Forensic Science
Effect of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract on the Toxicity Induced by Ethyl Methanesulphonate (EMS) in the Third Instar Larvae of Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg9
Neem known for its medicinal benefits such as anti-inflammatory antioxidant and anti-cancer properties can serve as a complementary or alternative treatment. Research has also indicated that neem extracts lessen the harmful effects of the chemotherapy drug cisplatin on healthy cells while still preserving its ability to target cancer cells effectively. Different parts of the Neem tree such as leaves bark fruit flowers oil and gum have been traditionally used in herbal medicine for treating various health conditions including cancer hypertension heart disease and diabetes.
The effect of neem extract was studied on the Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) (an anti-cancerous drug)-induced toxicity in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg9.
The third instar larvae were exposed to 25 µM of EMS alone and along with 4×10-3g/ml 8×10-3g/ml 12×10-3g/ml and 16×10-3g/ml of neem extract (NE) mixed in diet for 24 hrs.
A significant increase in toxicity was observed in the larvae exposed to 25 µM of EMS. A dose-dependent significant decrease in the toxic effects was observed in the larvae exposed to various doses of neem extract. The GCMS analysis of the neem extract showed the presence of Phytol and α-tocopherol as major compounds.
The reduction in the toxicity induced by EMS is mainly attributed to phytol and α-tocopherol.
Harnessing Nature's Arsenal: Phytoconstituents Targeting Mediators Involved in Pathogenesis of Asthma
Asthma is a persistent respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation and constriction of the air passages resulting in recurrent symptoms including difficulty breathing wheezing coughing and a sensation of tightness in the chest. It requires ongoing management through medications and lifestyle adjustments. The use of natural bioactive compounds in asthma management is on the rise. Researchers are increasingly exploring the potential of compounds derived from plants and herbs such as quercetin resveratrol and Boswellia extracts for their anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties. Compounds like quercetin and resveratrol are known to reduce inflammation by inhibiting enzymes like PDE4 and LOX-5 which play key roles in asthma-related inflammation. They can additionally regulate immune reactions by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like “IL-6 IL-5 and IL-4”. Additionally some compounds like those found in Boswellia extracts inhibit NF-κB activation which further reduces the production of inflammatory mediators. These natural remedies offer a promising avenue for complementing traditional asthma treatments potentially providing relief from symptoms and reducing the reliance on synthetic drugs. The aim of this review is to offer an outline of well-researched plant-derived phytoconstituents that influence cellular activity to control inflammatory mediators associated with asthma. Nevertheless additional high-quality research is essential to validate the clinical effectiveness of plant-based treatments for asthma.
Development and Validation of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Wogonin in S. barbata D. Don Herb
Scutellaria barbata D. Don a perennial herb with a rich history in traditional medicine is known for its bioactive compounds including wogonin. It possesses anti-inflammatory antioxidant and anticancer properties. Together with other bioactive compounds wogonin contributes to the pharmacological activities associated with S. barbata D. Don making it a subject of interest in both traditional and modern medicinal research. This study aimed to develop and validate a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method for the precise and accurate quantification of wogonin in the hydroethanolic extract of S. barbata D. Don.
The process was developed and underwent rigorous validation following the ICH guidelines. Parameters such as linearity specificity instrument precision precision accuracy limit of detection (LOD) limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness were systematically evaluated to ensure the method's reliability.
The HPTLC separation was conducted on TLC aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 and optimal separation was achieved using Ethyl acetate: toluene: formic acid (5: 4.9: 0.1 (v/v/v/v)) as the mobile phase. Densitometric scanning at 254 nm in reflection/absorbance mode revealed compact spots at Rf 0.87 corresponding to wogonin. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a robust linear relationship between peak area and the amount of wogonin in the range of 10-40 (µg/mg). The quantification of wogonin in crude extracts obtained was 3.274 µg/mg of extract.
