Skip to content
2000
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders)
  4. Volume 24, Issue 15
  5. Article
Volume 24, Issue 15
  • ISSN: 1871-5303
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3873

Abstract

Objective

Patients with impaired glucose metabolism have increased thyroid volume and a higher prevalence of nodules. Yet, some studies show that there is an improvement in these thyroid parameters after diabetes treatment. Our observational study aimed to reveal the effect of treatment on thyroid function, thyroid volume, and the presence of nodules in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were started on metformin treatment.

Methods

Euthyroid and subclinically hypothyroid patients with a serum TSH level of <10 mU/L, who were newly diagnosed with T2DM and started on metformin as an antidiabetic treatment and not used any thyroid medication previously, were included in our study. Patients' characteristics were recorded. Baseline and 6th-month serum thyroid function tests were scheduled. Baseline and 6th-month thyroid gland characteristics were examined by thyroid ultrasonography.

Results

A total of 101 (37 males, 64 females) newly diagnosed T2DM patients with euthyroid (n=95) or subclinical hypothyroidism (n=6) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 53.02 ± 11.9 years, and the mean BMI was 29.60 ± 3.9 kg/m2. Fifty-two (52%) patients were classified as obese. Body weight, BMI, serum TSH, ALT, Anti-TPO levels, and thyroid volume decreased significantly in the 6th-month compared to baseline values ( = 0.000; = 0.000; = 0.011; = 0.022; = 0.000, respectively). Serum anti-Tg, fT4, fT3 levels, and thyroid nodule count did not change significantly. A high agreement was found between the baseline and 6th-month nodule counts (gamma= 0.886; < 0.001) and the presence of multi-nodularity in the thyroid (gamma= 0.941; < 0.001), but no significant change was observed. Anti-TPO levels showed a significant decrease in both with and without obesity groups at the end of 6 months ( = 0.003, = 0.009, respectively). Serum TSH level decreased significantly only in non-obese subjects ( = 0.004), and thyroid volume decreased significantly only in obese subjects ( = 0.000).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that metformin treatment significantly reduces body weight, BMI, thyroid volume, and serum TSH, ALT, and Anti-TPO levels in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Moreover, serum TSH levels showed a significant decrease in non-obese subjects, while thyroid volume showed a significant decrease in obese subjects.

© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/emiddt/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
2024-04-24
2024-11-16

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/emiddt/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. MasharaniU. Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology 10th ed. GardnerD.G. ShobackD. Mc Graw HillNew York2011
     [Google Scholar]
  2. GoolsbyM.J. BlackwellJ. Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obese adults.J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract.200214519619810.1111/j.1745‑7599.2002.tb00113.x12051142
     [Google Scholar]
  3. FrontczakR.A. MajchrzakA. ZiółkiewiczZ.D. Insulin resistance in endocrine disorders - Treatment options.Endokrynol. Pol.201768333435110.5603/EP.2017.002628660991
     [Google Scholar]
