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- Volume 23, Issue 13, 2023
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry - Volume 23, Issue 13, 2023
Volume 23, Issue 13, 2023
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Tannic Acid as a Green Cross-linker for Biomaterial Applications
Plant-derived tannic acid as a green material can play an important role in improving the mechanical and physical properties of biomaterials. Tannic acid can be used as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cross-linking agent in biomaterial products due to its unique functional groups. Its active phenolic groups can react with biomaterial functional groups to form bonds that improve performance. In this review, the mechanism of effectiveness of tannic acid as a natural crosslinker in improving the properties of biomaterials for various applications, such as tissue engineering, tissue adhesives, drug delivery, wound healing, and toxicity studies, has been investigated. In general, tannic acid can be a suitable alternative to synthetic crosslinkers in biomaterial applications.
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Small-Molecule Drugs in Immunotherapy
Authors: Xuanrun Hao, Zhongliang Chen, Haining Li, Minqin Wei, Zhili Zuo and Qing SuImmunotherapy has been increasingly used in the treatment of cancer. Compared with chemotherapy, immunotherapy relies on the autoimmune system with fewer side effects. Small molecule immune-oncological medicines usually have good bioavailability, higher tissue and tumor permeability, and a reasonable half-life. In this work, we summarize the current advances in the field of small molecule approaches in tumor immunology, including small molecules in clinical trials and preclinical studies, containing PD1/PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors, IDO inhibitor, STING activators, RORγt agonists, TGF-β inhibitors, etc. PD-1/DP-L1 is the most attractive target at present. Some small molecule drugs are being in clinical trial studies. Among them, CA-170 has attracted much attention as an oral small molecule drug. IDO is another popular target after PD-1/PDL1. The dual IDO and PD-1 inhibitor can improve the low response of PD-1 and has a good synergistic effect. STING is a protein that occurs naturally in the human body and can enhance the body's immunity. RORγt is mainly expressed in cells of the immune system. It promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells and produces the key factor IL-17, which plays a key role in the development of autoimmune diseases. TGFβ signaling exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity on the coordinate innate and adaptive immunity, impairing the antitumor potential of innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is worth mentioning that immunotherapy drugs can often achieve better effects when used in combination, which will help defeat cancer.
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Recent Developments in Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Lalduhsanga Pachuau and Ranjita NathCellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) have been touted to be among the materials of the 21st century. It is an emerging biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterial with unique physicochemical properties adaptable to various surface modifications. The characteristics and properties of CNCs are now understood to depend upon the source of the cellulose and the conditions of its isolation. Over the past decade, CNCs with various morphologies, including rod, ribbon, needle shapes, spherical, square, block and rectangular shapes with unique surface properties, have been synthesized. Studies have shown that surface and morphological properties of CNCs have substantial control over the rheology, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake, which ultimately influence its purposive biomedical applications. The objective of the current survey is to analyze the advances made in the shape-controlled synthesis and fabrication of CNCs morphology and review the influence such morphological variations have on its functionality in biomedical fields.
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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Current State of the Art
The human microbiome comprises the genomes of the microbiota that live on and within humans, such as protozoa, archaea, eukaryotes, viruses, and most bacteria. Gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome can all be triggered by a change in gut flora. The alteration of the gut microbiota (also known as "gut dysbiosis") is affected by host genetics, nutrition, antibiotics, and inflammation, and it is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Also, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, altered autophagy, and immune hyperactivation are frequently detected in individuals with severe IBD, which may be attributed to impaired miRNA expression functions. While the exact mechanisms of how Gut Microbiota may cause IBD and intestinal epithelial dysfunction are still debated, recent data point toward the possibility that hormones, gender and miRNAs expression are modifiable contributors to IBD. This review summarizes the current evidence for an association between hormones, gender and miRNAs and Gut Microbiota in IBD and discusses potential mechanisms by which gut microbiota may impact IBD. The study also outlines critical unanswered topics that need to be solved to enhance IBD prevention and treatment in people with gut dysbiosis.
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Review of Recent Updates on Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring, Health and Toxicological Implications, and Analysis
A class of organic chemicals known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) consists of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon atoms. High boiling points, chemical stability, non-flammability, and insulating properties have enabled them to be used in various industries. Because of their high toxicity, PCBs were one of the first industrial compounds to be banned from production. These compounds have high-fat solubility with bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties in the environment, food chain, and individuals. Hence, they may have an impact not only on individual organisms but ultimately on whole ecosystems. The main sources of PCB exposure are food and environmental pollutants. In the toxicology of PCBs, oxidative stress plays the most influential function. The induction of CYP1A1 due to the high affinity of PCBs for aryl hydrocarbon receptors is considered a trigger for oxidative stress. Production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione occur due to phase 133; and 133;¡ metabolism, respectively. Thus, cellular redox balance may be disrupted in the presence of PCBs and their metabolites. Chronic and long-term exposure to these compounds can often lead to life-threatening diseases, like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, cancer, and reproductive and endocrine disorders. We present the current knowledge of the routes of PCB exposure and bioaccumulation, the outlook regarding environmental and food safety, the potential role of PCBs in various diseases, the principal mechanisms responsible for PCB toxicity, and the main detection techniques used for PCBs.
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 24 (2024)
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Volume 23 (2023)
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Volume 22 (2022)
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Volume 21 (2021)
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Volume 20 (2020)
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Volume 19 (2019)
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Volume 18 (2018)
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Volume 17 (2017)
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Volume 16 (2016)
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Volume 15 (2015)
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Volume 14 (2014)
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Volume 13 (2013)
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Volume 12 (2012)
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Volume 11 (2011)
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Volume 10 (2010)
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Volume 9 (2009)
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Volume 8 (2008)
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Volume 7 (2007)
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Volume 6 (2006)
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Volume 5 (2005)
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Volume 4 (2004)
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Volume 3 (2003)
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Volume 2 (2002)
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Volume 1 (2001)