In summary the developed HPTLC method emerges as a straightforward precise and accurate tool for the rapid screening of active constituents specifically wogonin within the petroleum ether extracts of S. barbata D. Don. This method holds promise for routine quality control and analysis of herbal materials and formulations containing S. barbata D. Don contributing to the ongoing exploration of its therapeutic potential.
Readiness for Southern Africa to Employ Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy
Forensic investigative genetic genealogy (FIGG) has garnered significant interest in solving cold criminal casework and has proven to be the solution to numerous unidentified human remains (UHR). Forensic samples can be subjected to a private genomic database where whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technique to retrieve genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data is performed. After conducting bioinformatics analysis the data can be compared with the data of other users on the genomic database to identify distant relatives.
The article aims to explore FIGG in investigating criminal casework and identifying human remains. Moreover it aims to create awareness among Southern Africans and advocate for a comprehensive approach involving all key stakeholders and practitioners to ensure the ethical and privacy-conscious establishment of FIGG with a particular focus on Southern Africa.
The study employed a qualitative technique including a literature scan on FIGG. Interviews were done with various stakeholders including SAPS detectives forensic examiners and overseas specialists.
FIGG is gaining popularity in many countries as a supplement to existing investigative tools. It is labour-intensive and requires increased participation of Southern Africans in private genetic genealogy databases. Specific resources and dedication are required before FIGG can be successfully implemented in the region as a routine investigative tool to solve cold cases and identify unidentified human remains.
Implementing FIGG in the Southern African region is not imminent but may be considered.
The Potential Role of Herbal Plants in the Management of Depression: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence
Depression a debilitating mental health disorder affecting millions worldwide continues to challenge the medical community. While several pharmacological interventions exist their efficacy and side effects often warrant the exploration of alternative treatments. Natural products derived from plants have gained attention for their potential antidepressant properties in preclinical studies. This comprehensive review examines the antidepressant activity of various plant-based extracts through preclinical investigations and explores the underlying mechanisms of action. Our review systematically analyzes the literature encompassing a wide range of plants. We present evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies highlighting the behavioural and neurochemical changes induced by these plant-derived compounds. Furthermore we delve into the potential mechanisms of action encompassing modulation of neurotransmitters anti-inflammatory effects neurogenesis promotion and antioxidant properties. The reviewed studies suggest that numerous plants possess promising antidepressant properties potentially offering novel therapeutic avenues. However the variability in methodologies and the need for further clinical validation underscore the complexity of translating preclinical findings into effective treatments. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians alike shedding light on the current state of knowledge regarding plants with antidepressant potential and their underlying mechanisms of action paving the way for future investigations and therapeutic developments in the field of depression management.
Peak Penetration Force during Stabbing of Chest Wall with a Ceremonial Sword
The force required for a sword to penetrate the human chest was identified as an important issue for the defense in a case of homicide by stabbing. Previous literature on penetration force had tested knives but not swords.
The objective of the current study was to determine the peak force during penetration of a surrogate for human tissue with a ceremonial sword.
The sword was secured to an MK-10 Tensile Tester and forced to penetrate a pork rib cut at speeds of 350 mm/min and 1100 mm/min including both regions of rib and cartilage for pork ribs without skin or covered with a layer of porcine skin.
In the case of the pork ribs without skin the mean peak penetration force at a speed of 350 mm/min was 11.0 N compared to a mean of 10.5 N at a speed of 1100 mm/min. The distributions of peak penetration forces at the two speeds were not significantly different. In the case of the pork ribs covered with porcine skin the mean peak penetration force at a speed of 350 mm/min was 50.0 N compared to a mean of 47.6 N at a speed of 1100 mm/min. The distributions of peak penetration forces at the two speeds were again not significantly different.
Forces of less than 50 N would be required for a ceremonial sword to penetrate the tissues of the human chest although there is a risk of penetration for forces as low as 5 N when the effect of the porcine skin is not considered. Furthermore the force required for penetration did not vary significantly over a three-fold speed of penetration.