  4. JunikR. KozinskiM. KozinskaD.K. Thyroid ultrasound in diabetic patients without overt thyroid disease.Acta Radiol.200647768769110.1080/0284185060080630816950706
     [Google Scholar]
  5. DuranA.O. AnilC. GursoyA. NarA. InancM. BozkurtO. TutuncuN.B. Thyroid volume in patients with glucose metabolism disorders.Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol201458882482710.1590/0004‑273000000341825465604
     [Google Scholar]
  6. AnilC. AkkurtA. AyturkS. KutA. GursoyA. Impaired glucose metabolism is a risk factor for increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area.Metabolism201362797097510.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.00923395200
     [Google Scholar]
  7. TangY. YanT. WangG. ChenY. ZhuY. JiangZ. YangM. LiC. LiZ. YuP. WangS. ZhuN. RenQ. NiC Correlation between insulin resistance and thyroid nodule in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Int. J. Endocrinol.20172017161745810.1155/2017/1617458
     [Google Scholar]
  8. MaxzudC.M. RasjidoG.L. FregenalM. CalafioreA.F. LanusC.M. D’UrsoM. LuciardiH. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Medicina201676635535827959843
     [Google Scholar]
  9. MengX. XuS. ChenG. DerwahlM. LiuC. Metformin and thyroid disease.J. Endocrinol.20172331R43R5110.1530/JOE‑16‑045028196954
     [Google Scholar]
  10. SchmidD. BehrensG. JochemC. KeimlingM. LeitzmannM. Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur. J. Epidemiol.2013281294595810.1007/s10654‑013‑9865‑024243033
     [Google Scholar]
  11. BalkanF. OnalE.D. UsluogullariA. TuzunD. OzdemirD. InancliS.S. ErsoyR. CakirB. “Is there any association between insulin resistance and thyroid cancer?: A case control study”.Endocrine2014451556010.1007/s12020‑013‑9942‑x23564559
     [Google Scholar]
  12. GrigoriadisG. KoufakisT. KotsaK. Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical considerations on the interplay between thyroid disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Medicina20235911201310.3390/medicina59112013
     [Google Scholar]
  13. IttermannT. MarkusM.R. SchipfS. DerwahlM. MeisingerC. VölzkeH. Metformin inhibits goitrogenous effects of type 2 diabetes.Eur. J. Endocrinol.2013169191510.1530/EJE‑13‑0101
     [Google Scholar]
  14. ForetzM. GuigasB. BertrandL. PollakM. ViolletB. Metformin: From mechanisms of action to therapies.Cell Metab.201420695396610.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.01825456737
     [Google Scholar]
  15. WangY.W. HeS.J. FengX. ChengJ. LuoY.T. TianL. HuangQ. Metformin: A review of its potential indications.Drug Des. Devel. Ther.2017112421242910.2147/DDDT.S14167528860713
     [Google Scholar]
  16. ChenG. XuS. RenkoK. DerwahlM. Metformin inhibits growth of thyroid carcinoma cells, suppresses self-renewal of derived cancer stem cells, and potentiates the effect of chemotherapeutic agents.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.2012974E510E52010.1210/jc.2011‑175422278418
     [Google Scholar]
  17. HanB. CuiH. KangL. ZhangX. JinZ. LuL. FanZ. Metformin inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth, migration, and EMT through the mTOR pathway.Tumour Biol.20153686295630410.1007/s13277‑015‑3315‑425854169
     [Google Scholar]
  18. TsengC.H. Metformin reduces thyroid cancer risk in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes.PLoS One2014910e10985210.1371/journal.pone.010985225303400
     [Google Scholar]
  19. KrysiakR. SzkróbkaW. OkopieńB. Sex-dependent effect of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.Pharmacol. Rep.20166861115111910.1016/j.pharep.2016.07.00227588386
