Background: In recent years severe electromagnetic interference among electronic devices has been caused by the unprecedented growth of communication systems. Therefore microwave absorbing materials are required to relieve these problems by absorbing the unwanted microwave. In the design of microwave absorbers magnetic nanomaterials have to be used as fine particles dispersed in an insulating matrix. Besides the intrinsic properties of these materials the structure and morphology are also crucial to the microwave absorption performance of the composite. In this study Ni-Co- MWCNT composites were synthesized and the changes in electric permittivity magnetic permeability and reflectance loss of the samples were evaluated at frequencies of 2 to 18 GHz. Methods: Nickel-Cobalt-Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) composites were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation chemical method. The structural morphological and magnetic properties of the samples were characterized and investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Results: The results revealed that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite has the highest electromagnetic wave absorption rate with a reflectance loss of -70.22 dB at a frequency of 10.12 GHz with a thickness of 1.8 mm. The adequate absorption bandwidth (RL <-10 dB) was 6.9 GHz at the high-frequency region exhibiting excellent microwave absorbing properties as a good microwave absorber patent. Conclusion: Based on this study it can be argued that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite can be a good candidate for making light absorbers of radar waves at frequencies 2- 18 GHz.

Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancement of novel drug delivery systems and medical devices will aid its therapy. Objective: In this review the authors thoroughly introduce the ideas and methods for improving nanomedicine- based approaches for lung cancer therapy. This article provides mechanistic insight into various novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) including nanoparticles solid lipid nanoparticles liposomes dendrimers niosomes and nanoemulsions for lung cancer therapy with recent research work. This review provides insights into various patents published for lung cancer therapy based on nanomedicine. This review also highlights the current status of approved and clinically tested nanoformulations for their treatment. Methodology: For finding scholarly related data for the literature search many search engines were employed including PubMed Science Direct Google Scihub Google Scholar Research Gate Web of Sciences and several others. Various keywords and phrases were used for the search such as "nanoparticles" "solid lipid nanoparticles" "liposomes" "dendrimers" "niosomes" "nanoemulsions" "lung cancer" "nanomedicine" "nanomaterial" "nanotechnology" "in vivo" and "in vitro". The most innovative and cutting-edge nanotechnology-based approaches that are employed in pre-clinical and clinical studies to address problems associated with lung cancer therapies are also mentioned in future prospects. A variety of problems encountered with current lung cancer therapy techniques that frequently led to inadequate therapeutic success are also discussed in the end. Conclusion: The development of nanoformulations at the pilot scale still faces some difficulties but their prospects for treating lung cancer appear to be promising in the future. Future developments and trends are anticipated as the evaluation comes to a close.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease progressively distinctive via cartilage destruction auto-antibody production severe joint pain and synovial inflammation. Nanotechnology represents as one of the utmost promising scientific technologies of the 21st century. It exhibits remarkable potential in the field of medicine including imaging techniques and diagnostic tools drug delivery systems and providing advances in treatment of several diseases with nanosized structures (less than 100 nm). Objective: Conventional drugs as a cornerstone of RA management including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) Glucocorticosteroids etc are under clinical practice. Nevertheless their low solubility profile poor pharmacokinetics behaviour and non-targeted distribution not only hamper their effectiveness but also give rise to severe adverse effects which leads to the need for the emergence of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Methods: Several types of nano-diagnostic agents and nanocarriers have been identified; including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) liposomes nanogels metallic NPs nanofibres carbon nanotubes nano fullerene etc. Various patents and clinical trial data have been reported in relevance to RA treatment. Results: Nanocarriers unlike standard medications encapsulate molecules with high drug loading efficacy and avoid drug leakage and burst release before reaching the inflamed sites. Because of its enhanced targeting specificity with the ability to solubilise hydrophobic drugs it acts as an enhanced drug delivery system. Conclusion: This study explores nanoparticles potential role in RA as a carrier for site-specific delivery and its promising strategies to overcome the drawbacks. Hence it concludes that nanomedicine is advantageous compared with conventional therapy to enhanced futuristic approach.