Review of Six Different Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Techniques for Forensic Science, including Advantages and Disadvantages
Next-generation sequencing methods have advanced greatly since Sanger sequencing allowing for increased data yield productivity and utility. Read time can be used to categorize the upcoming technological generations. This article summarizes the differences between the two technological paradigms the second-generation (short-read) kind and the third-generation (long-read) variety. Popular technologies such as Ion Torrent and Illumina stand in for short-read sequencing methods whereas Oxford Nanopore and Pacific Biosciences are used to represent long-read sequencing approaches. The introduction of the first next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology about ten years ago completely transformed the study of genetics. Whole genomes are now mapped and published practically weekly as a result of speed and cost advances. The number of scholarly papers and conference presentations highlighting the forensic uses of NGS in multiple forensic genetic laboratories has somewhat increased from the previous year. These results show that NGS provides new opportunities for forensic genomic investigation. To gather more information from multiple specimens in a single experiment combinations of different markers such as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) insertion/deletions and mRNA can be used instead of the usual Polymerase Chain Reactions-CE techniques. The most significant forensic STR loci's true spectrum of variation and hitherto unknown STR alleles have been discovered. We will address the possible use of single-molecule sequencing and NGS in forensic science.
Investigation of Anti-Diabetic Properties of Ceylon Cinnamon Bark Extracts by In-Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition, Molecular Modeling, and Postprandial Blood Glucose Regulation for Potential Nutraceuticals
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can appear due to the absence of insulin (DM1-type 1) or poor response of cells to insulin (DM2-type 2). Even though DM1 cannot be controlled using general treatments DM2 can be easily controlled or prevented using pharmaceuticals nutraceuticals or dietary practices. Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is one such natural remedy that has been consumed against elevated blood glucose levels in the past. Cinnamon and different types of cinnamon extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes that are responsible for carbohydrate metabolism and are effective in blood glucose regulation. However the combined effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of cinnamon bark on blood glucose regulation is still lacking. In this study Water Extract of Cinnamon (CWE) Ethanol Extracts of Cinnamon (hot ethanol extract of cinnamon-CHEE cold ethanol extract of cinnamon-CEE and 50% ethanol extract of cinnamon- CEE-50) were studied for their sugar-controlling properties.
This study was performed to identify the efficacy of different cinnamon extracts on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes followed by animal studies to confirm the use of the extracts in nutraceutical formulations.
Water and ethanol-based extraction method was used to prepare cinnamon extracts. These extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Molecular docking studies were used to identify the binding of the active molecules to the substrate binding sites of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats.
Yields of the CHEE CEE and CWE were 14±2% 12±2% and 8±1% respectively. According to the LCMS data the major component in the CEE was cinnamaldehyde. Both CWE and CEE were subjected to the Total Polyphenol assay (TPC) and Total Flavonoids (TFC) assays. The TPC of CWE and CEE were 117±1 mg (Gal)/g and 170±10 mg (Gal)/g while the TFC of CWE and CEE were 359±1 mg (Qc)/g and 254±4 mg (Qc)/g respectively. In the α-amylase inhibition assay Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor and CEE showed IC50 values of 65.4 ppm and 2.6 ppm while CWE failed to show inhibition against α-amylase. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor CEE and CWE showed IC50 values of 312 ppm 4.5 ppm and 1.3 ppm respectively. In vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies that have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats showed a lowering of blood glucose concentrations by 22% 11% and 10% of glucose at 30 min 60 min and 90 min compared to the control group.
The CEE contains polyphenols and flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The CWE also contains polyphenols and a comparatively higher level of flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting α-glucosidase while not affecting α-amylase inhibition. Overall the IC50 data TPC data and TFC data proposed that the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes by polyphenols may depend on the polarity of particular polyphenols. Based on the rat trials it can be concluded that the 1:1 combination of CWE and CEE may be useful in formulating postprandial blood glucose level-regulating nutraceuticals.
