Skip to content
2000
image of Preliminary In silico Analysis of Adenylate Kinase 1 (ADK1) of Echinococcus granulosus as a Candidate for Vaccination against Cystic Echinococcosis

Abstract

Background

A neglected zoonosis, Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), is most common in developing nations worldwide. Vaccination is, therefore, helpful in preventing the disease.

Objective

Predicting the main biochemical properties of Adenylate Kinase 1 (ADK1) and its possible B-cell and T-cell-binding epitopes as a valuable candidate for immunization was the goal of the current study.

Methods

Predictions were made to determine biochemical, antigenic, structural, and subcellular characteristics, along with the immunogenic epitopes, using several online servers.

Results

The extracellular 22 KDa protein had no allergenicity, while it possessed hydrophilicity (GRAVY: -0.286), stability (instability: 17.48), tolerance to a wide range of temperatures (aliphatic: 93.45), and 17 post-translational modification sites. The secondary structure mostly comprised helices and random coils and the 3D model was generated using Robetta server (confidence: 0.88). Common B-cell epitopes were discovered by three servers and screened for antigenic, allergenic, and solubility traits. Moreover, MHC-associated epitopes for mice and humans were predicted in ADK1 with subsequent screening.

Conclusion

This work offers a foundation for further investigation on designing an effective vaccination against CE. Further empirical research study with the examined protein solely or combined with other antigens is needed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/raiad/10.2174/0127722708319310240903183008
2024-09-19
2025-01-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Wen H. Vuitton L. Tuxun T. Li J. Vuitton D.A. Zhang W. McManus D.P. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st century. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2019 32 2 e00075-18 10.1128/CMR.00075‑18 30760475
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Shams M. Javanmardi E. Nosrati M.C. Ghasemi E. Shamsinia S. Yousefi A. Kordi B. Majidiani H. Nourmohammadi H. Bioinformatics features and immunogenic epitopes of Echinococcus granulosus Myophilin as a promising target for vaccination against cystic echinococcosis. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2021 89 104714 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104714 33434702
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Khalkhali H Foroutan M Khademvatan S Majidiani H Aryamand S Khezri P Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Helminthol. 2018 92 3 260 268 10.1017/S0022149X17000463
    [Google Scholar]
  4. McManus DP Gray DJ Zhang W Yang YJB Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis. BMJ 2012 344 e3866 10.1136/bmj.e3866
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Budke CM Carabin H Ndimubanzi PC Nguyen H Rainwater E Dickey M A systematic review of the literature on cystic echinococcosis frequency worldwide and its associated clinical manifestations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2013 88 6 1011 1027 10.4269/ajtmh.12‑0692
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Budke C.M. Deplazes P. Torgerson P.R. Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006 12 2 296 303 10.3201/eid1202.050499 16494758
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Otero-Abad B Torgerson PRJPNTD A systematic review of the epidemiology of echinococcosis in domestic and wild animals. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013 7 6 e2249.> 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002249
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Pourseif M.M. Moghaddam G. Saeedi N. Barzegari A. Dehghani J. Omidi Y. Current status and future prospective of vaccine development against Echinococcus granulosus. Biologicals 2018 51 1 11 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.10.003 29100669
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Lightowlers M Colebrook A Gauci C Gauci S Kyngdon C Monkhouse J Vaccination against cestode parasites: Anti-helminth vaccines that work and why. Vet. Parasitol. 2003 115 2 83 123 10.1016/S0304‑4017(03)00202‑4
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Vercruysse J. Knox D.P. Schetters T.P.M. Willadsen P. Veterinary parasitic vaccines: Pitfalls and future directions. Trends Parasitol. 2004 20 10 488 492 10.1016/j.pt.2004.07.009 15363443
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Craig P. Hegglin D. Lightowlers M. Torgerson P.R. Wang Q. Echinococcosis: Control and prevention. Advances in parasitology. Elsevier 2017 96 55 158
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gasteiger E. Hoogland C. Gattiker A. Wilkins M.R. Appel R.D. Bairoch A. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. The proteomics protocols handbook. Springer 2005 571 607 10.1385/1‑59259‑890‑0:571
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Ponomarenko J. Bui H.H. Li W. Fusseder N. Bourne P.E. Sette A. Peters B. ElliPro: A new structure-based tool for the prediction of antibody epitopes. BMC Bioinformatics 2008 9 1 514 10.1186/1471‑2105‑9‑514 19055730
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Greenbaum J Sidney J Chung J Brander C Peters B Sette AJI Functional classification of class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules reveals seven different supertypes and a surprising degree of repertoire sharing across supertypes. Immunogenetics 2011 63 6 325 335
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Larrieu E. Gavidia C.M. Lightowlers M.W. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses Public Health 2019 66 8 889 899 10.1111/zph.12649 31529690
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Del Tordello E. Rappuoli R. Delany I. Reverse vaccinology: Exploiting genomes for vaccine design. Human vaccines. Elsevier 2017 65 86
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gottstein B. Soboslay P. Ortona E. Wang J. Siracusano A. Vuitton D. Immunology of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE and CE). Advances in parasitology. 96. Elsevier 2017 1 54
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Zhang W. Li J. McManus D.P. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003 16 1 18 36 10.1128/CMR.16.1.18‑36.2003 12525423
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Song H.Y. Zhan J.F. Hua R.Q. He X. Du X.D. Xu J. He R. Xie Y. Gu X.B. Peng X.R. Yang G.Y. Molecular characterization and immunological properties of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) ADK1 and ADK8. Parasitol. Res. 2023 122 7 1557 1565 10.1007/s00436‑023‑07857‑9 37148368
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Shao G. Hua R. Song H. Chen Y. Zhu X. Hou W. Li S. Yang A. Yang G. Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2023 17 10 e0011709 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011709 37871121
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Majidiani H Soltani S Ghaffari AD Sabaghan M Taghipour A Foroutan MJC In-depth computational analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 of Toxoplasma gondii provides promising targets for vaccination. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 2020 9 2 146 158
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Walsh C. Posttranslational modification of proteins: expanding nature’s inventory. Roberts and Company Publishers 2006
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lee T.Y. Hsu J. Chang W.C. Wang T.Y. Hsu P.C. Huang H.D. A comprehensive resource for integrating and displaying protein post-translational modifications. BMC Res. Notes 2009 2 1 111 10.1186/1756‑0500‑2‑111 19549291
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hansson M Design and production of recombinant subunit vaccines. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2000 32 2 95 107
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Yadav G. Rao R. Raj U. Varadwaj P.K. Computational modeling and analysis of prominent T-cell epitopes for assisting in designing vaccine of ZIKA virus. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2017 7 08 116 122
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Shaddel M. Ebrahimi M. Tabandeh M.R. Bioinformatics analysis of single and multi-hybrid epitopes of GRA-1, GRA-4, GRA-6 and GRA-7 proteins to improve DNA vaccine design against Toxoplasma gondii. J. Parasit. Dis. 2018 42 2 269 276 10.1007/s12639‑018‑0996‑9 29844632
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Zhang W. Wen H. Li J. Lin R. McManus DP. Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012 2012 101895 10.1155/2012/101895 22235225
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/raiad/10.2174/0127722708319310240903183008
Loading
/content/journals/raiad/10.2174/0127722708319310240903183008
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test