Background: Nanosizing is widely recognized as an effective technique for improving the solubility dissolution rate onset of action and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. To control the execution and behavior of the output product more advanced and valuable analytical techniques are required. Objective: The primary intent of this review manuscript was to furnish the understanding of imaging and non-imaging techniques related to nanosizing analysis by focusing on related patents. In addition the study also aimed to collect and illustrate the information on various classical (laser diffractometry photon correlation spectroscopy zeta potential laser Doppler electrophoresis X-ray diffractometry differential scanning calorimeter scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy) new and advanced analytical techniques (improved dynamic light scattering method Brunauer-Emmett- Teller method ultrasonic attenuation biosensor) as well as commercial techniques like inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy aerodynamic particle sizer scanning mobility particle sizer and matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy which all relate to nano-sized particles. Methods: The present manuscript has taken a fresh look at the various aspects of the analytical techniques utilized in the process of nanosizing and has achieved this through the analysis of a wide range of peer-reviewed literature. All summarized literature studies provide the information that can meet the basic needs of nanotechnology. Results: A variety of analytical techniques related to the nanosizing process have already been established and have great potential to weed out several issues. However the current scenarios require more relevant accurate and advanced analytical techniques that can minimize the time and deviations associated with different instrumental and process parameters. To meet this requirement some new and more advanced analytical techniques have recently been discovered like ultrasonic attenuation technique BET technique biosensors etc. Conclusion: The present overview certifies the significance of different analytical techniques utilized in the nanosizing process. The overview also provides information on various patents related to sophisticated analytical tools that can meet the needs of such an advanced field. The data show that the nanotechnology field will flourish in the coming future.

Background: Although casein kinase II subunit beta (CK2B) was previously reported to be involved in human cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) there has been no systematic assessment of CK2B in HCC. Objective: To assess the potential function of CK2B as a prognostic biomarker and possible druggable target in HCC. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas database was accessed to investigate the potential oncogenic and prognostic roles of CK2B in HCC. Diverse analytical methods were used to obtain a fuller understanding of CK2B including CIBERSORT The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO). Furthermore the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD) was used to identify potential drugs to treat CK2B-overexpressing HCC. Patents for these drugs were reviewed using Patentscope^® and Worldwide Espacenet^®. Results: Upregulated CK2B expression was markedly associated with more aggressive pathological features including G3 G4 (vs. G1 G2) and T2 T3 (vs. T1). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that patients with HCC with higher expression of CK2B had worse overall survival (P = 0.005) progression-free interval (P = 0.001) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.011). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that CK2B dysregulation affects mitotic chromosome condensation protein stabilization and binding regulation of signal transduction of p53 class mediator and cancer-related pathways. GSEA identified six well-known pathways including MAPK WNT Hedgehog and TGFβ signaling pathways. Finally CTD identified six compounds that might represent targeted drugs to treat HCC with CK2B overexpression. A review of patents indicated these compounds showed promising anticancer results; however whether CK2B interacts with these drugs and improves drug outcomes for patients with HCC was not confirmed. Conclusion: CK2B is a biomarker for HCC prognosis and could be a potential new drug target. Moreover the association between infiltrating immune cells and CK2B in the HCC tumor microenvironment might provide a solid basis for further investigation and a potent strategy for immunotherapy of HCC.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Fatty acid metabolism (FAM) contributes to GC development. Patents have been issued for the use of compositions comprising fatty acid analogues for the treatment of many clinical conditions. However its clinical significance and its relationship with tumor-related mutations have not been thoroughly discovered. This study was conducted to analyze and explore FAM-related genes' molecular characteristics prognostic significance and association with tumor- related mutations. Methods: The gastric adenocarcinoma's transcriptome clinical data and tumor mutation load (TMB) data were downloaded from TCGA and GEO databases. The differentially expressed FAM genes (FAM DEGs) between cancer and control samples were screened and their correlation with TMB and survival was analyzed. A PPI network of FAM DEGs was constructed and a downscaling clustering analysis was performed based on the expression of the FAM DEGs. Further immuno- infiltration and GO/KEGG enrichment analyses of the identified FAM clusters were performed to explore their heterogeneity in biological functions. The effects of FAM score and gastric cancer (STAD) on TMB MSI survival prognosis and drug sensitivity were jointly analyzed and finally a single-gene analysis of the obtained core targets was performed. Results: Through differential analysis 68 FAM DEGs were obtained and they were highly associated with STAD tumor mutation load. In addition a high FAM DEGs CNV rate was observed. The PPI network showed a complex mutual correlation between the FAM DEGs. Consensus clustering classified the patients into three clusters based on the FAM DEGs and the clusters presented different survival rates. The GSVA and immune infiltration analysis revealed that metabolism apoptosis and immune infiltration-related pathways were variated. In addition FAM genes STAD prognostic risk genes and PCA scores were closely associated with the survival status of STAD patients. FAM score was closely correlated with STAD TMB MSI and immunotherapy and the TMB values in the low FAM score group were significantly higher than those in the high FAM score group. Finally combining the above results it was found that the core gene PTGS1 performed best in predicting STAD survival prognosis and TMB/MSI/immunotherapy. Conclusion: Fatty acid metabolism genes affect the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and can predict the survival prognosis tumor mutational load characteristics and drug therapy sensitivity of STAD patients which can help explore more effective immunotherapy targets for GC.