Analysis of Anti-Cancer Effects in Grapefruit-based Drug Development: A Narrative Review
Cancer remains a significant global health concern and natural compounds found in fruits and vegetables have shown potential anti-cancer effects. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) has gained attention due to its rich phytochemical composition and biological activities including anti-cancer properties. This narrative review analyzes the literature on grapefruit-based drug development and its potential as an adjunctive or alternative therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Grapefruit-derived compounds have been extensively studied for their anti-cancer effects with preclinical studies showing promising outcomes in inhibiting cancer cell growth and proliferation. Compounds made from grapefruit also have anti-cancer effects. They do this in a number of ways such as by affecting the cell cycle apoptosis angiogenesis metastasis and key signalling pathways. Petrified grapefruit compounds have potential synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy drugs enhancing cytotoxic effects while reducing adverse side effects. They have shown promising results in overcoming drug resistance a major obstacle in cancer treatment. However challenges such as bioavailability drug interactions and variability in compound composition remain. Overall grapefruit-derived compounds possess significant anti-cancer properties and warrant further investigation for clinical application.
Regulatory Pathways for Ayurvedic Formulations in India
Ayurveda a traditional system of medicine originating in India focuses on teaching people how to live a healthy lifestyle. Ayurveda describes health as harmony between body mind emotions and spirituality. It interprets illness as a symptom and result of disharmony. It is a system that is increasingly becoming an object of interest for people around the world. It is a way for healthy people looking for methods of prevention and patients looking for natural ways to heal. The regulatory requirements for its formulations have been a major challenge. Some regulations for Ayurveda are clubbed together with those of other systems of medicine for example Siddha Unani and Homeopathy due to their similarity but the official books relevant to the Ayurvedic systems of medicine are separately compiled and conserved. Ayurveda does not prohibit anything it does not act invasively or aggressively and in the treatment of ailments it uses all naturally occurring bioactive substances which for example in Western countries are associated with “functional food” or “dietary supplements”. In order to increase the quality and reliability of Ayurvedic formulations various councils and departments under these ministries have been laying the foundation of standards and protocols as per the demands of regulatory authorities. The direct or indirect connection among the different Ministries of India governing the regulations for the production standardization and development of Ayurvedic formulations has also been viewed. Improvement in quality parameters has a higher level of acceptance of ayurvedic formulations. It has amplified the market size of the ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry. The synchronisation of various regulations in India could emerge as a powerful tool in establishing a novel platform for the whole world in the manufacturing and development of ayurvedic formulations for the benefit of mankind.
Abutilon indicum: Bioactive Compounds and Diverse Therapeutic Applications
A large variety of secondary metabolites are found in medicinal plants and the majority are significant in medicine. One of the well-known plant species used to cure a wide range of human illnesses is Abutilon indicum. The plant Abutilon indicum has a wide range of therapeutic uses and its varied parts have been employed to cure a wide range of ailments. Numerous bioactive substances such as polyphenols flavonoids alkaloids saponins tannins and glycosides are present in the plant. Potent antioxidant anti-inflammatory antibacterial hepatoprotective hypoglycaemic analgesic sedative and diuretic activities have been demonstrated in these compounds. Additionally the plant has been shown to have cytoprotective properties and to guard against DNA damage brought on by oxidative stress. Future research is required to pinpoint the specific bioactive chemicals responsible for the pharmacological effects of Abutilon indicum and the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's therapeutic uses. Overall Abutilon indicum has demonstrated great therapeutic potential and deserves further study as a possible source of homeopathic treatments for various illnesses. The present study covers a summary of the phytochemical and ethnomedicinal applications of Abutilon Indicum that would further help in exploring the research in natural medicine.
