiB. QianS. WeiB. GongS. WangJ. LiuM. WeiM. Nuciferine modulates the gut microbiota and prevents obesity in high-fat diet-fed rats.Exp. Mol. Med.202052121959197510.1038/s12276‑020‑00534‑2 33262480
    [Google Scholar]
  39. YuanX. ChenR. ZhangY. LinX. YangX. McCormickK.L. Gut microbiota of chinese obese children and adolescents with and without insulin resistance.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20211263627210.3389/fendo.2021.636272 33815293
    [Google Scholar]
  40. ThaissC.A. Microbiome dynamics in obesity.Science2018362641790390410.1126/science.aav6870 30467161
    [Google Scholar]
  41. NairA. JacobS. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human.J. Basic Clin. Pharm.201672273110.4103/0976‑0105.177703 27057123
    [Google Scholar]
  42. SunZ. LiuC. WangM. LiH. SuY. XuS. ChenS. ZhangL. YangY. Linggui zhugan decoction: a potential weight reduction solution via gut microbiota and cinnamic acid metabolites.J. Biomed. Nanotechnol.20242081321133210.1166/jbn.2024.3835
    [Google Scholar]
  43. MazidiM. KengneA.P. SiervoM. KirwanR. Association of dietary intakes and genetically determined serum concentrations of mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids on chronic kidney disease: insights from dietary analysis and mendelian randomization.Nutrients2022146123110.3390/nu14061231 35334888
    [Google Scholar]
  44. YangQ. VijayakumarA. KahnB.B. Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.2018191065467210.1038/s41580‑018‑0044‑8 30104701
    [Google Scholar]
  45. CarattiG. StifelU. CarattiB. JamilA.J.M. ChungK.J. KiehntopfM. GrälerM.H. BlüherM. RauchA. TuckermannJ.P. Glucocorticoid activation of anti-inflammatory macrophages protects against insulin resistance.Nat. Commun.2023141227110.1038/s41467‑023‑37831‑z 37080971
    [Google Scholar]
  46. QiuJ. ChenL. ZhangL. XuF. ZhangC. RenG. ChangK. HeG. DuZ. LeY. YuZ. LiS. LiuQ. DouX. Xie Zhuo Tiao Zhi formula modulates intestinal microbiota and liver purine metabolism to suppress hepatic steatosis and pyroptosis in NAFLD therapy.Phytomedicine202312115511110.1016/j.phymed.2023.155111 37804819
    [Google Scholar]
  47. HanQ. WangJ. LiW. ChenZ.J. DuY. Androgen-induced gut dysbiosis disrupts glucolipid metabolism and endocrinal functions in polycystic ovary syndrome.Microbiome20219110110.1186/s40168‑021‑01046‑5 33957990
    [Google Scholar]
  48. WuH. TremaroliV. SchmidtC. LundqvistA. OlssonL.M. KrämerM. GummessonA. PerkinsR. BergströmG. BäckhedF. The gut microbiota in prediabetes and diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional study.Cell Metab.2020323379390.e310.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.011 32652044
    [Google Scholar]
  49. PinartM. DötschA. SchlichtK. LaudesM. BouwmanJ. ForslundS.K. PischonT. NimptschK. Gut microbiome composition in obese and non-obese persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients20211411210.3390/nu14010012 35010887
    [Google Scholar]
  50. ZhuM. WangX. WangK. ZhaoZ. DangY. JiG. LiF. ZhouW. Lingguizhugan decoction improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis partially by modulating gut microbiota and correlated metabolites.Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.202313106605310.3389/fcimb.2023.1066053 36779187
    [Google Scholar]
  51. ChenL. ZhangL. LiuS. HuaH. ZhangL. LiuB. WangR. Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota.Microbiol. Spectr.2024126e01979e2310.1128/spectrum.01979‑23 38647315
    [Google Scholar]
  52. YeJ. ZhaoY. ChenX. ZhouH. YangY. ZhangX. HuangY. ZhangN. LuiE.M.K. XiaoM. Pu-erh tea ameliorates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high fat diet fed mice.Food Res. Int.202114411036010.1016/j.foodres.2021.110360 34053553
    [Google Scholar]
  53. ChenQ. ZhaoL. MeiL. ZhaoX. HanP. LiuJ. MengC. LiR. ZhongR. WangK. LiJ. Vitamin C and vitamin D3 alleviate metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism via the gut-liver axis.Front. Pharmacol.202314116369410.3389/fphar.2023.1163694 37089915
    [Google Scholar]
  54. FeiN. ZhaoL. An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice.ISME J.20137488088410.1038/ismej.2012.153 23235292
    [Google Scholar]
  55. WuJ. WangK. WangX. PangY. JiangC. The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases.Protein Cell202112536037310.1007/s13238‑020‑00814‑7 33346905
    [Google Scholar]
  56. MachateD.J. FigueiredoP.S. MarcelinoG. GuimarãesR.C.A. HianeP.A. BogoD. PinheiroV.A.Z. OliveiraL.C.S. PottA. Fatty acid diets: Regulation of gut microbiota composition and obesity and its related metabolic dysbiosis.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20202111409310.3390/ijms21114093 32521778
    [Google Scholar]
  57. RosqvistF. KullbergJ. StåhlmanM. CedernaesJ. HeurlingK. JohanssonH.E. IggmanD. WilkingH. LarssonA. ErikssonO. JohanssonL. StranieroS. RudlingM. AntoniG. LubberinkM. Orho-MelanderM. BorénJ. AhlströmH. RisérusU. Overeating saturated fat promotes fatty liver and ceramides compared with polyunsaturated fat: a randomized trial.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2019104126207621910.1210/jc.2019‑00160 31369090
    [Google Scholar]
  58. ZhengX. HoQ.W.C. ChuaM. StelmashenkoO. YeoX.Y. MuralidharanS. TortaF. ChewE.G.Y. LianM.M. FooJ.N. JungS. WongS.H. TanN.S. TongN. RutterG.A. WenkM.R. SilverD.L. BerggrenP.O. AliY. Destabilization of β Cell FIT2 by saturated fatty acids alter lipid droplet numbers and contribute to ER stress and diabetes.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA202211911e211307411910.1073/pnas.2113074119 35254894
    [Google Scholar]
  59. QuanL.H. ZhangC. DongM. JiangJ. XuH. YanC. LiuX. ZhouH. ZhangH. ChenL. ZhongF.L. LuoZ.B. LamS.M. ShuiG. LiD. JinW. Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation.Gut20206971239124710.1136/gutjnl‑2019‑319114 31744910
    [Google Scholar]
  60. RatnayakeW.M.N. GalliC. Fat and fatty acid terminology, methods of analysis and fat digestion and metabolism: A background review paper.Ann. Nutr. Metab.2009551-384310.1159/000228994 19752534
    [Google Scholar]
  61. PahlavaniM. RamalingamL. MillerE.K. ScogginS. MenikdiwelaK.R. KalupahanaN.S. FestucciaW.T. Moustaid-MoussaN. Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces adiposity, glucose intolerance and increases oxygen consumption independently of uncoupling protein 1.Mol. Nutr. Food Res.2019637180082110.1002/mnfr.201800821 30657255
    [Google Scholar]
  62. WeiW. HuM. HuangJ. YuS. LiX. LiY. MaoL. Anti-obesity effects of DHA and EPA in high fat-induced insulin resistant mice.Food Funct.20211241614162510.1039/D0FO02448A 33476356
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdm/10.2174/0113892002289388240705113755
Loading
/content/journals/cdm/10.2174/0113892002289388240705113755
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test