Introduction: Nowadays mounting evidence shows that variations in TGF-β signaling pathway-related components influence tumor development. Current research has patents describing the use of anti-TGF-β antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of proliferative diseases. Importantly TGF-β signaling pathway is significant for lower-grade glioma (LGG) to evade host immunity. Loss of particular tumor antigens and shutdown of professional antigenpresenting cell activity may render the anti-tumor response ineffective in LGG patients. However the prognostic significance of TGF-β related genes in LGG is still unknown. Methods: We collected RNA-seq data from the GTEx database (normal cortical tissues) the Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA-LGG) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database (CGGA-693 and CGGA-325) for conducting our investigation. Results: In addition previous publications were explored for the 223 regulators of the TGF-β signaling pathway and 30 regulators with abnormal expression in TCGA and GTEx database were identified. In order to identify hub prognostic regulators least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to screen from differentially expressed genes (DEGs). On the basis of 11 genes from LASSO-Cox regression analysis (NEDD8 CHRD TGFBR1 TP53 BMP2 LRRC32 THBS2 ID1 NOG TNF and SERPINE1) TGF-β score was calculated. Multiple statistical approaches verified the predictive value of the TGF-β score for the training cohort and two external validation cohorts. Considering the importance of the TGF-β signaling pathway in immune regulation we evaluated the prediction of the TGF-β score for immunological characteristics and the possible application of the immunotherapeutic response using six algorithms (TIMER CIBERSORT QUANTISEQ MCP-counter XCELL and EPIC) and three immunotherapy cohorts (GSE78820 Imvigor-210 and PRJEB23709). Notably we compared our risk signature with the signature in ten publications in the meta-cohort (TCGA-LGG CGGA-693 and CGGA-325) and the TGF-β score had the best predictive efficiency (C-index =0.812). Conclusion: In conclusion our findings suggest that TGF-β signaling pathway-related signatures are prognostic biomarkers in LGG and provide a novel tool for tumor microenvironment (TME) assessment.

Tumor is a serious threat to human health with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. However tumor treatment is challenging and the development of antitumor drugs has always been a significant research focus. Plant polysaccharides are known to possess various biological activities. They have many pharmacological properties such as immunomodulation antitumor antiviral antioxidative antithrombotic and antiradiation effects reduction of blood pressure and blood sugar levels and protection from liver injury. Among these effects the antitumor effect of plant polysaccharides has been widely studied. Plant polysaccharides can inhibit tumor proliferation and growth by inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis inducing cell apoptosis affecting the cell cycle and regulating the tumor microenvironment. They also have the characteristics of safety high efficiency and low toxicity which can alleviate to a certain extent the adverse reactions caused by traditional tumor treatment methods such as surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore this paper systematically summarizes the direct antitumor effects of plant polysaccharides their regulatory effects on the tumor microenvironment and intervening many common high-incidence tumors in other ways. It also provides data support for the administration of plant polysaccharides in modern tumor drug therapy enabling the identification of new targets and development of new drugs for tumor therapy.