     [Google Scholar]
  20. CannarellaR. CondorelliR.A. BarbagalloF. AversaA. CalogeroA.E. La VigneraS. TSH lowering effects of metformin: A possible mechanism of action.J. Endocrinol. Invest.20214471547155010.1007/s40618‑020‑01445‑933058005
     [Google Scholar]
  21. KrysiakR. SzkrobkaW. OkopienB. The effect of metformin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with type 2 diabetes and subclinical hyperthyroidism.Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes2015123420520810.1055/s‑0034‑139862125658660
     [Google Scholar]
  22. KrysiakR. GilowskaM. SzkróbkaW. OkopieńB. The effect of metformin on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with type 2 diabetes and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism.Pharmacol. Rep.201668249049410.1016/j.pharep.2015.11.01026922558
     [Google Scholar]
  23. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018 abridged for primary care providers.Clin. Diabetes2018361143710.2337/cd17‑011929382975
     [Google Scholar]
  24. CarvalhoG.A. PerezC.L. WardL.S. The clinical use of thyroid function tests.Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol201357319320410.1590/S0004‑2730201300030000523681265
     [Google Scholar]
  25. SinghR.J. KaurP. Thyroid hormone testing in the 21st century.Clin. Biochem.2016491284384510.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.06.00727329994
     [Google Scholar]
  26. SarafidisP.A. LasaridisA.N. NilssonP.M. PikilidouM.I. StafilasP.C. KanakiA. KazakosK. YovosJ. BakrisG.L. Validity and reproducibility of HOMA-IR, 1/HOMA-IR, QUICKI and McAuley’s indices in patients with hypertension and type II diabetes.J. Hum. Hypertens.200721970971610.1038/sj.jhh.100220117443211
     [Google Scholar]
  27. TaylorP.N. AlbrechtD. ScholzA. BueyG.G. LazarusJ.H. DayanC.M. OkosiemeO.E. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.201814530131610.1038/nrendo.2018.1829569622
     [Google Scholar]
  28. PeetersR.P. Subclinical hypothyroidism.N. Engl. J. Med.2017376262556256510.1056/NEJMcp161114428657873
     [Google Scholar]
  29. LoevnerL.A. Imaging of the thyroid gland.Semin. Ultrasound CT MR199617653956210.1016/S0887‑2171(96)90003‑79023867
     [Google Scholar]
  30. BurgosN. OspinaN.S. SiposJ.A. The future of thyroid nodule risk stratification.Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.202251230532110.1016/j.ecl.2021.12.00235662443
     [Google Scholar]
  31. BrunnJ. BlockU. RufG. BosI. KunzeW.P. ScribaP.C. Volumetric analysis of thyroid lobes by real-time ultrasound.Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr.1981106411338134010.1055/s‑2008‑10705067274082
     [Google Scholar]
  32. AnilC. KutA. AtesagaogluB. NarA. TutuncuB.N. GursoyA. Metformin decreases thyroid volume and nodule size in subjects with insulin resistance: A preliminary study.Med. Princ. Pract.201625323323610.1159/00044282126618447
     [Google Scholar]
  33. OngK.L. StaffordL.K. McLaughlinS.A. BoykoE.J. VollsetS.E. SmithA.E. DaltonB.E. DupreyJ. CruzJ.A. HaginsH. LindstedtP.A. AaliA. AbateY.H. AbateM.D. AbbasianM. KangevariA.Z. KangevariA.M. ElHafeezA.S. RabuA.R. AbdulahD.M. AbdullahA.Y.M. AbediV. AbidiH. AboagyeR.G. AbolhassaniH. GharbiehA.E. ZaidA.A. AdaneT.D. AdaneD.E. AddoI.Y. AdegboyeO.A. AdekanmbiV. AdepojuA.V. AdnaniQ.E.S. AfolabiR.F. AgarwalG. AghdamZ.B. BoteroA.M. ArriagadaA.C.E. DuahA.W. AhinkorahB.O. AhmadD. AhmadR. AhmadS. AhmadA. AhmadiA. AhmadiK. AhmedA. AhmedA. AhmedL.A. AhmedS.A. AjamiM. AkinyemiR.O. HamadA.H. HasanA.S.M. AhdalA.T.M.A. AlalwanT.A