Skip to content
2000
Volume 2, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2542-579X
  • E-ISSN: 2542-5803

Abstract

To investigate the effect of filler content and the time spent before light-curing on mechanical properties of dual-cured cement.

Experimental dual-cured resin cements were formulated with 60, 65 or 68wt% of filler. The viscosity of experimental cement was measured using a digital viscometer. Bar-shaped specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated, while the light-curing was started immediately or 5 minutes after the insertion of cement into the mold (n = 7). A three-point bending test was performed and the values of flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured. The Vickers hardness of fractured specimens was measured on the surface of the cement. Data from viscosity were submitted to one-way ANOVA, while the data from mechanical properties were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. All pair-wise comparisons were performed using Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

The experimental cement with 68wt% of filler showed the highest viscosity and those with 60wt% showed the the lowest viscosity. Irrespective of the time spent before light-curing, the cement with 65wt% of filler presented the highest values of flexural strength and elastic modulus. The addition of 60wt% of filler resulted in the lowest elastic modulus, while 68wt% of filler resulted in lowest flexural strength. Regarding the hardness, the cement with 68wt% of filler showed the highest values, while there was no difference between 60 and 65wt% of filler.

Filler content affected the mechanical properties of the experimental cement and this effect did not depend on the waiting time before the light-curing procedure.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdent/10.2174/2542579X01666190924180448
2019-09-24
2025-02-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Faria e SilvaA.L. CasselliD.S. AmbrosanoG.M. MartinsL.R. Effect of the adhesive application mode and fiber post translucency on the push-out bond strength to dentin.J. Endod.20073391078108110.1016/j.joen.2007.03.018 17931937
    [Google Scholar]
  2. FerrariM. CagidiacoM.C. GoracciC. Long-term retrospective study of the clinical performance of fiber posts.Am. J. Dent.2007205287291 17993023
    [Google Scholar]
  3. HikasaT. MatsukaY. MineA. A 15-year clinical comparative study of the cumulative survival rate of cast metal core and resin core restorations luted with adhesive resin cement.Int. J. Prosthodont.2010235397405 20859553
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. Menezes MdeS. SilvaF.P. ReisG.R. MoraesR.R. Intra-radicular dentin treatments and retention of fiber posts with self-adhesive resin cements.Braz. Oral Res.2013271141910.1590/S1806‑83242013000100003 23306622
    [Google Scholar]
  5. PeumansM. VoetM. De MunckJ. Van LanduytK. Van EndeA. Van MeerbeekB. Four-year clinical evaluation of a self-adhesive luting agent for ceramic inlays.Clin. Oral Investig.201317373975010.1007/s00784‑012‑0762‑9 22707232
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. PeixotoA.C. BorgesM.G. Menezes MdeS. MoraesR.R. Immediate and delayed photoactivation of self-adhesive resin cements and retention of glass-fiber posts.Braz. Oral Res.2014282810.1590/S1806‑83242014.50000005 25006624
    [Google Scholar]
  7. BrondaniLP Pereira-CenciT WandsherVF PereiraGK ValandroLF BergoliCD Longevity of metal-ceramic crowns cemented with self-adhesive resin cement: a prospective clinical study.Braz Oral Res 2017; 31e2210.1590/1807‑3107bor‑2017.vol31.002228403329
    [Google Scholar]
  8. KernM. PassiaN. SasseM. YazigiC. Ten-year outcome of zirconia ceramic cantilever resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses and the influence of the reasons for missing incisors.J. Dent.201765515510.1016/j.jdent.2017.07.003 28688950
    [Google Scholar]
  9. YaminP.A. PereiraR.D. LopesF.C. Longevity of bond strength of resin cements to root dentine after radiation therapy.Int. Endod. J.201851111301131210.1111/iej.12945 29729026
    [Google Scholar]
