Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia - Online First

Increased environmental occurrences of nanoparticles are reported to be hazardous to aquatic life. The uptake of nano pollutants poses a significant impact on fish behaviour, reproductive function, endocrine system, and immune response, among other physiological factors. The review article highlighted various factors that are involved in nanotoxicity and also listed out the effects and mechanisms of nanoparticle on aquatic system. The behaviour and toxicity of nanoparticles on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and histology abnormalities are recorded from various literature. Additionally, the knowledge gaps on the effect of nanoparticles that could alter the neurological and immunological systems of aquatic creatures, influencing the release of cytokines and neurotransmitters are summarized. Various developmental defects and physiological disorders in fish are caused by mitochondrial malfunction, membrane damage, and DNA changes. Haematological, biochemical, and histological characteristics in the exposed microenvironment affect the natural growth and development of aquatic organisms. Overall, this review highlights the critical information on the toxicity of the nano exudate on the aquatic species and records of their ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystem.

Nanocellulose is derived from plant fibers that exhibit extraordinary strength and adaptability at the nanoscale. The nanocellulose is categorized into three different types of namely bacterial cellulose (BC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC). A few remarkable properties like shape, good surface area, and biological characteristics like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and less toxicity make it unique. Nanocellulose may have usage in antimicrobial applications, drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical coatings, and bioavailability enhancement. The nanocellulose is explored continuously to obtain a thorough knowledge of it in the field of pharmaceuticals. Nanocellulose exhibits remarkable potential as a medication delivery carrier system because of its special properties. Drug distribution to targeted locations inside the human body can be made more effective and selective when nanocellulose is structured and formulated in the form of nanocarrier system. Before nanocellulose is used in pharmaceutical yield it is extracted from plant cell walls there are some extraction methods for each type of nanocellulose. For nanocrystalline cellulose and nano fibrillated cellulose, processes like grinding, homogenization, and acid hydrolysis are employed, while BC is extracted using bacterial culture techniques. Several applications of nanocellulose are now beneficial in terms of pharmaceutical uses as well as pharmacological research, and future study is anticipated to provide more information. The pharmaceutical sector is now researching to test the use of developed nanocellulose in medication delivery systems.

Selenium is a significant trace microelement responsible for detoxification and supporting the health of human beings. Selenium is consumed as a part of dietary supplements where in it has a very narrow margin for its physiological role and the toxic effects produced. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) have proven significant as a chemoprotective agent in treatment of the neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. The present review briefs the requirement of selenium and its various methods of preparation. Further emphasizing on the application of SeNP for the treatment of various disease conditions. A literature search on Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, was done and the recent articles regarding the preparation of Selenium NP by chemical and biological techniques including microbial conversions and using plant extracts along with physical conversions were studied. Further diversified applications were looked for where SeNP can exhibit antioxidant properties as Se is an innate member of the antioxidant system. Summarizing the review on SeNP has been more exciting as Se as an element is known as trace element but phytofabricated and biogenic preparations of SeNP having low toxicity with synergistic effects. Toxicity studies indicate the safety of SeNP as compared to selenium oxide and itsinorganic salts, however in-depth study and species-to-species variation must be understoodto formulate the SeNP in the appropriate dosage form. Various techniques have been studied for the preparation of SeleniumNanoparticles and havethe potential for application in the treatment of various life-threateningdiseases and metabolic disorders, infectious conditions. The synergistic effect of Se and the plants or microorganisms known for their medicinal application reduces the toxicity of the selenium nanoparticles when compared within organic salts. Further extensive studies on the epidemiology regarding the variation in serum level of Se and its administration as a supplement or therapeutic purpose can be a cut-edge treatment for life-threatening conditions.