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Investigation of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Ni-Co and MWCNT Nanocomposites
Background: In recent years severe electromagnetic interference among electronic devices has been caused by the unprecedented growth of communication systems. Therefore microwave absorbing materials are required to relieve these problems by absorbing the unwanted microwave. In the design of microwave absorbers magnetic nanomaterials have to be used as fine particles dispersed in an insulating matrix. Besides the intrinsic properties of these materials the structure and morphology are also crucial to the microwave absorption performance of the composite. In this study Ni-Co- MWCNT composites were synthesized and the changes in electric permittivity magnetic permeability and reflectance loss of the samples were evaluated at frequencies of 2 to 18 GHz. Methods: Nickel-Cobalt-Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) composites were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation chemical method. The structural morphological and magnetic properties of the samples were characterized and investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Results: The results revealed that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite has the highest electromagnetic wave absorption rate with a reflectance loss of -70.22 dB at a frequency of 10.12 GHz with a thickness of 1.8 mm. The adequate absorption bandwidth (RL <-10 dB) was 6.9 GHz at the high-frequency region exhibiting excellent microwave absorbing properties as a good microwave absorber patent. Conclusion: Based on this study it can be argued that the Ni-Co-MWCNT composite can be a good candidate for making light absorbers of radar waves at frequencies 2- 18 GHz.
A Critical Appraisal of Functionalized 2-Dimensional Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Applications
The development of an efficient and innovative drug delivery system is essential to improve the pharmacological parameters of the medicinal compound or drug. The technique or manner used to improve the pharmacological parameters plays a crucial role in the delivery system. In the current scenario various drug delivery systems are available where nanotechnology has firmly established itself in the field of drug delivery. One of the most prevalent elements is carbon with its allotropic modifications such as graphene-based nanomaterials carbon nanotubes carbon dots and carbon fullerenes these nanomaterials offer notable physiochemical and biochemical properties for the delivery applications due to their smaller size surface area and ability to interact with the cells or tissues. The exceptional physicochemical properties of carbon-based 2D nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes make them attractive candidates for drug delivery systems. These nanomaterials offer a large surface area high drug loading capacity and tunable surface chemistry enabling efficient encapsulation controlled release and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. These properties of the nanomaterials can be exploited for drug delivery applications like assisting the target delivery of drugs and aiding combination molecular imaging. This review emphasizes on the recent patents on 2D carbon-based nanomaterial and their role in drug delivery systems. Carbon-based 2D nanomaterials present a wealth of opportunities for advanced drug delivery systems. Their exceptional properties and versatility offers great potential in improving therapeutic efficacy minimizing side effects and enabling personalized medicine and the recent patents on 2D nanomaterial.
Emerging Nanotechnology-based Therapeutics: A New Insight into Promising Drug Delivery System for Lung Cancer Therapy
Background: Lung cancer is a foremost global health issue due to its poor diagnosis. The advancement of novel drug delivery systems and medical devices will aid its therapy. Objective: In this review the authors thoroughly introduce the ideas and methods for improving nanomedicine- based approaches for lung cancer therapy. This article provides mechanistic insight into various novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) including nanoparticles solid lipid nanoparticles liposomes dendrimers niosomes and nanoemulsions for lung cancer therapy with recent research work. This review provides insights into various patents published for lung cancer therapy based on nanomedicine. This review also highlights the current status of approved and clinically tested nanoformulations for their treatment. Methodology: For finding scholarly related data for the literature search many search engines were employed including PubMed Science Direct Google Scihub Google Scholar Research Gate Web of Sciences and several others. Various keywords and phrases were used for the search such as "nanoparticles" "solid lipid nanoparticles" "liposomes" "dendrimers" "niosomes" "nanoemulsions" "lung cancer" "nanomedicine" "nanomaterial" "nanotechnology" "in vivo" and "in vitro". The most innovative and cutting-edge nanotechnology-based approaches that are employed in pre-clinical and clinical studies to address problems associated with lung cancer therapies are also mentioned in future prospects. A variety of problems encountered with current lung cancer therapy techniques that frequently led to inadequate therapeutic success are also discussed in the end. Conclusion: The development of nanoformulations at the pilot scale still faces some difficulties but their prospects for treating lung cancer appear to be promising in the future. Future developments and trends are anticipated as the evaluation comes to a close.