From Ayurveda to Global Practices: A Review on Polyherbal Formulations for Depression Management in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies
This review summarizes various polyherbal formulations investigated for antidepressant activity in preclinical and clinical studies. Ayurveda an alternative medical system from India employs both single herbs and polyherbal formulations to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Evidence suggests that whole herb extracts can be more potent than isolated compounds. Polyherbal formulations combining multiple herbs with various active compounds aim to maximize therapeutic effects and safety. This review compiles data from published research to provide insights for future studies and potential development of effective marketable antidepressant formulations derived from natural sources.
Evaluation of Anti-Depressant Potential of Standardized Hydroethanolic Extract of S. barbata D. Don Using Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model
S. barbata D. Don is a Chinese herb that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It has established traditional use in ethnomedicine for treating various ailments including mood disorders and sleep disorders which led to growing interest in exploring its neurological potential particularly as a potential anti-depressant agent.
This study explores the anti-depressant potential of the HSBE utilizing a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-induced depression model in mice. Additionally the research aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.
Swiss albino mice were subjected to a 3-week CUMS paradigm and subsequently administered HSBE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg via oral administration. The behavioral alterations were evaluated using the FST TST OFT and SPT. Brain levels of serotonin dopamine and nor-epinephrine were estimated in different brain regions (cortex hippocampus and hypothalamus) to uncover the molecular mechanism. Additionally assays for monoamine oxidase-A monoamine oxidase-B and antioxidant enzyme activities were conducted. Plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels were also measured to get further insight into potential mechanisms underlying the anti-depressant effects of HSBE.
HSBE significantly ameliorated depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS paradigm as evidenced by reduced immobility in FST and TST increased locomotor activity in OFT and improved sucrose preference in SPT. Neurochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the cortex hippocampus and hypothalamus of HSBE-treated mice implying a potential regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels. Moreover biochemical analyses demonstrated a significant inhibition of both MAO-A and MAO-B activity contributing to the increase of the brain levels of neurotransmitters. The administration of HSBE also led to a significant enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced brain lipid peroxidation indicating a pronounced antioxidant effect of HSBE. Furthermore decreased plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels provided additional insights into HSBE's potential multi-targeted anti-depressant mechanism.
This study indicates that HSBE exhibits robust anti-depressant properties supported by behavioral neurochemical and biochemical alterations. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of HSBE as a natural intervention for depressive disorders warranting further clinical exploration.
Nature's Remedy: Exploring Herbal Treatments for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition characterized by chronic ovulation issues and hyperandrogenism affecting approximately 6% to 20% of women of reproductive age depending on diagnostic criteria. Symptoms typically manifest during early adolescence presenting as irregular menstrual cycles anovulation and acne. While some mechanisms underlying PCOS development have been identified its precise etiology and pathophysiology remain elusive.
This article delves into the pathogenesis and management of PCOS by exploring relevant literature on PubMed. Various contributing factors to PCOS were meticulously examined including epigenetics environmental toxins stress diet inflammation oxidative stress hyperandrogenism insulin resistance and obesity. This review examines the importance of herbal remedies in addressing Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) focusing on the chemical makeup mode of action and therapeutic uses of specific herbal medications targeting PCOS. However despite this investigation there remains a significant gap in completed clinical trials on repurposed drugs for PCOS often with small sample sizes and inconclusive outcomes. Given the limited research in this area further studies and carefully planned clinical trials are warranted to understand PCOS and its management better. Additionally gaining deeper insights into PCOS could facilitate the development of novel drugs targeting newly discovered pathways thereby improving treatment options for individuals affected by this syndrome.