. Al-AlyZ. AlBatainehM.T. RabanalA.J.E. AlemiS. AliH. AliniaT. AljunidS.M. AlmustanyirS. RaddadiA.L.R.M. GuzmanA.N. AmareF. AmeyawE.K. AmiriS. AmusaG.A. AndreiC.L. AnjanaR.M. AnsarA. AnsariG. MoghaddamA.A. AnyasodorA.E. ArablooJ. AravkinA.Y. AredaD. ArifinH. ArkewM. ArmocidaB. ÄrnlövJ. ArtamonovA.A. ArulappanJ. ArulebaR.T. ArumugamA. AryanZ. AsemuM.T. JafarabadiA.M. AskariE. AsmelashD. BurtA.T. AtharM. AthariS.S. AtoutM.M.W. BurgosA.L. AwaisuA. AzadnajafabadS. BD.B. BabamohamadiH. BadarM. BadawiA. BadiyeA.D. BaghcheghiN. BagheriN. BagheriehS. BahS. BahadoryS. BaiR. BaigA.A. BaltatuO.C. BaradaranH.R. BarchittaM. BardhanM. BarengoN.C. BärnighausenT.W. BaroneM.T.U. Barone-AdesiF. BarrowA. BashiriH. BasiruA. BasuS. BasuS. BatihaA-M.M. BatraK. BayihM.T. BayileyegnN.S. BehnoushA.H. BekeleA.B. BeleteM.A. BelgaumiU.I. BeloL. BennettD.A. BensenorI.M. BerheK. BerhieA.Y. BhaskarS. BhatA.N. BhattiJ.S. BikbovB. BilalF. BintoroB.S. BitarafS. BitraV.R. MikanovicB.V. BodolicaV. BoloorA. BrauerM. SayaveraB.J. BrennerH. ButtZ.A. CalinaD. CamposL.A. NonatoC.I.R. CaoY. CaoC. CarJ. CarvalhoM. OrjuelaC.C.A. LópezC.F. CerinE. ChadwickJ. ChandrasekarE.K. ChanieG.S. CharanJ. ChattuV.K. ChauhanK. CheemaH.A. AbebeC.E. ChenS. CherbuinN. ChichagiF. ChidambaramS.B. ChoW.C.S. ChoudhariS.G. ChowdhuryR. ChowdhuryE.K. ChuD-T. ChukwuI.S. ChungS-C. CoberlyK. ColumbusA. ContrerasD. CousinE. CriquiM.H. Cruz-MartinsN. CuschieriS. DaboB. DadrasO. DaiX. DamascenoA.A.M. DandonaR. DandonaL. DasS. DascaluA.M. DashN.R. DashtiM. CervantesD.C.A. De la GóngoraC.V. DebeleG.R. DelpasandK. DemisseF.W. DemissieG.D. DengX. GutiérrezD.E. DeoS.V. DerviševićE. DesaiH.D. DesaleA.T. DessieA.M. DestaF. DewanS.M.R. DeyS. DhamaK. DhimalM. DiaoN. DiazD. DinuM. DiressM. DjalaliniaS. DoanL.P. DongarwarD. dos FigueiredoS.F.W. DuncanB.B. DuttaS. DziedzicA.M. EdinurH.A. EkholuenetaleM. EkundayoT.C. ElgendyI.Y. ElhadiM. El-HuneidiW. ElmeligyO.A.A. ElmonemM.A. EndeshawD. EsayasH.L. EshetuH.B. EtaeeF. FadhilI. FagbamigbeA.F. FahimA. FalahiS. FarisM.A.I.E.M. FarrokhpourH. FarzadfarF. FatehizadehA. FazliG. FengX. FeredeT.Y. FischerF. FloodD. ForouhariA. ForoumadiR. KoudehiF.M. GaidhaneA.M. GaihreS. GaipovA. GalaliY. GanesanB. GordilloG.M.A. GautamR.K. GebrehiwotM. GebrekidanK.G. GebremeskelT.G. GetacherL. GhadirianF. GhamariS-H. NourG.M. GhassemiF. GolechhaM. GoleijP. GolinelliD. GopalaniS.V. GuadieH.A. GuanS-Y. GudayuT.W. GuimarãesR.A. GuledR.A. GuptaR. GuptaK. GuptaV.B. GuptaV.K. GyawaliB. HaddadiR. HadiN.R. HaileT.G. HajibeygiR. Haj-MirzaianA. HalwaniR. HamidiS. HankeyG.J. HannanM.A. HaqueS. HarandiH. HarliantoN.I. HasanS.M.M. HasanS.S. HasaniH. HassanipourS. HassenM.B. HauboldJ. HayatK. HeidariG. HeidariM. HessamiK. HiraikeY. HollaR. HossainS. HossainM.S. HosseiniM-S. HosseinzadehM. HosseinzadehH. HuangJ. HudaM.N. HussainS. HuynhH-H. HwangB-F. IbitoyeS.E. IkedaN. IlicI.M. IlicM.D. InbarajL.R. IqbalA. IslamS.M.S. IslamR.M. IsmailN.E. IsoH. IsolaG. ItumallaR. IwagamiM. IwuC.C.D. IyamuI.O. IyasuA.N. JacobL. JafarzadehA. JahramiH. JainR. JajaC. JamalpoorZ. JamshidiE. JanakiramanB. JayannaK. JayapalS.K. JayaramS. JayawardenaR. JebaiR. JeongW. JinY. JokarM. JonasJ.B. JosephN. JosephA. JoshuaC.E. JoukarF. JozwiakJ.J. KaambwaB. KabirA. KabthymerR.H. KadashettiV. KaheF. KalhorR. KandelH. KaranthS.D. KarayeI.M. KarkhahS. KatotoP.D.M.C. KaurN. KazemianS. KebedeS.A. KhaderY.S. KhajuriaH. KhalajiA. KhanM.A.B. KhanM. KhanA. KhanalS. KhatatbehM.M. KhaterA.M. KhateriS. khorashadizadehF. KhubchandaniJ. KibretB.G. KimM.S. KimokotiR.W. KisaA. KivimäkiM. KolahiA-A. KomakiS. KompaniF. KoohestaniH.R. KorzhO. KostevK. KothariN. KoyanagiA. KrishanK. KrishnamoorthyY. Kuate