  10. EdelhoffD. OzcanM. To what extent does the longevity of fixed dental prostheses depend on the function of the cement? Working Group 4 materials: cementation.Clin. Oral Implants Res.200718Suppl. 319320410.1111/j.1600‑0501.2007.01442.x 17594382
    [Google Scholar]
  11. IrieM. MaruoY. NishigawaG. SuzukiK. WattsD.C. Physical properties of dual-cured luting-agents correlated to early no interfacial-gap incidence with composite inlay restorations.Dent. Mater.201026660861510.1016/j.dental.2010.02.012 20334906
    [Google Scholar]
  12. SjögrenG. MolinM. van DijkenJ.W. A 10-year prospective evaluation of CAD/CAM-manufactured (Cerec) ceramic inlays cemented with a chemically cured or dual-cured resin composite.Int. J. Prosthodont.2004172241246 15119879
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Faria e SilvaA.L. AriasV.G. SoaresL.E.S. MartinA.A. MartinsL.R.M. Influence of fiber-post translucency on the degree of conversion of a dual-cured resin cement.J. Endod.200733330330510.1016/j.joen.2006.11.015 17320720
    [Google Scholar]
  14. HoY-C. LaiY-L. ChouI-C. YangS-F. LeeS-Y. Effects of light attenuation by fibre posts on polymerization of a dual-cured resin cement and microleakage of post-restored teeth.J. Dent.201139430931510.1016/j.jdent.2011.01.009 21291948
    [Google Scholar]
  15. DogarA. AltintasS.C. KavlakS. GunerA. Determining the influence of fibre post light transmission on polymerization depth and viscoelastic behaviour of dual-cured resin cement.Int. Endod. J.201245121135114010.1111/j.1365‑2591.2012.02085.x 22803825
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. MendonçaA.A. GarcezR.M. Oliveira AdaS. MoreiraA.G. MoraesR.R. Adhesion strategy and early bond strengths of glass-fiber posts luted into root canals.Braz. Oral Res.201226548548710.1590/S1806‑83242012005000017 22892880
    [Google Scholar]
  17. IlieN. StawarczykB. Quantification of the amount of light passing through zirconia: the effect of material shade, thickness, and curing conditions.J. Dent.201442668469010.1016/j.jdent.2014.03.007 24657553
    [Google Scholar]
  18. LuH. MehmoodA. ChowA. PowersJ.M. Influence of polymerization mode on flexural properties of esthetic resin luting agents.J. Prosthet. Dent.200594654955410.1016/j.prosdent.2005.09.016 16316801
    [Google Scholar]
  19. YoshidaK. TsuoY. MengX. AtsutaM. Mechanical properties of dual-cured resin luting agents for ceramic restoration.J. Prosthodont.200716537037610.1111/j.1532‑849X.2007.00221.x 17672836
    [Google Scholar]
  20. TangoR.N. SinhoretiM.A. CorrerA.B. Correr-SobrinhoL. HenriquesG.E. Effect of light-curing method and cement activation mode on resin cement knoop hardness.J. Prosthodont.200716648048410.1111/j.1532‑849X.2007.00234.x 17760867
    [Google Scholar]
  21. PereiraS.G. FulgêncioR. NunesT.G. ToledanoM. OsorioR. CarvalhoR.M. Effect of curing protocol on the polymerization of dual-cured resin cements.Dent. Mater.201026771071810.1016/j.dental.2010.03.016 20381853
    [Google Scholar]
  22. ArraisC.A. Kasaz AdeC. AlbinoL.G. RodriguesJ.A. ReisA.F. Effect of curing mode on the hardness of dual-cured composite resin core build-up materials.Braz. Oral Res.201024224524910.1590/S1806‑83242010000200019 20658046
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. FabiãoM.M. AriasV.G. MartinsL.R. Activation mode effects on the shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cements.Oper. Dent.201035551552110.2341/10‑051‑L 20945742
    [Google Scholar]
  24. IlieN. SimonA. Effect of curing mode on the micro-mechanical properties of dual-cured self-adhesive resin cements.Clin. Oral Investig.201216250551210.1007/s00784‑011‑0527‑x 21350865
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. PivaE. LimaG.S. BoaroL.C. BragaR.R. MartinsL.R. Effect of immediate and delayed light activation on the mechanical properties and degree of conversion in dual-cured resin cements.J. Oral Sci.201254326126610.2334/josnusd.54.261 23047037
    [Google Scholar]
  26. BragaR.R. BallesterR.Y. FerracaneJ.L. Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites: a systematic review.Dent. Mater.2005211096297010.1016/j.dental.2005.04.018 16085301