An Overview of Metallic Nanoparticles: Classification, Synthesis, Applications, and their Patents
Background: Nanotechnology has gained enormous attention in pharmaceutical research. Nanotechnology is used in the development of nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 1-100 nm with several extraordinary features. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used in various areas such as molecular biology biosensors bio imaging biomedical devices diagnosis pharmaceuticals etc. for their specific applications. Methodology: For this study we have performed a systematic search and screening of the literature and identified the articles and patents focusing on various physical chemical and biological methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical applications. Results: A total of 174 references have been included in this present review of which 23 references for recent patents were included. Then 29 papers were shortlisted to describe the advantages disadvantages and physical and chemical methods for their synthesis and 28 articles were selected to provide the data for biological methods for the formulation of metal NPs from bacteria algae fungi and plants with their extensive synthetic procedures. Moreover 27 articles outlined various clinical applications of metal NPs due to their antimicrobial and anticancer activities and their use in drug delivery. Conclusion: Several reviews are available on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical applications. However this review provides updated research data along with the various methods employed for their development. It also summarizes their various advantages and clinical applications (anticancer antimicrobial drug delivery and many others) for various phytoconstituents. The overview of earlier patents by several scientists in the arena of metallic nanoparticle preparation and formulation is also presented. This review will be helpful in increasing the current knowledge and will also inspire to innovation of nanoparticles for the precise and targeted delivery of phytoconstituents for the treatment of several diseases.
Nano - Based Therapeutic Strategies in Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease progressively distinctive via cartilage destruction auto-antibody production severe joint pain and synovial inflammation. Nanotechnology represents as one of the utmost promising scientific technologies of the 21st century. It exhibits remarkable potential in the field of medicine including imaging techniques and diagnostic tools drug delivery systems and providing advances in treatment of several diseases with nanosized structures (less than 100 nm). Objective: Conventional drugs as a cornerstone of RA management including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) Glucocorticosteroids etc are under clinical practice. Nevertheless their low solubility profile poor pharmacokinetics behaviour and non-targeted distribution not only hamper their effectiveness but also give rise to severe adverse effects which leads to the need for the emergence of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Methods: Several types of nano-diagnostic agents and nanocarriers have been identified; including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) liposomes nanogels metallic NPs nanofibres carbon nanotubes nano fullerene etc. Various patents and clinical trial data have been reported in relevance to RA treatment. Results: Nanocarriers unlike standard medications encapsulate molecules with high drug loading efficacy and avoid drug leakage and burst release before reaching the inflamed sites. Because of its enhanced targeting specificity with the ability to solubilise hydrophobic drugs it acts as an enhanced drug delivery system. Conclusion: This study explores nanoparticles potential role in RA as a carrier for site-specific delivery and its promising strategies to overcome the drawbacks. Hence it concludes that nanomedicine is advantageous compared with conventional therapy to enhanced futuristic approach.
Croton cajucara: Patents and Nanotechnological Advances
Croton cajucara Benth showed several pharmacological properties such as: antiinflammatory antinociceptive hypoglycemic lipid-lowering antiulcer antiestrogenic antitumor antigenotoxic antimutagenic and cardiovascular. The 19-nor-clerodane diterpene transdehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN or DCTN) is the major bioactive constituent extracted from the bark of this Croton. Patents for Croton cajucara Benth in the period 2015 to 2022 comprises 14 published documents. Among them 4 patents are colloidal systems (SM/SNEDDS) loading t-DCTN for pharmacological applications. Patent registrations highlighted the huge promising biotechnological potential of Croton cajucara Benth especially in the phytotherapy field and the correlation with its bioactive constituents of which t-DCTN showed the foremost results so this herbal could become an alternative in the treatment of COVID-19. However investigation of more recently published patents for clerodane diterpenes with similar chemical structure of t-DCTN who previously showed antiviral property must be carried out and should be searched on several patent data bases.
