Recent Advancements in Applications of Alginates in Drug Delivery, Tissue Engineering, and Biomedical Field

Alginates, originating from the cell walls of brown algae, constitute a class of biopolymers known for their linear, unbranched architecture. Comprising both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric blocks, these polymers are constructed through glycosidic bonds linking β-D mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid units in a 1-4 configuration. The specific arrangement of these monomers, whether in alternate, sequential, or random configurations, imparts distinct physical and chemical properties to the polysaccharide. The composition and organization of alginates play a pivotal role in dictating their performance and potential applications, particularly within the realm of biomedicine. A comprehensive understanding of their intricate chemistry and characterization is imperative for effective utilization. This knowledge serves as the cornerstone for designing tailored delivery systems and strategies to leverage the unique attributes of alginates for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Commercially, alginates are offered in diverse forms and hues, encompassing sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts. Alginates show commendable biocompatibility and biodegradability and exhibit a marked absence of antigenicity and toxicity. In addition, their ability to form chelates with divalent cations and to facilitate the creation of pH-responsive gels through crosslinking with calcium and magnesium significantly enhances their versatility. Alginates possess a molecular weight range of from 60,000 to 700,000 Da, a parameter capable of adjusting to align with specific applications. This inherent versatility positions them as valuable assets across a spectrum of fields, including pharmaceuticals, tissue regeneration scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents. The review article provides a comprehensive exploration of the diverse applications of alginates in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and various domains within biomedicine. By delving into the nuanced characteristics and behaviors of alginates, we aspire to unlock their full potential in advancing therapeutic and diagnostic interventions.