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Al SunbulH. SilikasN. WattsD.C. Polymerization shrinkage kinetics and shrinkage-stress in dental resin-composites.Dent. Mater.2016328998100610.1016/j.dental.2016.05.006 27240744
    [Google Scholar]
  28. SoaresC.J. Faria-E-SilvaA.L. RodriguesM.P. Polymerization shrinkage stress of composite resins and resin cements - What do we need to know?Braz. Oral Res.201731Suppl. 1e6210.1590/1807‑3107bor‑2017.vol31.0062 28902242
    [Google Scholar]
  29. MacedoV.C. Faria e SilvaA.L. MartinsL.R. Effect of cement type, relining procedure, and length of cementation on pull-out bond strength of fiber posts.J. Endod.20103691543154610.1016/j.joen.2010.04.014 20728724
    [Google Scholar]
  30. JongsmaL.A. Ir NdeJ. KleverlaanC.J. FeilzerA.J. Reduced contraction stress formation obtained by a two-step cementation procedure for fiber posts.Dent. Mater.201127767067610.1016/j.dental.2011.03.008 21514652
    [Google Scholar]
  31. FerracaneJ.L. HiltonT.J. Polymerization stress--is it clinically meaningful?Dent. Mater.201632111010.1016/j.dental.2015.06.020 26220776
    [Google Scholar]
  32. WangZ. ChiangM.Y. Correlation between polymerization shrinkage stress and C-factor depends upon cavity compliance.Dent. Mater.201632334335210.1016/j.dental.2015.11.003 26778403
    [Google Scholar]
  33. WangZ. ChiangM.Y. System compliance dictates the effect of composite filler content on polymerization shrinkage stress.Dent. Mater.201632455156010.1016/j.dental.2016.01.006 26916062
    [Google Scholar]
  34. ShouhaP.S.R. EllakwaA.E. Effect of short glass fibers on the polymerization shrinkage stress of dental composite.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater.201710571930193710.1002/jbm.b.33723 27292231
    [Google Scholar]
  35. YamamotoT. KubotaY. MomoiY. FerracaneJ.L. Polymerization stresses in low-shrinkage dental resin composites measured by crack analysis.Dent. Mater.2012289e143e14910.1016/j.dental.2012.04.015 22579102
    [Google Scholar]
  36. RosattoC.M. BicalhoA.A. Verí-ssimoC. Mechanical properties, shrinkage stress, cuspal strain and fracture resistance of molars restored with bulk-fill composites and incremental filling technique.J. Dent.201543121519152810.1016/j.jdent.2015.09.007 26449641
    [Google Scholar]
  37. VukicevicA.M. ZelicK. JovicicG. DjuricM. FilipovicN. Influence of dental restorations and mastication loadings on dentine fatigue behaviour: Image-based modelling approach.J. Dent.201543555656710.1016/j.jdent.2015.02.011 25731157
    [Google Scholar]
  38. PereiraR. BicalhoA.A. FrancoS.D. TantbirojnD. VersluisA. SoaresC.J. Effect of Restorative protocol on cuspal strain and residual stress in endodontically treated molars.Oper. Dent.2016411233310.2341/14‑178‑L 26237644
    [Google Scholar]
  39. OliveiraL.R.S. BragaS.S.L. BicalhoA.A. RibeiroM.T.H. PriceR.B. SoaresC.J. Molar cusp deformation evaluated by micro-CT and enamel crack formation to compare incremental and bulk-filling techniques.J. Dent.201874717810.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.015 29689293
    [Google Scholar]
  40. TayF.R. LoushineR.J. LambrechtsP. WellerR.N. PashleyD.H. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: a theoretical modeling approach.J. Endod.200531858458910.1097/01.don.0000168891.23486.de 16044041
    [Google Scholar]
  41. EllakwaA. ChoN. LeeI.B. The effect of resin matrix composition on the polymerization shrinkage and rheological properties of experimental dental composites.Dent. Mater.200723101229123510.1016/j.dental.2006.11.004 17182093
    [Google Scholar]
  42. WattsD.C. SatterthwaiteJ.D. Axial shrinkage-stress depends upon both C-factor and composite mass.Dent. Mater.20082411810.1016/j.dental.2007.08.007 17920115
    [Google Scholar]
  43. GonçalvesF. AzevedoC.L. FerracaneJ.L. BragaR.R. BisGMA/TEGDMA ratio and filler content effects on shrinkage stress.Dent. Mater.201127652052610.1016/j.dental.2011.01.007 21371746
    [Google Scholar]
  44. BoaroL.C. BrandtW.C. MeiraJ.B. RodriguesF.P. PalinW.M. BragaR.R. Experimental and FE displacement and polymerization stress of bonded restorations as a function of the C-Factor, volume and substrate stiffness.J. Dent.201442214014810.1016/j.jdent.2013.11.016 24296164