Imaging and Non-imaging Analytical Techniques Used for Drug Nanosizing and their Patents: An Overview
Background: Nanosizing is widely recognized as an effective technique for improving the solubility dissolution rate onset of action and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. To control the execution and behavior of the output product more advanced and valuable analytical techniques are required. Objective: The primary intent of this review manuscript was to furnish the understanding of imaging and non-imaging techniques related to nanosizing analysis by focusing on related patents. In addition the study also aimed to collect and illustrate the information on various classical (laser diffractometry photon correlation spectroscopy zeta potential laser Doppler electrophoresis X-ray diffractometry differential scanning calorimeter scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy) new and advanced analytical techniques (improved dynamic light scattering method Brunauer-Emmett- Teller method ultrasonic attenuation biosensor) as well as commercial techniques like inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy aerodynamic particle sizer scanning mobility particle sizer and matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy which all relate to nano-sized particles. Methods: The present manuscript has taken a fresh look at the various aspects of the analytical techniques utilized in the process of nanosizing and has achieved this through the analysis of a wide range of peer-reviewed literature. All summarized literature studies provide the information that can meet the basic needs of nanotechnology. Results: A variety of analytical techniques related to the nanosizing process have already been established and have great potential to weed out several issues. However the current scenarios require more relevant accurate and advanced analytical techniques that can minimize the time and deviations associated with different instrumental and process parameters. To meet this requirement some new and more advanced analytical techniques have recently been discovered like ultrasonic attenuation technique BET technique biosensors etc. Conclusion: The present overview certifies the significance of different analytical techniques utilized in the nanosizing process. The overview also provides information on various patents related to sophisticated analytical tools that can meet the needs of such an advanced field. The data show that the nanotechnology field will flourish in the coming future.
A Comprehensive Review on Prospects of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Receptors-Ligands, In vitro & In vivo Studies
As per International Diabetes Federation Report 2022 worldwide diabetes mellitus (DM) caused 6.7M moralities and ~537M adults suffering from diabetes mellitus. It is a chronic condition due to β-cell destruction or insulin resistance that leads to insulin deficiency. This review discusses Type-1 DM and Type-2 DM pathophysiology in detail with challenges in management and treatment. The toxicity issues of conventional drugs and insulin injections are complex to manage. Thus there is a need for technological intervention. In recent years nanotechnology has found a fruitful advancement of novel drug delivery systems that might potentially increase the efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs. Amongst nano-formulations polymeric nanoparticles have been studied to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs and insulin. In the present review we summarized polymeric nanoparticles with different polymers utilized to deliver anti-diabetic drugs with in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore this review also includes the role of receptors and ligands in diabetes mellitus and the utilization of receptor-ligand interaction to develop targeted nanoparticles. Additionally we discussed the utility of nanoparticles for the delivery of phytoconstituents which aids in protecting the oxidative stress generated during diabetes mellitus. Atlast this article also comprises of numerous patents that have been filed or granted for the delivery of antidiabetic and anticancer molecules for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer.
Formulation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Rosiglitazone and Probiotic: Optimization and In-vitro Characterization
Introduction: In the present study solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with Rosiglitazone and probiotics were prepared via solvent emulsification diffusion method which is patented. As a lipid and surfactant Gleceryl monostearate and Pluronic -68 were used in the formulation process. Methods: During characterization it was determined that ingredient quantity variations significantly impacted Rosiglitazone loading capacity particle size polydispersity index etc. In an optimized formulation of RSG-PB loaded SLNs spherical particles with a mean particle size of 147.66 ± 1.52 nm PDI of 0.42 ± 0.02 and loading capacity of 45.36 ± 0.20 were identified. Results: Moreover the developed SLNs had the potential to discharge the drug for up to 24 hours as predicted by Higuchi's pharmacokinetic model. The SLNs were stable at 25°C/60%RH for up to 60 days. There was little to no change in particle size PDI or loading capacity. In addition the number of probiotic bacteria was determined using the standard plate count procedure. Further the antioxidant effect of the prepared formulation is evaluated using the DPPH assay method. Conclusion: This study concludes that the method used to fabricate RSG-probiotic-loaded SLNs is straightforward and yields favorable results regarding various parameters including sustained release property particle size PDI and percent drug loading stability. Furthermore DPPH radical scavenging activity shows the high antioxidant potential of RSG-PB SLNs when compared to RSG and probiotics alone.
Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic Alternative Splicing Signatures in Tumor Immune Infiltration in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer exhibits substantial heterogeneity encompassing genetic expressions and histological features. This heterogeneity is predominantly attributed to alternative splicing (AS) and AS-regulated splicing factors (SFs) which in turn influence bladder cancer development progression and response to treatment.
This study aimed to explore the immune landscape of aberrant AS in bladder cancer and establish the prognostic signatures for survival prediction.
Bladder cancer-related RNA-Seq transcriptome and corresponding clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify significantly enriched pathways of cancer-related AS events. The underlying interactions among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and cancer-related AS events were assessed by a protein-protein interaction network. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify crucial prognostic DEGs that co-occurred with cancer-related AS events (DEGAS) for overall survival. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to assess the efficiency of the prognostic signatures. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to explore the abundance of immune infiltrating cells.
A total of 3755 cancer-related AS events and 3110 DEGs in bladder cancer were identified. Among them 379 DEGs co-occurred with cancer-related AS events (DEGAS) of which 102 DEGAS were associated with 14 dysregulated SFs. GSEA and KEGG analysis showed that cancer-related AS events were predominantly enriched in pathways related to immunity tumorigenesis and treatment difficulties of bladder cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified 8 DEGAS (CABP1 KCNN2 TNFRSF13B PCDH7 SNRPA1 APOLD1 CX3CL1 and DENND5A) significantly associated with OS and they were further integrated into the prediction model with good AUCs at 3-year 5-year and 7-year ROC curves (all>0.7). Immune infiltration analysis revealed the significant enrichment of three immune cell types (B cells naïve dendritic cells resting and dendritic cell activated) in high-risk bladder cancer patients.
This study not only unveiled comprehensive prognostic signatures of AS events in bladder cancer but also established a robust prognostic model based on survival-related DEGAS. These aberrant AS events dysregulated SFs and the identified 8 DEGAS may have significant clinical potential as therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.
West African Medicinal Plant Substances and Molecules Activities Against Viral Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global public health problem with devastating consequences such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently approved treatments are limited to interferon and nucleoside/nucleotide analogues for chronic hepatitis B and chemotherapy radiotherapy and surgery for cancer. Both treatments have their limitations making complete cure an elusive goal. Therefore the identification of new therapeutic targets using medicinal plants and the development of new antiviral and anticancer strategies are of utmost importance.
The aim of this review is to identify from the literature the substances and molecules of West African flora involved in the fight against chronic hepatitis B and liver cancer and to provide a summary of their mechanisms of action.
Pubmed HAL open science and Google Scholar literature search engines were used to identify medicinal plants and molecules from the West African flora.
Among West African countries Gambia and Niger had the highest prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and 09 West African countries had high rates of liver cancer. A number of studies carried out in Mali Benin Senegal and Burkina Faso enabled us to list anti-HBV and anticancer plants as well as a number of molecules isolated from plants found in West African regions.
By offering a glimpse into the world of anti-HBV and anticancer molecules from West Africa this review provides valuable information to support the future development of herbal antiviral and anticancer drugs.
Quercetin Promotes the M1-to-M2 Macrophage Phenotypic Switch During Liver Fibrosis Treatment by Modulating the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway
To investigate the underlying mechanism by which quercetin (Que) regulates macrophage polarization and its subsequent therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis an important pathological precondition for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
In vitro experiments were performed on the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage line. After the induction of M1-type macrophages with LPS the effects of Que on cell morphology M1/M2 surface marker expression cytokine expression and JAK2/STAT3 expression were analyzed. In vivo male SD rats were used as a model of CCL4-induced hepatic fibrosis and the effects of Que on serum aminotransferase levels the histopathological structure of liver tissues and macrophage-associated protein expression in liver tissues were analyzed.
In vitro experiments revealed that Que can suppress the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway leading to decreases in the expression of M1 macrophage surface markers and cytokines. Additionally Que was found to increase the expression of M2 macrophage surface markers and cytokines. In vivo assays demonstrated that Que significantly ameliorated the development of inflammation and fibrosis in a rat liver fibrosis model.