DefoB. KuddusM. KuddusM.A. KumarR. KumarH. KunduS. KurniasariM.D. KuttikkattuA. La VecchiaC. LallukkaT. LarijaniB. LarssonA.O. LatiefK. LawalB.K. LeT.T.T. LeT.T.B. LeeS.W.H. LeeM. LeeW-C. LeeP.H. LeeS. LeeS.W. LegesseS.M. LenziJ. LiY. LiM-C. LimS.S. LimL-L. LiuX. LiuC. LoC-H. LopesG. LorkowskiS. LozanoR. LucchettiG. MaghazachiA.A. MahashaP.W. MahjoubS. MahmoudM.A. MahmoudiR. MahmoudimaneshM. MaiA.T. MajeedA. Majma SanayeP. MakrisK.C. MalhotraK. MalikA.A. MalikI. MallhiT.H. MaltaD.C. MamunA.A. MansouriB. MaratebH.R. MardiP. MartiniS. MartorellM. MarzoR.R. MasoudiR. MasoudiS. MathewsE. MaugeriA. MazzagliaG. MekonnenT. MeshkatM. MestrovicT. Miao JonassonJ. MiazgowskiT. MichalekI.M. MinhL.H.N. MiniG.K. MirandaJ.J. MirfakhraieR. MirrakhimovE.M. Mirza-Aghazadeh-AttariM. MisganawA. MisginaK.H. MishraM. MoazenB. MohamedN.S. MohammadiE. MohammadiM. Mohammadian-HafshejaniA. MohammadshahiM. MohseniA. Mojiri-forushaniH. MokdadA.H. MomtazmaneshS. MonastaL. MoniruzzamanM. MonsU. MontazeriF. Moodi GhalibafA.A. MoradiY. MoradiM. Moradi SarabiM. MorovatdarN. MorrisonS.D. MorzeJ. MossialosE. MostafaviE. MuellerU.O. MulitaF. MulitaA. Murillo-ZamoraE. MusaK.I. MwitaJ.C. NagarajuS.P. NaghaviM. NainuF. NairT.S. NajmuldeenH.H.R. NangiaV. NargusS. NaserA.Y. NassereldineH. NattoZ.S. NaumanJ. NayakB.P. NdejjoR. NegashH. NegoiR.I. NguyenH.T.H. NguyenD.H. NguyenP.T. NguyenV.T. NguyenH.Q. NiaziR.K. NigatuY.T. NingrumD.N.A. NizamM.A. NnyanziL.A. NoreenM. NoubiapJ.J. NzoputamO.J. NzoputamC.I. OanceaB. OdogwuN.M. OdukoyaO.O. OjhaV.A. Okati-AliabadH. OkekunleA.P. OkonjiO.C. OkwuteP.G. OlufadewaI.I. OnwujekweO.E. OrdakM. OrtizA. OsuagwuU.L. OulhajA. OwolabiM.O. Padron-MonederoA. PadubidriJ.R. PalladinoR. PanagiotakosD. Panda-JonasS. PandeyA. PandeyA. PerumalP.S.R. StoianP.A.M. PardhanS. ParekhT. ParekhU. PasovicM. PatelJ. PatelJ.R. PaudelU. PepitoV.C.F. PereiraM. PericoN. PernaS. PetcuI-R. RochaP.F.E. PodderV. PostmaM.J. PouraliG. PourtaheriN. PratesE.J.S. QadirM.M.F. QatteaI. RaeeP. RafiqueI. RahimiM. RahimifardM. MovagharR.V. RahmanM.O. RahmanM.A. RahmanM.H.U. RahmanM. RahmanM.M. RahmaniM. RahmaniS. RahmanianV. RahmawatyS. RahnavardN. RajbhandariB. RamP. RamazanuS. RanaJ. RancicN. RanjhaM.M.A.N. RaoC.R. RapakaD. RasaliD.P. RashediS. RashediV. RashidA.M. RashidiM-M. RatanZ.A. RawafS. RawalL. RedwanE.M.M. RemuzziG. RengasamyK.R.R. RenzahoA.M.N. ReyesL.F. RezaeiN. RezaeiN. RezaeianM. RezazadehH. RiahiS.M. RiasY.A. RiazM. RibeiroD. RodriguesM. RodriguezJ.A.B. RoeverL. RohloffP. RoshandelG. RoustazadehA. RwegereraG.M. SaadA.M.A. Saber-AyadM.M. SabourS. SabzmakanL. SaddikB. SadeghiE. SaeedU. MoghaddamS.S. SafiS. SafiS.Z. SaghazadehA. AskariS.S.N. AskariS.S.F. SahebkarA. SahooS.S. SahooH. RahmanS.U.K.M. SajidM.R. SalahiS. SalahiS. SalehM.A. SalehiM.A. SalomonJ.A. SanabriaJ. SanjeevR.K. SanmarchiF. MilicevicS.M.M. SarasmitaM.A. SargaziS. SathianB. SathishT. SawhneyM. SchlaichM.P. SchmidtM.I. SchuermansA. SeiduA-A. KumarS.N. SepanlouS.G. SethiY. SeylaniA. ShabanyM. ShafaghatT. ShafeghatM. ShafieM. ShahN.S. ShahidS. ShaikhM.A. ShanawazM. ShannawazM. SharfaeiS. ShashamoB.B. ShiriR. ShittuA. ShivakumarK.M. ShivalliS. ShobeiriP. ShokriF. ShuvalK. SibhatM.M. SilvaL.M.L.R. SimpsonC.R. SinghJ.A. SinghP. SinghS. SirajM.S. SkryabinaA.A. SohagA.A.M. SoleimaniH. SolikhahS. ZangbarS.M.S. SomayajiR. SorensenR.J.D. StarodubovaA.V. SujataS. SulemanM. SunJ. SundströmJ. SeisdedosT.R. TabatabaeiS.M. TabatabaeizadehS-A. TabishM. TaheriM. TaheriE. TakiE. TamuziJ.J.L.L. TanK-K. TatN.Y. TayeB.T. TemesgenW.A. TemsahM-H. TeslerR. ThangarajuP. ThankappanK.R. ThapaR. TharwatS. ThomasN. TicoaluJ.H.V. TiyuriA. TonelliM. PaloneT.M.R. TricoD. TrihandiniI. TripathyJ.P. TromansS.J. TsegayG.M. TualekaA.R. TufaD.G. TyrovolasS. UllahS. UpadhyayE. VahabiS.M. VaithinathanA.G. ValizadehR. van