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Faria-e-SilvaA. BoaroL. BragaR. PivaE. AriasV. MartinsL. Effect of immediate or delayed light activation on curing kinetics and shrinkage stress of dual-cure resin cements.Oper. Dent.201136219620410.2341/10‑153‑L 21777101
    [Google Scholar]
  46. PereiraR.D. Vald-viaA.D. BicalhoA.A. Effect of Photoactivation Timing on the Mechanical Properties of Resin Cements and Bond Strength of Fiberglass Post to Root Dentin.Oper. Dent.2015405E206E22110.2341/14‑115‑L 26237639
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Faria-E-SilvaA.L. PfeiferC.S. Delayed photo-activation and addition of thio-urethane: Impact on polymerization kinetics and stress of dual-cured resin cements.J. Dent.20176510110910.1016/j.jdent.2017.07.014 28750778
    [Google Scholar]
  48. KhoroushiM. GhasemiM. AbedinzadehR. SamimiP. Comparison of immediate and delayed light-curing on nano-indentation creep and contraction stress of dual-cured resin cements.J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.20166427228010.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.001 27544311
    [Google Scholar]
  49. SoaresC.J. BicalhoA.A. VerissimoC. SoaresP. TantbirojnD. VersluisA. Delayed Photo-activation Effects on Mechanical Properties of Dual Cured Resin Cements and Finite Element Analysis of Shrinkage Stresses in Teeth Restored With Ceramic Inlays.Oper. Dent.201641549150010.2341/15‑090‑L 26794188
    [Google Scholar]
  50. FengL. SuhB.I. A mechanism on why slower polymerization of a dental composite produces lower contraction stress.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater.2006781636910.1002/jbm.b.30453 16470813
    [Google Scholar]
  51. F e Silva ALPereira GD, Dias CT, Sartini Paulillo LA. Effect of the composite photoactivation mode on microtensile bond strength and Knoop microhardness.Dent. Mater.200622320321010.1016/j.dental.2005.04.017 16098575
    [Google Scholar]
  52. FengL. SuhB.I. The effect of curing modes on polymerization contraction stress of a dual cured composite.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater.200676119620210.1002/jbm.b.30355 16047326
    [Google Scholar]
  53. ChartonC. ColonP. PlaF. Shrinkage stress in light-cured composite resins: influence of material and photoactivation mode.Dent. Mater.200723891192010.1016/j.dental.2006.06.034 17027939
    [Google Scholar]
  54. IlieN. JelenE. HickelR. Is the soft-start polymerisation concept still relevant for modern curing units?Clin. Oral Investig.2011151212910.1007/s00784‑009‑0354‑5 19937074
    [Google Scholar]
  55. LuH. StansburyJ.W. BowmanC.N. Impact of curing protocol on conversion and shrinkage stress.J. Dent. Res.200584982282610.1177/154405910508400908 16109991
    [Google Scholar]
  56. TauböckT.T. JägerF. AttinT. Polymerization shrinkage and shrinkage force kinetics of high- and low-viscosity dimethacrylate- and ormocer-based bulk-fill resin composites.Odontology2019107110311010.1007/s10266‑018‑0369‑y 29948491
    [Google Scholar]
  57. El-DamanhouryH. PlattJ. Polymerization shrinkage stress kinetics and related properties of bulk-fill resin composites.Oper. Dent.201439437438210.2341/13‑017‑L 23865582
    [Google Scholar]
  58. SonS.A. ParkJ.K. SeoD.G. KoC.C. KwonY.H. How light attenuation and filler content affect the microhardness and polymerization shrinkage and translucency of bulk-fill composites?Clin. Oral Investig.201721255956510.1007/s00784‑016‑1920‑2 27475636
    [Google Scholar]
  59. ISO 4049:2009. Dentistry-resin based filling materials. International Organization for Standardization 2009.10.14393/BJ‑v32n3a2016‑31056
  60. OliveiraA.C. BarretoC.M. Oliveira-NetoL.A. MoraesR.R. Faria-e-SilvaA.L. An alternative specimen preparation technique for 3-point bending tests on dual-cured dental resin cements.Biosci. J.20163282282810.14393/BJ‑v32n3a2016‑31056
    [Google Scholar]
  61. LovellL.G. NewmanS.M. BowmanC.N. The effects of light intensity, temperature, and comonomer composition on the polymerization behavior of dimethacrylate dental resins.J. Dent. Res.19997881469147610.1177/00220345990780081301 10439035