Que can inhibit hepatic fibrosis by promoting M1 to M2 macrophage polarization which could be associated with its ability to suppress the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in macrophages.
Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Patented Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Ambrisentan for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Ambrisentan is a new endothelin receptor antagonist extensively used to manage pulmonary or pulmonary arterial hypertension.
The therapeutic efficacy of Ambrisentan is limited due to its reduced solubility higher log P (3.4) and thus less bioavailability. The recent investigation was concentrated on the improvement of solubility and bioavailability of Ambrisentan for the therapy of hypertension via solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) administered orally.
XRD evaluated the compatibility of Ambrisentan with lipids with FTIR DSC and crystalline nature. The SLN was developed by High-pressure homogenization method. The Glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 indicated the highest solubility hence selected. The optimization was performed with Box-Behnken Design considering the concentration of GMS (X1) Tween 80 (X2) stirring speed (X3) as independent factors and particle size (Y1) entrapment efficiency (Y2) as dependent factors. The Patents on the SLN are Indian 202321053691 U.S. Patent 10973798B2 U.S. Patent 10251960B2 U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1 and U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1.
The optimized batch F1 showed particle size (130 nm) ZP (-18.9 mV) and entrapment efficiency (85.73%). The dual release pattern (prompt and sustained) was achieved with the SLN-loaded Ambrisentan for about 24 hours. The lyophilized sample was subjected to SEM which also revealed a spherical shape of a colloidal dispersion with a particle size of 126 nm. Hence the F1 batch is highly recommended for solid oral delivery and also for the pilot-plant scale-up.
A marked improvement in the solubility and dissolution of Ambrisentan was attained with the SLN. Moreover the sustained delivery via the oral route enabled the patient's comfort compliance and therapeutic efficacy.
Recent Advancements in Novel Formulations of Anti-psoriatic Agents for Effective Delivery: Clinical Importance and Patent Survey
Background: An autoimmune-mediated dermatological ailment featuring recurrent episodes is acknowledged as psoriasis. Around the world 2–3% of people suffer from this autoimmune skin condition. Objectives: The primary goal of the current review is to analyse and determine the effectiveness of conventional and emerging nano technological strategies to alleviate psoriasis and discuss future perspectives. Methods: A thorough search of numerous electronic databases including Science Direct Scopus Google Scholar Clinical Trials Google Patents Research Gate and PubMed yielded all the data used in this review paper about the management of psoriasis via various anti-psoriatic agent and nanotechnology approaches. Keywords such as topical liposomes niosomes micro needles clinical trials patents pathogenesis biosimilars cytokines and other pertinent words were investigated. Results: Nano technological approaches are gaining prominence since they enable targeted delivery rapid onset of action with limited systemic exposure. Researchers have investigated innovative alternative therapeutic approaches that are both secure and efficient for treating psoriatic conditions. Further the potential role of numerous psoriatic conventional therapies has been explored. The patents granted or in process to address psoriasis via topical route have been well explored. Modern nanotechnology has made it possible for pharmaceuticals to be delivered with improved physical chemical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic qualities. Despite extensive research complete cure for psoriasis is hampered. Conclusion: Relying on the extensive literature review it can be inferred that nanoparticles based novel delivery strategies have the possibility of enhancing the pharmacological activity and eliminating or resolving problems associated with this ailment. The different drug delivery systems available for the treatment of psoriasis along with the clinical trials in different stages patents in process and granted the commercialized status of therapeutic molecules and the future of research in this area have been thoroughly reviewed.