DaalenK.R. VartP. VarthyaS.B. VasankariT.J. VaziriS. VermaM. VerrasG-I. VoD.C. WagayeB. WaheedY. WangZ. WangY. WangC. WangF. WassieG.T. WeiM.Y.W. WeldemariamA.H. WestermanR. WickramasingheN.D. WuY.F. WulandariR.D.W.I. XiaJ. XiaoH. XuS. XuX. YadaD.Y. YangL. YatsuyaH. YesiltepeM. YiS. YohannisH.K. YonemotoN. YouY. ZamanS.B. ZamoraN. ZareI. ZareaK. ZarrintanA. ZastrozhinM.S. ZeruN.G. ZhangZ-J. ZhongC. ZhouJ. ZielińskaM. ZikargY.T. ZodpeyS. ZoladlM. ZouZ. ZumlaA. ZunigaY.M.H. MaglianoD.J. MurrayC.J.L. HayS.I. VosT. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.Lancet20234021039720323410.1016/S0140‑6736(23)01301‑637356446
     [Google Scholar]
  34. VibertiG. KahnS.E. GreeneD.A. HermanW.H. ZinmanB. HolmanR.R. HaffnerS.M. LevyD. LachinJ.M. BerryR.A. HeiseM.A. JonesN.P. FreedM.I. A diabetes outcome progression trial (ADOPT): An international multicenter study of the comparative efficacy of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care200225101737174310.2337/diacare.25.10.173712351470
     [Google Scholar]
  35. CharbonnelB. DormandyJ. ErdmannE. BenedettiM.M. SkeneA. The prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events (proactive): Can pioglitazone reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes? Study design and baseline characteristics of 5238 patients.Diabetes Care20042771647165310.2337/diacare.27.7.164715220241
     [Google Scholar]
  36. BachmakovI. GlaeserH. FrommM.F. KönigJ. Interaction of oral antidiabetic drugs with hepatic uptake transporters: Focus on organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic cation transporter 1.Diabetes20085761463146910.2337/db07‑151518314419
     [Google Scholar]
  37. ChoiM.K. JinQ.R. AhnS.H. BaeM.A. SongI.S. Sitagliptin attenuates metformin-mediated AMPK phosphorylation through inhibition of organic cation transporters.Xenobiotica2010401281782510.3109/00498254.2010.52034920863201
     [Google Scholar]
  38. StageT.B. BrøsenK. ChristensenM.M.H. A comprehensive review of drug–drug interactions with metformin.Clin. Pharmacokinet.201554881182410.1007/s40262‑015‑0270‑625943187
     [Google Scholar]
  39. ChoS.K. KimC.O. ParkE.S. ChungJ.Y. Verapamil decreases the glucose‐lowering effect of metformin in healthy volunteers.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.20147861426143210.1111/bcp.1247625060604
     [Google Scholar]
  40. GarberA.J. DuncanT.G. GoodmanA.M. MillsD.J. RohlfJ.L. Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial.Am. J. Med.1997103649149710.1016/S0002‑9343(97)00254‑49428832
     [Google Scholar]
  41. MalinS.K. KashyapS.R. Effects of metformin on weight loss.Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.201421532332910.1097/MED.000000000000009525105996
     [Google Scholar]
  42. ArodaV.R. KnowlerW.C. CrandallJ.P. PerreaultL. EdelsteinS.L. JeffriesS.L. MolitchM.E. Pi-SunyerX. DarwinC. StoddardH.B.M. TemprosaM. KahnS.E. NathanD.M. Metformin for diabetes prevention: Insights gained from the diabetes prevention program/diabetes prevention program outcomes study.Diabetologia20176091601161110.1007/s00125‑017‑4361‑928770322
     [Google Scholar]