    [Google Scholar]
  62. ChartonC. FalkV. MarchalP. PlaF. ColonP. Influence of Tg, viscosity and chemical structure of monomers on shrinkage stress in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins.Dent. Mater.200723111447145910.1016/j.dental.2007.05.017 17719627
    [Google Scholar]
  63. SteinhausJ. HausnerovaB. HaenelT. SeligD. DuvenbeckF. MoegingerB. Correlation of shear and dielectric ion viscosity of dental resins - Influence of composition, temperature and filler content.Dent. Mater.201632789990710.1016/j.dental.2016.03.015 27130611
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Amirouche-KorichiA. MouzaliM. WattsD.C. Effects of monomer ratios and highly radiopaque fillers on degree of conversion and shrinkage-strain of dental resin composites.Dent. Mater.200925111411141810.1016/j.dental.2009.06.009 19683808
    [Google Scholar]
  65. GonçalvesF. KawanoY. PfeiferC. StansburyJ.W. BragaR.R. Influence of BisGMA, TEGDMA, and BisEMA contents on viscosity, conversion, and flexural strength of experimental resins and composites.Eur. J. Oral Sci.2009117444244610.1111/j.1600‑0722.2009.00636.x 19627357
    [Google Scholar]
  66. MoraesR.R. GarciaJ.W. BarrosM.D. Control of polymerization shrinkage and stress in nanogel-modified monomer and composite materials.Dent. Mater.201127650951910.1016/j.dental.2011.01.006 21388669
    [Google Scholar]
  67. TauböckT.T. TarleZ. MarovicD. AttinT. Pre-heating of high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composites: effects on shrinkage force and monomer conversion.J. Dent.201543111358136410.1016/j.jdent.2015.07.014 26232610
    [Google Scholar]
  68. KimK.H. OngJ.L. OkunoO. The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites.J. Prosthet. Dent.200287664264910.1067/mpr.2002.125179 12131887
    [Google Scholar]
  69. LabellaR. LambrechtsP. Van MeerbeekB. VanherleG. Polymerization shrinkage and elasticity of flowable composites and filled adhesives.Dent. Mater.199915212813710.1016/S0109‑5641(99)00022‑6 10551104
    [Google Scholar]
  70. SakaguchiR.L. WiltbankB.D. MurchisonC.F. Prediction of composite elastic modulus and polymerization shrinkage by computational micromechanics.Dent. Mater.200420439740110.1016/j.dental.2003.11.003 15019456
    [Google Scholar]
  71. MinS.H. FerracaneJ. LeeI.B. Effect of shrinkage strain, modulus, and instrument compliance on polymerization shrinkage stress of light-cured composites during the initial curing stage.Dent. Mater.201026101024103310.1016/j.dental.2010.07.002 20684977
    [Google Scholar]
  72. SongH.B. SowanN. ShahP.K. Reduced shrinkage stress via photo-initiated copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition polymerizations of azide-alkyne resins.Dent. Mater.201632111332134210.1016/j.dental.2016.07.014 27524230
    [Google Scholar]
  73. AregawiW.A. FokA.S.L. 1/(2+Rc): A simple predictive formula for laboratory shrinkage-stress measurement.Dent. Mater.201733553654210.1016/j.dental.2017.03.012 28377042
    [Google Scholar]
  74. PereiraS.G. TeloJ.P. NunesT.G. Towards a controlled photopolymerization of dental dimethacrylate monomers: EPR studies on effects of dilution, filler loading, storage and aging.J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med.20081993135314410.1007/s10856‑008‑3434‑1 18415003
    [Google Scholar]
  75. YapA.U. SohM.S. HanT.T. SiowK.S. Influence of curing lights and modes on cross-link density of dental composites.Oper. Dent.2004294410415 15279480
    [Google Scholar]
  76. FeitosaV.P. FugolinA.P. CorrerA.B. Effects of different photo-polymerization protocols on resin-dentine μTBS, mechanical properties and cross-link density of a nano-filled resin composite.J. Dent.2012401080280910.1016/j.jdent.2012.05.014 22687576
    [Google Scholar]
  77. RastelliA.N. JacomassiD.P. FaloniA.P. The filler content of the dental composite resins and their influence on different properties.Microsc. Res. Tech.201275675876510.1002/jemt.21122 22213178
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdent/10.2174/2542579X01666190924180448
Loading
/content/journals/cdent/10.2174/2542579X01666190924180448
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test