Investigations on Cylindrical Surrounding Double-gate (CSDG) Mosfet using ALXGA1-XAS/INP: PT with LA2O3 Oxide Layer for Fabrication
Background/Introduction: The Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate MOSFET has been designed using Aluminium Gallium Arsenide in its arbitrary alloy form alongside Indium Phosphide with Lanthanum Dioxide as a high-#153; dielectric material. Objective: To conduct research on the novel application of AlxGa1-xAs/InP: Pt with La2O3 oxide layer in the fabrication of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-gate (CSDG) MOSFET with the ultimate goal of obtaining patentable findings and developing intellectual property in the field. The heterostructure based on the AlxGa1-xAs/InP: Pt has been used in the design and implementation of the MOSFET for RF applications. Platinum serves as the gate material which has higher electronic immunity toward the Short Channel Effect and highlights semiconductor properties. The charge buildup is the main concern in the field of MOSFET design when two different materials are considered for fabrication. Methods: The usage of 2 Dimensional Electron Gas has been outstanding in recent years to help the electron buildup and charge carrier accumulation in the MOSFETs regime. Device simulation used for the smart integral systems is an electronic simulator that uses the physical robustness and the mathematical modeling of semiconductor heterostructures. In this research work the fabrication method of Cylindrical Surrounding Double Gate MOSFET has been discussed and realized. The scaling down of the devices is essential to reduce the area of the chip and heat generation. By using these cylindrical structures the area of contact with the circuit platform is reduced since the cylinder can be laid down horizontally. Results: The coulomb scattering rate is observed to be 18.3 % lower than the drain terminal when compared to the source terminal. Also at x = 0.125 nm the rate is 23.9 % which makes it the lowest along the length of the channel; at x = 1 nm the rate is 1.4 % lesser than that of the drain terminal. A 1.4 A/mm2 high current density had been achieved in the channel of the device which is significantly larger than comparable transistors. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that the proposed cylindrical structures transistor compared to the conventional transistor not only occupies a smaller area but also demonstrates enhanced efficiency in RF applications. These results suggest the potential for patentable innovations in the field of transistor design and fabrication offering opportunities for intellectual property development and commercialization.
Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Patent Research
Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely applied in research and industrial fields finding applications in nanomedicine drug delivery biomedical devices electronics the energy sector and environmental protection. Patents provide information on the industrial viability of product technologies and the number of patent documents provides an estimate of the evolution of a specific technological field. Aims: The present work aims to describe the current trends in AgNPs patent applications. In addition a retrospective study of published patents in Brazil is presented. Methods: Analyses of AgNPs-related patents were conducted using the free platform for patent search Lens® in 2010-2019 and articles published in same period using the Scholar® base. The patent applications and their evolution over time major depositors and holders and the main technological areas associated with AgNP applications have been described. Results: China and United States are the major patent applicants for nanotechnologies. The worldwide distribution of publications of journal articles shows that China India and the United States are the leading countries in the total number of articles published in that order. Conclusion: Our study of patent applications and published articles confirmed the growing global increase in new technologies involving NPs and AgNPs particularly in the biotechnology area in the fields of medicine and agriculture.
Preclinical Safety Assessment of Lepidium sativum L. Seed Extract and its Nanoparticles via Acute and Subacute Oral Administration
Background: Lepidium sativum (LS) seed extract has various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant hepatoprotective and anticancer activities. However the translation of L. sativum seed extract to the clinical phase is still tedious due to its bioavailability and stability issues. This problem can be solved by encapsulating it in a nanodelivery system to improve its therapeutic potency. Methods: In this study we have determined and compared the in vivo toxicity of ethanolic extracts of L. sativum seeds (EELS) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). To conduct toxicity (acute and subacute toxicity) assessments EELS and SLNs were orally administered to Swiss albino mice. Animal survival body weight the weight of vital organs in relation to body weight haematological profile biochemistry profile and histopathological alterations were examined. Results: Animals administered with 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg in an acute toxicity study exhibited no toxicological symptoms regarding behaviour gross pathology and body weight. As per a study on acute toxicity the LD50 (lethal dose) for SLNs and EELS was over 400 mg/kg and over 5000 mg/kg respectively. When animals were given SLNs (50 and 100 mg/kg orally) and EELS (250 500 and 1000 mg/kg orally) for 28 days subacute toxicity study did not exhibit any clinical changes. There were no differences in weight gain haematological parameters or biochemical parameters compared to the control groups (p > 0.05). The organs of the treated animals showed no abnormalities in the histological analysis (liver heart kidney and spleen). Conclusion: The result confirms ethanolic extracts of L. sativum seeds and their SLNs to not have harmful effects following acute and subacute administration to mice. For further studies patents available on Lepidium may be referred for its preclinical and clinical applications.