  43. JaliM.V. KambarS. JaliS.M. PawarN. NalawadeP. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Diabetes Metab. Syndr.201711S1S105S10810.1016/j.dsx.2016.12.01728057505
     [Google Scholar]
  44. HanC. HeX. XiaX. LiY. ShiX. ShanZ. TengW. Subclinical hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One2015108e013523310.1371/journal.pone.013523326270348
     [Google Scholar]
  45. KrysiakR. OkopienB. The effect of metformin on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism.J. Clin. Pharmacol.2015551454910.1002/jcph.37325079765
     [Google Scholar]
  46. BogachusL.D. TurcotteL.P. Genetic downregulation of AMPK-α isoforms uncovers the mechanism by which metformin decreases FA uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscle cells.Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.20102996C1549C156110.1152/ajpcell.00279.201020844250
     [Google Scholar]
  47. KhanN.F. HarrisonS.E. RoseP.W. Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: A systematic review.Br. J. Gen. Pract.201060572e128e13610.3399/bjgp10X48356220202356
     [Google Scholar]
  48. CappelliC. RotondiM. PirolaI. AgostiB. GandossiE. ValentiniU. De MartinoE. CiminoA. ChiovatoL. RoseiA.E. CastellanoM. TSH-lowering effect of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients: differences between euthyroid, untreated hypothyroid, and euthyroid on L-T4 therapy patients.Diabetes Care20093291589159010.2337/dc09‑027319502536
     [Google Scholar]
  49. SeveroD.M. AndradeS.T. JuniorC.V. NaujorksA.A. GusM. SchaanB.D. Metformin effect on TSH in subclinical hypothyroidism: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Endocrine2018591667110.1007/s12020‑017‑1462‑729080044
     [Google Scholar]
  50. CappelliC. RotondiM. PirolaI. AgostiB. FormentiA. ZarraE. ValentiniU. LeporatiP. ChiovatoL. CastellanoM. Thyreotropin levels in diabetic patients on metformin treatment.Eur. J. Endocrinol.2012167226126510.1530/EJE‑12‑022522645202
     [Google Scholar]
  51. RajputR. SainiM. RajputM. ShankarV. Effects of metformin on thyroid function in patients of subclinical hypothyreoidism.J. Endocrinol. Metab.201334–510511010.4021/jem188w
     [Google Scholar]
  52. DimicD. GolubovicM.V. RadenkovicS. RadojkovicD. PesicM. The effect of metformin on TSH levels in euthyroid and hypothyroid newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2 patients.Bratisl. Med. J.2016117843343510.4149/BLL_2016_08427546693
     [Google Scholar]
  53. JiaX. ZhaiT. ZhangJ. Metformin reduces autoimmune antibody levels in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Autoimmunity202053635336110.1080/08916934.2020.178996932741222
     [Google Scholar]
  54. WangH. LiT. ChenS. GuY. YeS. Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof‐of‐concept trial of metformin.Arthritis Rheumatol.201567123190320010.1002/art.3929626245802
     [Google Scholar]
  55. DiazA. RomeroM. VazquezT. LechnerS. BlombergB.B. FrascaD. Metformin improves in vivo and in vitro B cell function in individuals with obesity and Type-2 Diabetes.Vaccine201735202694270010.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.07828392139
     [Google Scholar]
  56. LeeS.Y. MoonS.J. KimE.K. SeoH.B. YangE.J. SonH.J. KimJ.K. MinJ.K. ParkS.H. ChoM.L. Metformin suppresses systemic autoimmunity in roquinsan/san mice through inhibiting B cell differentiation into plasma cells via regulation of AMPK/mTOR/STAT3.J. Immunol.201719872661267010.4049/jimmunol.140308828242651
     [Google Scholar]
