Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) - Volume 21, Issue 10, 2021

Prolonged treatment with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) agonists is known to induce bone loss among prostate cancer patients. However, evidence on the skeletal effects of GnRH antagonists is relatively less well-known. This review aims to examine the effects of GnRH antagonists on bone health. GnRH antagonists are an effective treatment for hormone-dependent conditions, such as advanced prostat Read More

Background: Regardless of the enormous success of vaccines over decades, the formulation of biocompatible and highly effective vaccines is still insufficient for combating new pathogens. Discussion: The degree of effectiveness of any vaccine largely depends on the choice of appropriate adjuvant. Along with the optimum biocompatibility, an ideal adjuvant must be biodegradable, economical and easy to manufacture. To d Read More

The classification of adeno-pituitary tumor was deeply revised over the last 20 years, in order to better describe the variable and complex biological and clinical behavior of these neoplasia and to identify prognostic markers of aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Recently, the International Pituitary Pathology Club proposed to replace the term “pituitary adenoma” with “pituitary neuroendocrine tumour” (PitNET), to reflect si Read More

Within the pathophysiology of epilepsy, as a chronic brain disorder, the involvement of neuroinflammation has been extensively implied. Recurrent seizures of epilepsy have been associated with elevated levels of immune mediators that seem to play a pivotal role in triggering them. Neurons, glia, and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) take part in such inflammatory processes by expressing receptors of associate Read More

In late 2019, SARS-COV-2 disease was firstly discovered in Wuhan, China and then it infected millions of people worldwide. Later, the World Health Organization (WHO) described COVID-19 as the first pandemic invading the world in the 21st century. The WHO has declared that the emerging infection will last long enough to force adjustments not only in people's lifestyles but also in the health care system. This amendment is e Read More

The existence of a causal relationship between the rise of the death rate in COVID-19 infected patients and their sufferance from non-communicable pathophysiological conditions, particularly chronic diseases, was recently evidenced. In fact, in addition to the immunodeficiency generated by chronic disease conditions, COVID-19 also led to affect the immune system. Furthermore, the novel coronavirus attacks th Read More

Vitamins are essential substances for normal cell functions, growth, and development. However, they cannot be produced by the human organism, so intake must be through the diet. Vitamin deficiency causes the onset of different diseases, ranging from pellagra to pernicious anemia, which can be corrected by reintroducing the missing vitamin form. To supply the right amount of vitamins to the body, every vitamin naturally Read More

Breast milk has been considered the best source of nutrition for newborns. Several epidemiological and basic experimental studies have been conducted to understand the nutritional advantages of breast milk. Previous findings have emphasized the importance of good maternal nutrition. Maternal milk provides macromolecules, minerals, immune cells, antibodies, hormones, and regular flora to strengthen their offspring p Read More

Introduction: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) interact in several physiological mechanisms, playing a role in arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. Aim and Methods of Search: To overview the primary mechanism involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function, PubMed/Medline was searched, and authors selected original articles and reviews written in English. Results: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and v Read More

Immune dysregulation, neuronal inflammation, and oligodendrocyte degradation are key causes for autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) and various other immune dysregulated neurodegenerative complications responsible for CNS-mediated immune responses. Sirtuin (SIRT-1) is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent transcriptional protein that deacetylases and removes acetyl groups from its tr Read More

Background: Melatonin is a biomarker of the central circadian clock and its chronobiotic actions entraining circadian rhythms to the light-dark cycle are well known. Reduction in melatonin levels and altered circadian rhythms have been associated with a high risk of breast cancer. Melatonin has also been shown to display anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer growth and proliferation. Evaluation of melatonin circadian rhythm Read More

Colorectal cancer is known to be the paramount reason for cancer deaths around the globe. It occurs due to the aggregation of epigenetic and genetic alterations in colon epithelial cells that transmute them into adenocarcinomas. Epigenetic mechanisms are interpreted as the changes in expression of the gene which is not associated with the alterations in the principal DNA sequence, while genetic changes involve modific Read More

Background: Type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by gradual destruction of beta cells in islets of Langerhans. Teplizumab is a humanized anti- CD3 monoclonal antibody, which may have beneficial effects for T1DM patients. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of teplizumab in T1DM patients. Methods: We searched electronic databases using relate Read More

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Triptolide on renal injury in diabetic nephropathy rats. Methods: A total of 15 male SD rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups (3 rats in each group): control group, model group, Triptolide low-dose (Triptolide-L) group, Triptolide medium- dose (Triptolide-M) group, Triptolide high-dose (Triptolide-H) group. The rat models of diabetic ne Read More

Background: In this study, we explored the impacts of moderate-to-high intensity resistance circuit training (MHRCT) and Ursolic acid (UA) supplementation to improve these pathological changes in young older obese women (women between the ages of 50 and 70). Methods: The study included twenty-five young older women (age > 50 years and ≤70 years) with stage I-II obesity (BMI ≥ 30 and <40 kg/m2), who receive Read More

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disease characterized by widespread body pain, weakness in certain parts of the body (critical points), low pain tolerance, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. This syndrome is considered rare in Jordan. Objectives: The research aimed to find out the association of the angiotensin converting enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and vitamin D receptor (ACE, MHF Read More

Background: Neonatal jaundice is a common neonatal disease that has adverse effects on neonates, especially preterm neonates, when indirect bilirubin level is adequately high to pass the blood-brain barrier, causing bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the value of zinc (Zn) supplementation in preterm neonates with jaundice and whether it will be beneficial. Patients and Meth Read More

Background: Hypothyroidism is a frequently observed comorbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), possibly giving rise to unfavorable outcomes. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of TSH changes over time on cardiac function and prognosis of outpatients with CHF. Methods: Patients underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic evaluations at baseline and after 12 months. Mo Read More