Diabetes Management: Herbal Remedies and Emerging Therapies
Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide characterized by inadequate insulin production or malfunctioning insulin action leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Its prevalence is escalating globally with estimates projecting a rise from 2.8% to over 5.4% of the world's population by 2025. In India diabetes poses a significant health challenge especially in urban areas. While conventional medications are widely available herbal remedies have gained popularity due to their potential for fewer side effects and lower costs. Herbal remedies have been employed for centuries in diabetes management and have been extensively studied for their blood sugar regulatory properties. Prominent herbs studied for their potential to manage diabetes include gymnema cinnamon fenugreek and bitter melon. These herbs are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity reduce glucose absorption in the intestines and improve glucose metabolism. This review highlights emerging alternative treatment options such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy in the field of diabetes management. Stem cell therapy aims to regenerate insulin-producing cells or enhance their function while gene therapy targets the underlying genetic factors contributing to diabetes. These innovative approaches hold promise for more effective and personalized treatments in the future. It is essential to emphasize that any diabetes treatment or remedy should be discussed with a healthcare professional. Diabetes management requires a personalized approach based on individual needs and medical history. The integration of herbal remedies and alternative treatment options into conventional diabetes management warrants further research to determine their efficacy safety and potential for widespread implementation.
Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Capsules of Sunflower Seed Extracts for the Treatment of Anemia
The study aimed to develop pharmaceutical nutraceutical capsules containing extracts from sunflower seeds to treat anemia and associated diseases. Sunflower seed extract (SFSE) was obtained from Helianthus annuus L and the phytochemicals antioxidant vitamins and mineral compositions were evaluated.
Pharmaceutics evaluations were analyzed using the dried extracts to determine their flowability. The extracts were further formulated into capsule dosage forms and evaluated. The phytochemical screening of sunflower seed extract and powdered crude indicated the presence of tannin flavonoid phenol saponins phytate oxalate alkaloids and steroids. The quantitative phytochemical composition of sunflower seed extract revealed a high alkaloid content of 11.80 ± 0.02% steroid composition of 2.80 ± 0.01% and a phenolic compound of 0.02 ± 0.00%. SFSE also showed different amounts of antioxidants vitamins A C and E. Vitamin C (1924.20 µg/mg) was significantly the highest (p<0.05) followed by vitamin E (42.01±1.02 µg/mg) and the least was vitamin A (18.01 µg/mg). The micromeritics studies of the dried powdered extract revealed an excellent flow. The extracts were adequately formulated in capsules using hard-shell gelatin capsules in combination with compatible pharmaceutical-grade excipients. The uniformity of capsule weight showed an average weight of 488 mg ± 0.7377% and 492 mg ± 0.3252%.
The data obtained from the extracts' content analysis showed that the extracts and all their constituents were neither affected by formulation procedures nor excipients. Hence they exhibited an average content of 98 ± 0.07%. Zinc iron copper manganese and selenium in sunflower seeds could provide antioxidants which can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction improving health status and the blood's red blood cell composition.
SFSE capsules were stable and could be used to mask the taste and odor of this extract to enhance patient compliance.
The Synergistic Enhancement of Anti-Metabolic Diseases Function of Morus alba with the Combination of Cha (Camellia sinensis)
Functional foods play an important role in the prevention and amelioration of metabolic syndromes leading to type 2 diabetes. Plant resources that have anti-metabolic syndromes activity such as Morus alba L. and Cha (Camellia sinensis L.) have been used in functional foods against diabetes. Since Morus and Cha have different mechanisms of action against metabolic syndromes such as prevention of sugar uptake and lipidosis respectively the combination of both resources will be a reliable approach for developing more efficient functional food against type 2 diabetes because certain synergism is expected in their functions.
Male Wister Rats were fed the high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet for 12 weeks with and without supplementation of Morus and Cha alone and their combination and the effect of their supplementation on the markers of the metabolic syndrome such as obesity lipidosis and fatty liver formation were examined.
Several metabolic syndrome markers including body weight gain lipid deposit and fatty liver formation were more significantly prevented by the diet supplemented with Morus and Cha combination compared to Morus or Cha given separately.
Appropriate formulation of food resources with different functional mechanisms is a promising strategy for developing effective dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes that is a typical Mibyou.