  57. DíezJ.J. IglesiasP. Relationship between serum thyrotropin concentrations and metformin therapy in euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes.Clin. Endocrinol.201378450551110.1111/j.1365‑2265.2012.04468.x22686474
     [Google Scholar]
  58. FournierJ.P. YinH. YuO.H.Y. AzoulayL. Metformin and low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.CMAJ2014186151138114510.1503/cmaj.14068825246411
     [Google Scholar]
  59. HaroonS.M. KhanK. MaqsoodM. IqbalS. AleemM. KhanT.U. Exploring the effect of metformin to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone in euthyroid and hypothyroid type-2 diabetic patients.Cureus2021132e1328310.7759/cureus.1328333728216
     [Google Scholar]
  60. RezzónicoJ. RezzónicoM. PusiolE. PitoiaF. NiepomniszczeH. Metformin treatment for small benign thyroid nodules in patients with insulin resistance.Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord.201191697510.1089/met.2010.002621128816
     [Google Scholar]
  61. SuiM. YuY. ZhangH. DiH. LiuC. FanY. Efficacy of metformin for benign thyroid nodules in subjects with insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front. Endocrinol.2018949410.3389/fendo.2018.0049430233494
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Morteza TaghaviS. RokniH. FatemiS. Metformin decreases thyrotropin in overweight women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypothyroidism.Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res.201181474810.1177/147916411039191721262871
     [Google Scholar]
  63. BlancE. PonceC. BrodschiD. NepoteA. BarretoA. SchnitmanM. FossatiP. SalgadoP. CejasC. FaingoldC. MussoC. BrentaG. Association between worse metabolic control and increased thyroid volume and nodular disease in elderly adults with metabolic syndrome.Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord.201513522122610.1089/met.2014.015825789844
     [Google Scholar]
  64. RezzonicoJ. RezzonicoM. PusiolE. PitoiaF. NiepomniszczeH. Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome.Thyroid200818446146410.1089/thy.2007.022318346005
     [Google Scholar]
  65. KouidhiS. BerhoumaR. AmmarM. RouissiK. JarbouiS. FroidevauxC.M.S. SeugnetI. AbidH. BchirF. DemeneixB. GuissoumaH. ElgaaiedA.B. Relationship of thyroid function with obesity and type 2 diabetes in euthyroid Tunisian subjects.Endocr. Res.2013381152310.3109/07435800.2012.69998722746188
     [Google Scholar]
  66. IsidroM.L. PenínM.A. NemiñaR. CordidoF. Metformin reduces thyrotropin levels in obese, diabetic women with primary hypothyroidism on thyroxine replacement therapy.Endocr. J.2007321798210.1007/s12020‑007‑9012‑317992605
     [Google Scholar]
  67. RăcătăianuN. BolboacăS.D. TăutS.A.V. MârzaS. MogaD. ValeaA. GhervanC. The effect of metformin treatment in obese insulin-resistant patients with euthyroid goiter.Acta Clin. Belg.20187351710.1080/17843286.2018.143927329452573
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/emiddt/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
Loading
Effects of Metformin Therapy on Thyroid Volume and Functions in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-center Prospective Study
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 24, 1842 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
/content/journals/emiddt/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
/content/journals/emiddt/10.2174/0118715303307313240315162000
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): metformin; obesity; thyroid nodule; thyroid volume; TSH; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test