A Comprehensive Review on Peptic Ulcer
Up to 10% people in the world are affected by a chronic condition known as peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer development is influenced by the pH of gastric juice and a decline in mucosal defenses. Proton-pump inhibitors histamine (H2) receptor antagonists prostaglandin analogues and sucralfate have all been used to treat peptic ulcer disease. There has been a continuing search for an appropriate palliative and curative agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease using natural materials of plant and animal origin due to the complexity cost and toxicity of these medications. The goal of this review was to examine medicinal plants phytochemicals pathways and research models that have been applied to the treatment of Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in order to assess the potential contribution of natural substances to the development of herbal treatments for PUD. A literature search was used to find information utilising electronic databases such as Web of Science Google Scholar PubMed Sci Finder Reaxys and Cochrane.
Evaluation of Neuroprotective effect of Cassia occidentalis L. against Colchicine Induced Memory Impairment in Wistar Rats
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that develops with aging.
In this research we have examined the anti - Alzheimer’s effect of ethanolic extract from roots of Cassia occidentalis L. on colchicine-induced Alzheimer’s in Wistar rats.
Ethanolic extract was obtained and spectroscopic chromatography analysis was performed. Acute toxicity studies using Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines 423 were performed to examine and make sure that there were no signs of toxic effects. The induction of AD was done using colchicine which leads to symptoms like neurotoxicity neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this experiment a thorough analysis of body weight behavioral parameters locomotor activity and biochemical evaluation was performed to estimate the medicinal properties of Cassia occidentalis L in treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Pharmacognostic analysis showed the presence of vascular bundles starch grains fibers calcium oxalate crystals elongated parenchyma and collenchyma mucilage as shown in the supplementary files. Locomotor activity Escape latency time Conditioned avoidance response and Transfer latency were improved with treatment. Interleukin- 6 (IL - 6) levels were reduced significantly in the Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg group (739.2 ± 0.37 pg/ml) than in the Colchicine Group (850.6 ± 0.40 pg/ml). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was decreased in the Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg Group (1030.93 ± 0.51 pg/ml) than in the Colchicine Group (1455.06 ± 1.25 pg/ml). A significant decrease in total protein level was observed in the Colchicine Group (2.52 ± 0.10 mg/ml) (3.33 ± 0.90 mg/ml) as compared to Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg Group (5.27 ± 0.09 mg/ml (5.01 ± 0.10 mg/ml) respectively in the Hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex. The levels of antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT) Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) Reduced glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. When compared to the Colchicine Group (7.33 ± 0.16 nM/ mg the MDA level was lower in the Colchicine + 100 Cassia mg/kg Group (3.20 ± 0.01 nM/ mg). The level of CAT in Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg Group (7.01 ± 0.03 μmoles of H2O2/mg of protein) was seen to be increased when compared to Colchicine Group (3.32 ± 0.17 μmoles of H2O2/mg of protein). The level of SOD in Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg Group (7.43 ± 0.02 U mg -1 of protein) was seen to be increased when compared with Colchicine Group (4.55 ± 0.03 U mg -1 of protein). The level of GSH in Colchicine + 200 Cassia mg/kg Group (10.07 ± 0.19 nM/mg -1 of protein) was increased when compared with the Colchicine Group (5.82 ± 0.11nM/mg -1 of protein).
Histopathology of the Hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex showed diminished amyloid plaques and neurodegeneration in the treatment groups.
The present study showed that ethanolic extract from the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. At 100 and 200 mg/kg doses in Wistar rats improved memory damage by reducing oxidative stress. Levels of the antioxidant enzymes as CAT and SOD GSH were increased and MDA was decreased. The cytokine levels in the serum of Wistar rats of IL-6 level and TNF-α level were reduced significantly. Estimation of total protein level was found to be increased. It restored neuronal degeneration in the Hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex and reduced oxidative stress. This suggests that the ethanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis L. could be an effective therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases like AD.